东北长白山垂直林带下现代表土花粉与植被关系

在长白山北坡5个垂直植被带的林下采集29个表土(苔藓)样品进行孢粉分析，同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明，除个别样品，在长白山垂直植被带的孢粉组合中乔木花粉占优势，其中以松属和桦木属最多，在各植被带均有分布。松属花粉最高含量出现在以红松为主的针阔混交林带的孢粉组合中；桦木属花粉则大量见于亚高山岳桦林带和以栎桦为主的阔叶落叶林带，但前者伴有耐寒、旱的小灌从杜鹃花属花粉，而在后者中则见有大量蕨类孢子。阔叶落叶林带的孢粉组合是以类型多、百分含量高的落叶乔木花粉和大量蕨类饱子为特征。亚高山针叶林带的孢粉组合中出现数量众多的云杉属花粉。在高山苔原带孢粉组合中虽然乔木花粉略占优势，但极少或不见蕨类孢子，与其他植被带比较，草本植物和小灌丛花粉明鲜较多，其中杜鹃属花粉含量在草本中占优势，其中出现苔原带的指示花粉——仙女木属。     

东北长白山垂直林带下现代表土花粉与植被关系

在长白山北坡5个垂直植被带的林下采集29个表土(苔藓)样品进行孢粉分析,同时将其结果作对应分析.结果表明,除个别样品,在长白山垂直植被带的孢粉组合中乔木花粉占优势,其中以松属和桦木属最多,在各植被带均有分布.松属花粉最高含量出现在以红松为主的针阔混交林带的孢粉组合中;桦木属花粉则大量见于亚高山岳桦林带和以栎桦为主的阔叶落叶林带,但前者伴有耐寒、早的小灌丛杜鹃花属花粉,而在后者中则见有大量蕨类孢子.阔叶落叶林带的孢粉组合是以类型多、百分含量高的落叶乔木花粉和大量蕨类孢子为特征.亚高山针叶林带的孢粉组合中出现数量众多的云杉属花粉.在高山苔原带孢粉组合中虽然乔木花粉略占优势,但极少或不见蕨类孢子,与其他植被带比较,草本植物和小灌丛花粉明鲜较多,其中杜鹃属花粉含量在草本中占优势,其中出现苔原带的指示花粉--仙女木属.     

新疆东部天山蝶类多样性及其垂直分布

2006-2008年研究了新疆东部天山蝶类多样性和垂直分布.结果表明:研究区域内共记录蝴蝶7科43属63种,占新疆已记录蝶类种数的24.80％,区系组成主要是古北种,占73％;其次是广布种,占27％,没有发现东洋种.其中蛱蝶科的物种数最多,为11属19种,蚬蝶科的物种数最少,只有1属1种.按海拔将生境分为5个垂直自然带,包括低山灌木草原带、山地森林草原带、亚高山草甸带、高山草甸带、垫状植被带.蝶类物种数和个体数排序为亚高山草甸带＞山地森林草原带＞低山灌木草原带＞高山草甸带＞垫状植被带.采用Shannon-Wiener指数和G-F指数对蝶类物种和科、属的多样性进行了分析评价,结果显示亚高山草甸带的蝶类多样性最为丰富,其次是山地森林草原带和低山灌木草原带,而高山草甸带和垫状植被带的蝶类多样性相对较低,物种和科、属多样性分析结果均一致.蝶类垂直分布明显,物种数和个体数随海拔变化的趋势类似,均为先增加后下降.蝶类区系成分随着海拔升高发生改变,广布种的比例逐渐降低,高山草甸带和垫状植被带只有古北种分布.研究结果显示,生境改变对蝴蝶群落影响明显,保护生境是保护蝴蝶生存的最主要措施.     

