太湖绿翅鸭、琵嘴鸭、斑嘴鸭气体代谢的季节变化

本文在秋、冬、春三季测定了江苏太湖越冬的绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)、琵嘴鸭(Anas clypeata)和斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhycha)的静止代谢率(RMR)。分析了RMR与环境温度以及与体重之间的关系。结果表明,3种野鸭的静止代谢率有明显的季节变化。根据实验数据得出了3个季节的RMR与环境温度以及体重的回归方程。利用方程式可用已知的温度和体重推算出野鸭的静止代谢率。RMR可作为估测野鸭周年或季节性的能量收支的参数。     

绿翅鸭和琵嘴鸭的换羽及其静止代谢率

本文观察了绿翅鸭和琵嘴鸭的飞羽换羽过程,并比较了换飞羽前后的静止代谢率。在笼养条件下,绿翅鸭换飞羽需21—25天,琵嘴鸭则需25—30天。换飞羽期间,绿翅鸭和琵嘴鸭的静止代谢率比换羽前分别增高24.8％和34.7％。野鸭的体重在换飞羽开始后增加。重新获得飞行能力前则体重下降仍回复到换羽前水平。绿翅鸭和琵嘴鸭一年仅换羽一次。     

陕西省雁鸭类两种新纪录

1985年至1987年3月,我们在汉中地区野鸭资源调查中,发现两种雁鸭类的新纪录。至今陕西省鸟类有394种及亚种。两新纪录种简况如下:(量衡度以毫米及克为单位)。翘鼻麻鸭Tadornatadorna(Linné)性别♂(1)、♀♀.(3),体重1090、876.7,体长605、533,嘴峰58、46.3,翅长337、294,尾长147、118,跗蹠67、49.5。采集地:汉江河汉中市铺镇大梁段,1985.Ⅱ.5。四只翘鼻麻鸭,是由猎人邓新华一枪所获,当时该群约70—80只,在当地属冬候鸟。凤头潜鸭Aythyafuligule(Linné)性别♂♂(3),体重760—790(775),体长43.5—46(44.7),嘴峰40—42(41),翅长204—219(20…     

“番北金”雏鸭的能量代谢和同化水平的测定

本文研究“番北金”雏鸭的能量代谢和同化率。其结果:代谢率与体重呈线性负相关(r=-0.6834,y=3.3801-0.0037x)。每日代谢能消耗随体重增长而下降。雏鸭的能量摄入、可代谢能量、代谢能消耗和生长能量均随体重增长而增多。单位体重的能量摄入变动在2.07—2.67千焦/克之间。能量同化率,1周龄时(70.84％)较低,2—5周龄时则保持在82.60％—84.20％之间,6周龄时(89.36％)有所提高。在可代谢能量中,代谢能消耗占58.75％,生长能量消耗占41.25％。“番北金”鸭是金定鸭、北京鸭和番鸭三元杂交的杂种鸭。该鸭具有生长快、产肉性能好和饲料报酬高的特点,颇受群众欢迎。本文就“番北金”雏鸭的能量代谢和同化水平进行研究,为拟定该鸭饲料的能量标准提供参考依据。现将测定结果报告如下。     

洪泽湖东部湿地自然保护区雁鸭类种类组成、数量及生境分布

2005年11月18日~12月28日和2006年3月8日~5月8日对洪泽湖东部湿地自然保护区境内淮河入洪泽湖河口处(33°06′~33°07′N,118°29′~118°30′E)雁鸭类的种类组成、数量及生境分布进行了研究。在河道和鱼塘生境分别设置了2个和4个样带(方),共统计到雁鸭类6属18种。与历史记录相比,雁鸭类种类明显减少。11~12月记录到雁鸭类5属12种,优势种为斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)、绿翅鸭(A.crecca)、花脸鸭(A.formosa)和绿头鸭(A.platyrhynchos);2006年3~5月记录到雁鸭类3属8种,优势种为绿翅鸭、白眉鸭(A.querquedula)和斑嘴鸭。研究区域内,11~12月河道与鱼塘生境分布的雁鸭类种类和数量差异均显著,鱼塘生境分布的雁鸭类种类多、数量大,而3~5月河道与鱼塘生境分布的雁鸭类种类差异不明显,数量差异显著,河道生境分布的雁鸭类数量较大。人类活动引起的隐蔽场所和食物资源的变化是造成分布差异的主要原因。     

极端洪水作用下升金湖消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响

水鸟是湿地生境质量的重要指示性动物类群,可敏感地反映湿地环境变化。浅水通江湖泊消落带具有复杂多样的生境和丰富的食物资源,是水鸟特别是越冬水鸟的重要聚集区,其食物资源的丰富度和可获得性受水文节律影响。在极端洪水作用下,消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构及其多样性的影响是一个值得关注的水鸟及湿地生态学问题。选择了具有典型消落带生境的升金湖作为研究区域,对2019年(正常水位)和2020年(异常水位)两个越冬季水鸟的数量、种类进行调查统计,分析了消落带的生境变化情况对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响。2019年越冬期,记录到水鸟(50984.20±9595.71)只(n=5),隶属7目13科51种;2020年越冬期,记录到水鸟(27923.00±13808.47)只(n=5),隶属7目12科53种。整个越冬季消落带的水鸟种类略增但数量减少,2019年游禽中的优势种为豆雁,2020年游禽中的优势种增加为豆雁和斑嘴鸭,但涉禽中的优势种由白琵鹭、反嘴鹬、凤头麦鸡转变为苍鹭、大白鹭和反嘴鹬。洪水导致的草滩-水域混合区生境面积减小使湿生植物退化,可能是导致以豆雁为主的食苔草水鸟数量大幅度减少的重要原因;因湖水延迟...     

