蚜虫迁飞的研究进展

蚜虫的迁飞能造成危害扩展、病毒病传播和防碍人们的正常生活。蚜虫迁飞有其生理生态基础。寄主营养、蚜群拥挤度、天敌以及气候条件是刺激有翅蚜产生的主因素。蚜虫迁飞与卵巢发育存在明显的共轭关系。蚜虫迁飞多发生在晴朗的白天 ,并且温度、光照和风是影响迁飞行为的主导因子。蚜虫可上升到逆温层并随气流迁飞到上百公里以外的地方。目前 ,昆虫雷达观察、天气学分析和分子生物学方法已应用于蚜虫迁学的研究中 ,文章对蚜虫迁飞的生理生态基础、迁飞行为、影响迁飞的生态因子以及研究方法进行了综述 ,以期为蚜虫这类小型昆虫的迁飞研究提供指导     

异色瓢虫人工饲料喂养和低温保存试验

<正> 在黑龙江省东部,异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)常于10月以后迁飞到向阳山坡的石缝深处越冬。因此,可在此时大量收集保存,或于四、五月份在越冬石缝出口处收集瓢虫而用于蚜虫的生物防治。在自然条件下,由于秋末和春初田间蚜虫量少,瓢虫食物不足,往往有一部分体弱的个体在越冬期或越冬后不久死亡。为解决这问题,我们进行了一些人工饲料喂养和低温保存试验。 一、试验方法 1.饲料 人工饲料配方见表1。其中鸡蛋去壳后,把蛋黄和蛋白充分混合。柞蚕蛹除去蛹皮,用研钵把蛹体组织充分捣烂。人工饲料配制后放入冰箱内冻结保存。     

七星瓢虫发育始点和有效积温的测定及其应用

<正> 七星瓢虫Coccinella septempuntata Linnaeus是多种蚜虫的重要天敌。70年代以来,在黄河中、下游广大地区大面积保护利用瓢虫防治小麦、棉花蚜虫,取得了显著效果。为了研究其发育与温度的关系,探求其应用,作者于1980—1982年对七星瓢虫的发育始点和有效积温进行了测定,现将结果报道如下。     

七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜控制作用的模拟研究

应用二次回归旋转组合设计方法研究了七星瓢虫成虫、幼虫与两种麦蚜共存系统中瓢虫对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的捕食量模型.结果表明七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜的捕食量随着瓢虫密度的增加而减少,随着该种麦蚜密度的增加而增加,且七星瓢虫无选择性.七星瓢虫不同个体间的干扰作用对其捕食麦长管蚜数量有显著影响,两种麦蚜数交互作用对七星瓢虫捕食禾谷缢管蚜数量影响显著.该模型可用来预测田间蚜虫的变化,指导麦田蚜虫防治.     

昆虫的迁飞

<正> 一、引言 通过大量的研究工作已证实迁飞是昆虫中较为普遍的一种生物学特性,是指某种有翅昆虫在一定的季节里,在生长发育的某个特定阶段,成群或分散地,有规律的从一个发生地飞到另一个地区的适应性现象。 迁飞在昆虫生物学、生理学及生态学方面都表现出特殊性,是一个基础理论问题。同时,在害虫测报工作中也有重要意义。 我国解放初期,曾对东亚飞蝗的迁飞及基础理论进行了许多研究。六十年代初期,曾对粘虫的迁飞规律作过一些工作。近年来,正在开展粘虫、褐稻虱和稻纵卷叶螟等三大害虫的科研工作。此外,对小地老虎、棉铃虫、七星瓢虫、叶蝉、草地螟、蚜虫、金龟子、金刚钻等亦在进行研究。     

中国七星瓢虫群聚和迁飞的数学分析

自1976年首次在秦皇岛海岸发现七星瓤虫的群聚现象以来,又经过连续8年的广泛研究,进一步讨论了七星瓤虫在黄、渤海域的群聚范围、群聚数量、群聚规律以及迁飞等问题。本文的重点是试图从数学上论证七星瓤虫的迁飞,并进一步预测预报七星瓤虫的群聚日期,以便为群聚七星瓢虫的利用奠定基础。 根据可能有关的因子设64个自变量,2个因变量,通过反复计算,大量筛选可能与虫情有关的气象因子,结果入选的气象因子说明,群聚瓢虫是迁飞过程中迫降入海,并由风浪推上海岸的。经过用双层筛选逐步回归和逐步判别两种数学方法去筛选自变量,结果基本上是一致的。因此从定量角度对七星瓢虫的群聚和迁飞给出了论证。并说明七星瓢虫的群聚与近期气象条件密切相关,可以利用短期或中期气象预报代入判别式进行群聚的预测预报。     