A synecological investigation of Athyrium distentifolium-dominated stands in Western Norway

This paper presents results of a study on the synecology of Athyrium distentifolium. The investigation is based on phytosociological and ecological analyses of stands dominated by A. distentifolium within its whole distributional area in Western Norway. The distribution and floristic composition of the stands are related to different environmental parameters such as climate, soil and topography. The data are analysed by numerical methods, of which two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and simple discriminant functions (DISCRIM) are the most useful. Based on a TWINSPAN classification of the 211 investigated stands, 9 different groups (types) are distinguished. These belong mainly to three phytosociological alliances: Cryptogrammo-Athyrion alpestris (1 group), Lactucion alpinae (5 groups) and Vaccinio-Piceion (3 groups). The quadrats are in most cases very poor in species, even in edaphically rich areas. Soil richness in the stands is very variable. A. distentifolium may be dominant in edaphically rich areas and it is not a calciphobe species in W. Norway. Most stands show no signs of human influence. Length of snow-lie is assumed to be of major importance for the development and distribution of A. distentifolium stands.     

阿勒泰山蝴蝶种类调查及其垂直分布的研究

对阿勒泰山南坡中国境内的蝴蝶进行了采集调查,共鉴定整理出７科、６１属、１００余种。其中凤蝶科１属１种,绢蝶科１属６种,粉蝶科８属２２种,眼蝶科１６属２３种,蛱蝶科１６属３２种,灰蝶科１２属１５种,弄蝶科７属１０种。分析了这些种类的垂直分布特点,将其划分为４个垂直分布带,即低山半荒漠带、山地灌木草地带、山地森林草原带和亚高山草原－草甸草原－高山垫状植被带。     

The vegetation of the Øvre Heimdalen valley

The catchment area of Øvre Heimdalsvatn reaches from the upper half of the subalpine birch forest zone to the lowermost part of the high-alpine subzone within the alpine zone. The units dominating the area include mountain birch forest, tall herb meadow, mire vegetation, bilberry heath, snowbed communities, chionophobous heath vegetation, and areas without a continuous vegetation layer. It is shown that the potential natural vegetation corresponds closely to the actual vegetation distribution.     

Anthropogenic and climatic impacts on surface pollen assemblages along a precipitation gradient in north‐eastern China

Aim To understand the scenarios of ‘anthropogenic biomes’ that integrate human and ecological systems, we need to explore the impacts of climate and human disturbance on vegetation in the past and present. Interactions among surface pollen, modern vegetation and human activities along climate and land‐use gradients are tested to evaluate the natural and anthropogenic forces shaping the modern vegetation, and hence to aid the reconstruction of vegetation and climate in the past. This in turn will help with future predictions. Location The North‐east China Transect (NECT) in north‐eastern China. Methods We analysed 33 surface pollen samples and 213 quadrats across four vegetation zones along the moisture/land‐use gradients of the NECT. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) of 52 pollen taxa and three environmental variables were used to distinguish anthropogenic and climatic factors that affect surface pollen assemblages along the NECT. Results The 33 surface samples are divided into four pollen zones (forest, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe) corresponding to major vegetation types in the NECT. Variations in pollen ratios of fern/herb (F/H), Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae (A/C) and arboreal pollen/non‐arboreal pollen (AP/NAP) represent the vegetation and precipitation gradient along the NECT. DCA and RDA analyses suggest that surface pollen assemblages are significantly influenced by the precipitation gradient. Changes in the abundance of Chenopodiaceae pollen are related to both human activities and precipitation. Main conclusions Surface pollen assemblages, fossil pollen records, archaeological evidence and historical documents in northern China show that a large increase of Chenopodiaceae pollen indicates human‐caused vegetation degradation in sandy habitats. The A/C ratio is a good indicator of climatic aridity, but should be used in conjunction with multiple proxies of human activities and climate change in the pollen‐based reconstruction of anthropogenic biomes.     

贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性

土壤微生物多样性在海拔梯度的分布格局研究近年来受到和植物动物一样的重视程度,但是干旱风沙区微生物多样性在海拔梯度上的多样性分布规律尚未揭示。本研究以处于干旱风沙区的贺兰山不同海拔的六个典型植被带（荒漠草原带、山地旱生灌丛带、温性针叶林带、针阔混交林带、寒温性针叶林带和亚高山草甸带）土壤为研究对象,利用Biolog微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸甲酯法(FAMEs)系统研究微生物多样性群落特征以及在不同植被带分布规律。结果表明：土壤微生物功能多样性随海拔增加发生变化,且微生物群落结构存在显著差异。Biolog分析显示土壤微生物群落代谢活性依次是：亚高山草甸>寒温性针叶林>针阔混交林>温性针叶林>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原,随海拔的升高土壤微生物群落物种丰富度指数（H）和均匀度指数（E）总体上均表现出增大的趋势,差异显著（P＜0.05）;FAMEs分析表明不同海拔的微生物区系发生了一定程度的变化,寒温性针叶林土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸生物标记的数量和种类均最高,且细菌、真菌特征脂肪酸相对含量也最高;土壤微生物群落结构多样性次序是：寒温性针叶林带>针阔混交林带>温性针叶林带>亚高山草甸>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原。本研究结果表明贺兰山海拔梯度的微生物多样性分布规律不同于已有的植物多样性“中部膨胀”研究结果,这说明在高海拔地区有更多的适合该生境的微生物存在,这对维持干旱风沙区的生态系统功能稳定性具有重要意义。     

兴隆山自然保护区种子植物的垂直分布格局研究

该研究通过对甘肃省兴隆山自然保护区进行野外实地调查和相关文献资料收集,依据海拔梯度将保护区划分为6个植被垂直带[草原带(1800~2000 m)、山地灌丛带(2000~2200 m)、亚高山针叶林带(2200~2900 m)、亚高山矮林带(2900~3000 m)、高山灌丛带(3000~3500 m)、高山草甸带(>3500 m)],在整理6个植被垂直带植物名录的基础上,以种子植物为研究对象,对各植被垂直带的种子植物丰富度、生活型、区系成分和系统发育结构进行分析,探讨植物多样性沿植被垂直带海拔升高的垂直变化规律,以揭示植物对环境的生态适应性,为山地植物多样性保护与开发利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)按最新的分类系统划分,兴隆山自然保护区种子植物隶属于87科387属889种,植物科、属、种丰富度随植被垂直带海拔升高呈单峰分布格局,在亚高山针叶林带达到峰值(81科304属661种);各植被垂直带间的Jaccard相似性系数呈中等不相似和极不相似水平,海拔越靠近的植被垂直带间相似性系数越高。(2)保护区内种子植物不同生活型的垂直变化格局存在差异,木本植物所占比例沿植被垂直带海拔升高呈先升后降的变化趋势,而草本植物呈相反的变化格局,且各植被垂直带中草本植物所占比例始终高于木本植物。(3)保护区植物在属水平上,热带成分所占比例随植被带海拔升高呈下降的变化趋势,而温带成分占比呈上升的变化趋势。(4)系统发育结构在中低海拔区域的亚高山针叶林带呈发散型,在高海拔区域(>2900 m)的3个植被带中呈聚集型,说明兴隆山自然保护区非随机分布格局在群落构建机制中发挥主要作用。     

片口自然保护区植被的遥感分类

采用样方法对四川片口自然保护区的植被进行本底调查,利用野外普查数据和卫星照片解译相结合的技术,分析其植被现状。结果表明：片口自然保护区的植被类型比较丰富,且保存较完整,共有6种植被类型和15种群系。     

2000—2019年武夷山亚高山草甸对气候因子的响应及其时滞效应

亚高山草甸对气候变化十分敏感,但目前缺少气候因子对亚热带地区亚高山草甸影响的相关研究,且光学遥感数据对该地区草地信息的提取仍存在一定的挑战。本研究基于MOD13Q1植被指数产品中的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据集,并结合气象数据,分析2000—2019年间武夷山国家公园黄岗山顶的亚高山草甸的生长变化及其对气候因子的响应和时滞效应。结果表明: 2000—2019年,夏季NDVI呈不显著增加趋势,整个生长季、春季和秋季NDVI均呈极显著增加趋势。NDVI的增加主要受温度增加(0.026 ℃·a^-1)的影响,其中春、秋季温度的增加对草地生长的影响显著高于夏季和整个生长季。生长季NDVI对降水的变化十分敏感,说明即使在降水充沛的亚热带地区,亚高山草甸的生长仍然受到降水的较大影响。不同生长时段温度和降水对草甸NDVI的滞后影响程度不同,温度对亚高山草甸生长的滞后影响为0～1个月,降水对草甸生长的滞后性影响为2～3个月。     