长期冷藏对越冬代异色瓢虫繁殖及子代生长发育和捕食能力的影响

异色瓢虫被认为是一种重要的捕食性天敌,常被用来防治蚜虫、介壳虫、叶螨等害虫。为了更好地开发利用东北地区丰富的越冬代异色瓢虫自然资源,本研究调查了低温冷藏(3℃冷藏0,30,60,90,120,150 d)对吉林采集的越冬代异色瓢虫繁殖及其子代生长发育和捕食能力的影响。研究结果表明,经历90 d冷藏的瓢虫产卵量最大,明显高于冷藏60 d个体的产卵量,与冷藏120 d、150 d及未经冷藏个体的产卵量不存在明显差异;经历不同冷藏期的瓢虫与室内人工饲养种群子代具有相似发育历期(约16.0 d);而且长期冷藏也未对瓢虫子代幼期的捕食能力产生负面影响,冷藏150 d瓢虫的子代在整个幼虫阶段能捕食662.8头蚜虫,与未冷藏个体和人工饲养种群个体不存在明显差异。本研究为开发利用东北地区越冬代异色瓢虫自然资源的生物防治作用提供了理论依据。     

異色瓢虫的色型及斑纹

异色瓢虫(Coccinella axiridis Pallas)是蚜虫主要天敌之一。在有蚜虫的果林、蔬菜以及大田作物上常常看到大批异色瓢虫。在秋季往往看到大量异色瓢虫和其他种类食蚜瓢虫,它们限制着蚜虫的大发生,或将蚜虫压低到作物不受危害的程度。     

七星瓢虫在农业上的应用

瓢虫在我们生活中到处可见。它属于鞘翅目的一类昆虫,其绝大部分是益虫。在农业生产中,利用捕食性瓢虫的幼虫和成虫均可防治蚜虫、介壳虫、螨类以及许多其它害虫的卵和幼虫。早在1888年,由于美国在加利福尼亚州引进澳洲瓢虫,防治柑桔上的毁灭性大害虫吹绵介壳虫获得完全成功,引起各国的重视,从此以虫治虫的生物防治法开始蓬勃发展起来。我国也曾利用澳洲瓢虫与大红瓢虫防治柑桔吹绵介壳虫获得成功。近年来北方棉区利用瓢虫防治棉蚜取得良好成绩。北方农田常见的捕食性瓢虫有:七星瓢虫、十三星瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、多异瓢虫、二星瓢虫等等,其中以七星瓢虫的利用最为广泛。据河北省植保土肥所统计,该省在1976年曾利用七星瓢虫防治棉蚜的面积达150万亩,效果很好,持续控蚜期长,有许多效果更好的棉田甚至可以不用化学农药来治蚜。     

异色瓢虫人工繁育与应用进展

异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)是蚜虫、蚧壳虫、粉虱、叶螨等农林害虫的捕食性天敌,具有适应性强、繁殖力强、食量大和食性广等特点,在蚜虫的生物防治中具有很好的应用前景。对国内外人工繁育、应用和释放等方面开展的研究进行了综述,以期对异色瓢虫大规模推广应用提供参考。     

北京植物园展览温室植物的害虫调查及主要害虫的防治

９３年春,作者调查了北京植物园展览温室植物的害虫种类及危害状况。调查结果显示,该温室植物主要害虫为棉蚜（Ａｐｈｉｓｇｏｓｙｐｉ）、桃蚜（Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ）;柑桔红蜘蛛（Ｐａｎｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉ）;吹绵蚧（Ｉｃｅｒｙａｐｕｒｃｈａｓｉ）;红蜡蚧（Ｃｅｒｏｐｌａｓｔｅｓｒｕｂｅｎｓ）、桑白蚧（Ｐｓｅｕｄａｕｌａｃａｓｐｉｓｐｅｎｔａｇｏｎａ）等。文章最后就主要害虫蚜虫类、蚧虫类及白粉虱的防治作了论述     

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ANTENNAE OF COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA (COCCINELLIDAE: COLEOPTERA)