玛曲县植被覆被变化及其对环境要素的响应

植被覆被变化是气象要素和人类活动综合作用的结果,能够反映区域内生态系统的演替趋势。玛曲高寒生态区作为黄河上游重要的水源涵养和补给区,具有维持区域生物多样性和生态安全,保障经济社会健康发展的重要作用,因此厘清该区域植被变化与气候及人类活动等环境要素的相互关系有助于为玛曲县生态治理与恢复提供科学参考。鉴于此,以2000-2015年MODIS/NDVI数据为基础,结合同期气象与人类活动数据,应用趋势分析法、相关分析以及通径分析等方法,分析了玛曲县植被NDVI的时空变化规律,并详细探讨了气象要素和人类活动对植被覆被变化的影响。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年玛曲县NDVI呈波动上升趋势,上升速率为0.01015/10a;各土地利用/覆被类型中,增加幅度由大到小依次为高山稀疏植被、湿地、沙化草甸、山地疏林地、高寒草甸、亚高山硬叶灌丛、亚高山阔叶灌丛和高寒草原;增加面积占相应地类总面积比例由大到小分别是高山稀疏植被（75.57%）、山地疏林地（71.45%）、沙化草甸（71.18%）、湿地（70.66%）、高寒草甸（68.15%）、亚高山硬叶灌丛（66.96%）、亚高山阔叶灌丛（66.24%）和高寒草原（66.05%）;（2）气象要素中,气温与NDVI间具有显著正相关（P < 0.05）,是影响植被覆被的决定性因子,利于植被的生长与发育;降水与NDVI间相关不显著（P > 0.05）,对植被覆被的影响较小;（3）人类活动要素中,与放牧强度密切相关的大牲畜存栏数和羊存栏数是植被生长的主控因子,其中大牲畜存栏数呈显著的抑制作用（P < 0.05）,羊存栏数具有较强的促进作用（P < 0.05）;（4）通径分析发现,气温、大牲畜存栏数和羊存栏数的决定系数依次为0.3005,-0.0563和0.0128,说明气温对NDVI的综合作用强度最高、大牲畜存栏数次之,羊存栏数最低;此外,剩余通径系数为0.53。该数值较大,表明仍有部分对NDVI增加存在影响的环境要素未考虑到,需在今后的研究中给予关注。     

天山北坡植物土壤生态化学计量特征的垂直地带性

生态化学计量工作专注于植物与土壤的元素比例关系及其环境解释等问题上,还需要分析在连续环境梯度上元素比例关系的变化规律以进一步加深已有的认识。受水热梯度的影响,植被与土壤在天山北坡均存在明显的垂直地带性,这为探讨植物土壤生态化学计量特征的垂直带谱提供了有利条件。在天山中段北坡海拔1000—3840m范围内,按海拔梯度对植物和土壤分别采样,测定其C、N、P含量。结果表明:(1)随海拔的升高,植物C、N、P含量及其计量比变化规律各不相同,C含量随海拔变化保持不变,仅山地针叶林显著低于亚高山灌丛草甸、高山垫状植被和山前灌木(P0.05);N含量、C∶P、N∶P随海拔先升高后降低,山地针叶林和亚高山灌丛草甸显著高于山地荒漠草原、山地草原、高山垫状植被(P0.05);P含量、C∶N则是随海拔先降低后升高,高山垫状植被显著高于其他植被类型,山地荒漠草原、山前灌木和高山草甸显著高于山地草原、针叶林和亚高山灌丛草甸(P0.05)。(2)从生活型角度,乔木、灌木和草本C、N含量、C∶N差异不显著,灌木P含量、C∶P、N∶P显著高于草本(P0.05);乔木和灌木更受P限制,草本更受N限制。(3)随海拔的升高,土壤C、N、P含量、C∶P、N∶P均先升高后降低,其中山地针叶林和亚高山灌丛草甸均显著高于山地荒漠草原和山地草原(P0.05),土壤C∶N表现为一直降低,山地荒漠草原显著高于其他植被类型(P0.05)。(4)植物C、N、P及计量比与土壤相关性分析中,仅植物C∶P与土壤C∶P相关性显著,且植物C、N、P含量与土壤相关系数小于植物C∶P、N∶P与土壤相关系数。在垂直地带性上,土壤主要通过生态化学计量比影响植物的生长。     