Scanning electron microscopy was done to describe the morphology of antenna of adult male and female ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata. Eleven‐segmented, scaly antenna was 950 μm in male and 980 μm in female. Electron micrographs reveal the occurrence of eight types of sensillae, viz. chaetica (Ch), trichoidea (Tr), basiconica (Ba), campaniformia (Ca), ampucellaceous (Am), scolopalia (Sc), placoidea (Pl) and hook shaped sensilla on the antennae of male and female ladybeetles. Ch had long external‐process, with base surrounded by membranous socket and the length was 60 and 70 μm in male and female ladybeetle, respectively. Sensillae Tr were distally curved and inserted into depression, 9.0 and 15 μm long in male and female ladybeetle, respectively. Sensillae Ba were cuticular peg‐like and 0.57 and 0.70 μm long on the male and female antennae. Sensillae Ca were small dome‐like and had diameter of 3.0μm in both the sexes. Sensillae Am were pit‐like in appearance and the diameter of the pit was 1.2 and 1.5 in male and female ladybeetle, respectively. Sensillae Pl were elliptical sunken plates like in both the sexes. Sensillae Sc were broad at their apex and pointed at their tip, 2.5 μm. A single hook‐shaped sensilla of 21.0 μm in length was present on male antenna only. Ch, Ca, Am, and Pl were almost similar in numbers in both the sexes. Sensillae Tr were more numerous on the male antenna and Ba were more numerous on the female antenna.     

农田景观格局对华北地区麦田早期瓢虫种群发生的影响

【目的】评价在华北地区农田景观格局对早期麦田瓢虫种群数量的影响。【方法】本文通过黄板诱集法调查4月中下旬麦田瓢虫成虫数量,对不同空间尺度下的景观格局进行调查与主成分分析,并结合"校正后赤池信息准则(AICc)"对构建的线性模型进行筛选,评估了景观因子对瓢虫种群数量的影响。【结果】在半径0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 km 4个景观尺度下以林地为主的非作物生境均有利于麦田瓢虫成虫种群数量的增加,在较大的尺度范围内村落和休耕地与麦田瓢虫的发生数量正相关。其中,0.5 km尺度下的景观因子最能预测麦田瓢虫种群数量,其中林地面积和瓢虫种群数量呈正相关,而麦田瓢虫却随着景观多样性指数的增加而降低。此外,龟纹瓢虫作为麦田早期瓢虫的优势种类对景观多样性的响应与瓢虫复合种群一致。【结论】在华北地区,农田景观系统中非作物生境有利于麦田早期瓢虫种群的发生。     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号对马尾松林昆虫群落多样性的影响研究

１９９５年７月至１９９６年６月在湘中丘陵区马尾松林内用灭幼脲Ⅲ号作的喷药试验结果表明,灭幼脲Ⅲ号不仅直接影响鳞翅目昆虫的物种组成主多样性水平,而且对膜翅目昆虫（主要是蚂蚁）和蜘蛛的物种组成及多样性水平有间接影响。在时间过程中,施药区鳞翅目和直翅目昆虫的多样性水平有一定程度的下降,但下降程度不如对照区大,膜翅目和蜘蛛的多样性水平则有较大程度的上升,因此林内昆虫群落趋于相对稳定。由于药剂对蚜虫种群无影     

华北棉区药剂防治二代棉铃虫经济生态学效益分析

棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hubner)是我国棉区重要害虫。当前迫切需要评价药剂防治棉铃虫的对策。 近年来,借助系统方法和数学模型评价害虫控制对策的报道日益增多。例如Conway等(1975)运用系统方法评价甘蔗沫蝉(Aeneolamia uaria saccharina)的几种控制对策,Shoemaker等(1979)对于危害橄榄的三种介壳虫和一种病害的三类控制对策的评价,     

块状耳霉的分离、鉴定、培养和寄主范围

1981年自感染真菌的扁豆蚜(Aphis craccivora Koch)虫尸上分离到一株虫毒菌,经鉴定是耳霉属的块状耳霉(couidiobolus thromboides Drechsler)。该菌易于分离和培养,在培养基上可形成大量休眠孢子,休眠孢子容易萌发,六天中萌发率达53%。经试验该种虫霉可以感染多种蚜虫,是一种有希望制成杀蚜菌剂的真菌。     

小麦间作大蒜或油菜对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌种群动态的影响

麦长管蚜是我国冬小麦产区的重要害虫.试验探索了不同间作方式对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌的影响.结果表明,在调查期内,麦-油(油菜)间作田和麦-蒜(大蒜)间作田中麦长管蚜无翅蚜的种群密度多显著低于单作田;麦-油间作田中有较高的瓢虫种群密度和瓢蚜比;5月2日前,麦-油间作田中蚜茧蜂的种群密度高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;5月5日后,麦-油间作田的僵蚜率和蜂/蚜比也显著高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;麦-蒜间作田有翅蚜的种群数量较高,但瓢虫和蚜茧蜂的种群数量无明显变化.麦-油间作和麦-蒜间作均能对麦田中麦长管蚜起到较好的控制作用.     