天山中段主要植被类型中种群的空间分布格局与环境的关系

 用生物地理统计学的空间相关图及空间相关指数方法研究了天山中段主要植被类型中种群的空间分布格局及其影响种群空间分布格局的主要环境因子。主要考虑了山地荒漠、亚高山草甸和高山草甸3种植被类型,以及30年平均降水量和月平均气温、海拔、土壤pH值和有机质含量等9种环境及气象因子。结果表明：影响天山北坡荒漠植物种群空间分布格局的主要因子是海拔。结果表明：影响天山越高分布越少,而7月平均温度越高分布越广;影响南坡荒漠优势物种空间分布的因子较复杂,但土壤中N含量是其中一个重要因子。影响亚高山草甸优势种群空间分布的因子较多,但比较重要的因子包括土壤CaCO3含量及1月平均温度为负面因子,而降水量是比较重要的正影响因子;影响高山草甸优势种群空间分布的主要因子虽然很多,但是降水量、1月平均温度和7月平均温度等是主要影响因子。     

Vascular plant species richness along environmental gradients in a cool temperate to sub-alpine mountainous zone in central Japan

In order to clarify how vegetation types change along the environmental gradients in a cool temperate to sub-alpine mountainous zone and the determinant factors that define plant species richness, we established 360 plots (each 4 × 10 m) within which the vegetation type, species richness, elevation, topographic position index (TPI), slope inclination, and ground light index (GLI) of the natural vegetation were surveyed. Mean elevation, TPI, slope inclination, and GLI differed across vegetation types. Tree species richness was negatively correlated with elevation, whereas fern and herb species richness were positively correlated. Tree species richness was greater in the upper slope area than the lower slope area, whereas fern and herb species richness were greater in the lower slope area. Ferns and trees species richness were smaller in the open canopy, whereas herb species richness was greater in the open canopy. Vegetation types were determined firstly by elevation and secondary by topographic configurations, such as topographic position, and slope inclination. Elevation and topography were the most important factors affecting plant richness, but the most influential variables differed among plant life-form groups. Moreover, the species richness responses to these environmental gradients greatly differed among ferns, herbs, and trees.     

川西亚高山流域水碳平衡研究

森林生态系统的产水量与固碳效益之间存在着一种可交易的平衡关系。基于WaSSI-C水碳耦合模型和趋势分析, 研究了1982-2006年川西杂古脑河上游22个子流域内不同植被类型空间分布对水碳平衡的影响并分析了其水碳耦合关系, 发现: 1)针叶林主导的流域在生长季增加土壤水分入渗的功能明显高于其他植被类型, 但不足以补偿其高蒸散带来的水分消耗, 因而其年平均土壤含水量明显低于高山草甸和混交林类型; 且森林土壤含水量随着森林覆盖率的升高而降低。2) 25年的土壤水分蓄变量的平均值, 高山草甸流域为-44 mm, 混交林为-18 mm, 针叶林为-5 mm, 说明川西亚高山植被的整体维持稳定产水量及其潜力在下降, 其中高山草甸流域下降趋势尤为显著。3)流域产流量和净生态系统生产力具有显著负相关性, 且不同植被组成对固碳和产水效益的转化具有重要影响: 高山草甸主导的子流域具有较高的产水量和较低的固碳能力, 常绿针叶林主导的子流域具有较高固碳能力和较低产水量, 且森林覆盖率越高, 产水量越低。三种植被类型的净生态系统生产力在研究期间均呈现上升趋势, 且高山草甸的上升趋势显著。     

Trade-offs between water yield and carbon sequestration for sub-alpine catchments in western Sichuan,China

Aims There is increasing concern on the trade-off between carbon sequestration and water yield of forest ecosystems. Our objective was to explore the effects of vegetation composition on water and carbon trade-off in the sub-alpine watersheds of western Sichuan during 1982-2006.Methods The WaSSI-C, which is an eco-hydrological model with coupled water and carbon cycles, was employed to calculate the key components in water balance and carbon sequestration for the 22 sub-catchments in the upper reaches of Zagunao River. Spearman’s Rho trend analysis was used to examine the trends in runoff and net ecosystem productivity. Important findings Compared with either subalpine meadow or mixed forest dominated catchments, the conifer-dominated catchments had much higher water loss due to high evapotranspiration, and the loss was not offset by its higher soil water infiltration during the growing season. The change in soil water storage for subalpine meadow, mixed forest and coniferous forest are -44 mm, -18 mm and -5 mm, respectively, which indicated significant decline in soil water storage and thus water yield particularly in alpine meadow catchments. Significant negative relationship was found between runoff and net ecosystem productivity, the alpine meadow as the dominant vegetation type showed high water yield and low carbon sequestration, and the conifer-dominant and mixed forest vegetation showed low water yield and high carbon sequestration, moreover, the higher the forest coverage, the lower the water yield. Upward trends in net ecosystem productivity were observed in the three vegetation types during the study period and the alpine meadow type was significant.     

On the systematic position of Athyrium crenulato-serrulatum Makino from North-eastern Asia

The fern Athyrium crenulato-serrulatum Makino is found in the whole of Northeastern Asia embracing Northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Ussuri and the Far East USSR. It is similar to the European Athyrium distentifolium, formerly known as A. alpestre, in having exindusiate round or ovate sori, but differs in several essential characters, such as the well-spaced fronds are biseriately arranged along a thick and long-creeping rhizome, the base of stipe is thickened and not attenuated towards the point of attachment, the deltoid-ovate lamina with the basal pinnae as long as those next above, which all are distinctly petiolate and the rachis, costis and especially the costules of pinnules clad in fine pale-colored generally septate hairs underneath. All these clearly show that the fern in question is not an Athyrium sen. str. neither Pseudoathyrium Newman to which latter the fern was referred by Nakai. However, we have been long suspicious of its proper systematic position. In his recent monograph on the genus Cornopteris (Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 30: 104. 1979.) Kato has pointed out that C.crenulato-serrulata (Makino) Nakai “has the northernmost destribution in the genus and exhibits a few characteristics similar to Athyrium, the swollen base of stipes with projections and cartilaginous lamina margin. By these characteristics the species is clearly discriminated from other species”. According to Kurita (1964), Mitui (1970) and Karo (1978) the species in question has chromosome numbers n=40, the base number of the subfamily Athyrioides instead of x=41, the base number of the subfamily Diplazioides including Cornopteris Nakai. Since thefern in question fits no other athyrid genera, hence a new genus is proposed.     

河北小五台山主要植被类型的分布与地形的关系：基于遥感信息的分析

小五台山是河北省最高峰,具有较完整的暖温带植被垂直带谱。本文通过野外群落植被调查,结合由TM遥感影像解译1：50000地形图制作的DEM数据而得到的植被图,分析了小五台山主要植被群落的分布状况及其与地形的关系。结果表明,小五台山从低海拔到高海拔,依次出现灌丛、阔叶林、针阔混交林、暗针叶林、矮林、灌丛、草甸等植被类型。森林景观的面积最大,占总面积的60．7％;平均斑块面积最大的是阔叶林和亚高山草甸,斑块破碎化最严重的是水体和针阔混交林。不同的植被类型在不同的地形条件下分布特点不同,林地在北坡所占面积比例(占总面积的75％)远大于南坡(46%),说明水分条件是小五台山森林分布的限制因子之一;灌丛和草甸与林地相反。随海拔高度的变化,不同植被类型的分布面积比例发生变化,出现替代现象,形成植被垂直带谱。由于坡度的影响,增加了带谱内植被组成的复杂性。