Predator–prey interactions in a ladybeetle–aphid system depend on spatial scale

The outcome of species interactions may manifest differently at different spatial scales; therefore, our interpretation of observed interactions will depend on the scale at which observations are made. For example, in ladybeetle–aphid systems, the results from small‐scale cage experiments usually cannot be extrapolated to landscape‐scale field observations. To understand how ladybeetle–aphid interactions change across spatial scales, we evaluated predator–prey interactions in an experimental system. The experimental habitat consisted of 81 potted plants and was manipulated to facilitate analysis across four spatial scales. We also simulated a spatially explicit metacommunity model parallel to the experiment. In the experiment, we found that the negative effect of ladybeetles on aphids decreased with increasing spatial scales. This pattern can be explained by ladybeetles strongly suppressing aphids at small scales, but not colonizing distant patches fast enough to suppress aphids at larger scales. In the experiment, the positive effects of aphids on ladybeetles were strongest at three‐plant scale. In a model scenario where predators did not have demographic dynamics, we found, consistent with the experiment, that both the effects of ladybeetles on aphids and the effects of aphids on ladybeetles decreased with increasing spatial scales. These patterns suggest that dispersal was the primary cause of ladybeetle population dynamics in our experiment: aphids increased ladybeetle numbers at smaller scales because ladybeetles stayed in a patch longer and performed area‐restricted searches after encountering aphids; these behaviors did not affect ladybeetle numbers at larger spatial scales. The parallel experimental and model results illustrate how predator–prey interactions can change across spatial scales, suggesting that our interpretation of observed predator–prey dynamics would differ if observations were made at different scales. This study demonstrates how studying ecological interactions at a range of scales can help link the results of small‐scale ecological experiments to landscape‐scale ecological problems.     

Behavioural coordination between an aphis (Symydobius oblongus von Heyden; Hemiptera: Callaphidae) and the ant that attends it (Formica lugubris Zetterstedt; Hymenoptera: Formicidae): An ethological analysis

The aphis Symydobius oblongus von Heyden can coordinate its defaecation with the presence of its attendant Formica lugubris Zetterstedt, so that 86% of droplets are produced in the 14% of time when the aphis is attended. The behaviour of aphids and ants was recorded in the field and subjected to sequence analysis and temporal analysis. A method of temporal analysis using the 1st-nth order pre-and post-event histogram (PPEH) is described. The results of these analyses support the view that coordination of defaecation and attendance is the result of two processes of communication. The commonest is the response of the aphis to the arrival of an attendant, probably mediated by contact of the ant's antennae and palps with the aphis. Less frequently, aphids ‘call’ ants, perhaps signalling their readiness to defaecate by movements of the abdomen which the ants detect visually.     

Feeding behaviour of the ladybeetle,Pseudoscymnus kurohime

A laboratory study was made of the feeding behaviour of the ladybeetlePseudoscymnus kurohime (Miyatake) when attacking the sugar cane woolly aphidCeratovacuna lanigera Zehntner. The 1st-instar ladybeetle larva was smaller than the 1st instar aphid nymph. All larval stages of the ladybeetle sucked out the body fluids of aphids and left their emptied corpses. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instar ladybeetle larvae mostly attacked 1st instar aphids, whereas the 4th-instar ladybeetle larvae attacked all stages of aphids. Ladybeetle adults ate mostly 1st-instar aphids. Young larvae attacked aphids in several different ways: (1) They crawled under an aphid, seized it by its underside and lifted it up. (2) They attacked new born nymphs at birth or shortly afterwards. (3) They fed on an aphid that had been captured by an older larva. The larvae preferred to seize with their mandibles the head or thorax of an aphid, while adults seized their prey by the abdomen. When attacked by an adult, 82% of the aphids secreted droplets from their abdominal cornicles, whereas only 7.2–12% secreted droplets when attacked by larvae. The 4th instar larvae more voracious than the younger larvae.