四川省东部和西南部冬季水鸟调查

2012年12月中旬至2013年1月中旬,对四川省东部8个中型水库和1条自然河段、西南部3个湖泊的冬季水鸟进行了调查,记录到水鸟41种,隶属7目10科。四川东部地区有23种,其中有国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类鸳鸯Aix galericulata 1种,东部冬季水鸟群落物种数不多,种群数量也不大,种群数量最多的是绿头鸭Anas platyrhynchos、绿翅鸭A.crecca和斑嘴鸭A.poecilorhyncha。四川西南部地区记录到33种,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类中华秋沙鸭Mergus squamatus 1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类鸳鸯1种,西南部冬季水鸟的群落物种数较多,种群数量也较大,种群数量最多的是骨顶鸡Fulica atra、凤头潜鸭A.fuligula和赤嘴潜鸭Netta rufina。天然湖泊和自然河段的冬季水鸟种类和数量都多于人工湖泊。除二滩水库外,湖泊(库塘)面积与水鸟种类和数量呈正相关。旅游、行船和偷猎是水鸟越冬地面临的主要干扰和威胁。需加强湿地保护和对偷猎行为的大力打击。     

云南省鸟类新纪录——黑腹滨鹬、彩鹮

<正>2010年11月21日在云南省昆明市呈贡大学城关山水库(海拔1940m,地理坐标102°50'E,24°49'N)进行鸟类调查时,观察并拍摄到一只鹬,拍摄距离约为10m。经查阅有关文献资料,该鹬为黑腹滨鹬Calidris alpine,系云南省鸟类新纪录。关山水库是一个以灌溉为主的小型水库,但在冬季会有多种水鸟在此越冬。除了黑腹滨鹬外,在调查中还记录到白鹭、牛背鹭、池鹭、苍鹭、红嘴鸥、反嘴鹬、黑翅长脚鹬、矶鹬、白腰草鹬、金眶鸻、小、凤头、普通鸬鹚、赤麻鸭、翘鼻麻鸭、斑嘴鸭等水禽。     

长耳鹗在越冬期的习性、数量及食性

长耳在保定市的越冬期为１８０天左右。１０月到１１月份数量逐渐增多；１２月到翌年２月份数量趋于稳定，达２４０只以上；３、４月份数量逐渐减少。通过对１０２８块食物残块的分析得出其９１．０％的食物为鼠类，月变动范围在８５．５％到９８．５％。     

短嘴金丝燕繁殖生物学特征与保护对策

1994年4月至2007年11月,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区内,通过定点监测与环志标记等方法,对短嘴金丝燕(Aerodramus brevirostris innominata)的繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明,短嘴金丝燕在本地区为夏候鸟,每年4月初迁来,11月初迁走,居留期约210天.所研究的神景洞洞穴内居住了大约2,000只个体,种群性比为1∶1,不同年份种群数量基本稳定.环志标记结果发现,短嘴金丝燕出生1年后即可达到性成熟;其婚配形式为典型的单配制.短嘴金丝燕在黑暗洞穴内营巢,巢材主要为唾液和苔藓,筑巢期长达60天左右,且有利用旧巢的习性.产卵集中在6月,大部分每巢产卵2枚,少数产1枚.第1枚卵产出后开始孵卵,由雌雄鸟共同承担,但以雌鸟为主.孵卵温度为37.3±1.0℃;孵卵期为27.9±3.4天;繁殖成功率为71.4％.雏鸟晚成性,育雏主要由雄鸟承担;雏鸟食物成分与亲鸟基本相同,全为昆虫,育雏期27天左右;雏鸟离巢后首先在洞穴内练习飞行,3-4天后出洞活动.刚离巢时雏鸟体重甚至超过成鸟,离巢后体重有减轻现象.目前,威胁我国短嘴金丝燕生存的主要因素是其分布区的旅游开发和非法采集燕窝对其繁殖活动的干扰.因此,我们建议有关部门停止对短嘴金丝燕栖息的洞穴及其周边活动区域的旅游开发,并禁止非法采集燕窝.     

Avian influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in wintering and resident ducks in Texas

Cloacal swabs were collected from teal (Anas crecca, Anas cyanoptera, Anas discors), mottled duck (Anas fulvigula) and northern pintail (Anas acuta) in Brazoria County, Texas, USA, during February 2001, mottled ducks during August 2001, and blue-winged teal (A. discors) during February 2002. Prevalence of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections during each sampling period were 11, 0, and 15%, respectively. The hemagglutinin (H) subtypes H2 and H7 were detected in both years, while the H8 subtype was detected in 2001 and the H1 subtype was detected in 2002. Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was isolated from 13% of mottled ducks sampled in August 2001 and 30.7% of teal in February 2002. The season of isolation of both viruses and the majority of the AIV subtypes detected in this study are not typical based on previous reports of these viruses from North American ducks.     

The opossum (Didelphis virginiana) as a host for Sarcocystis debonei from cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus, Quiscalus quiscula).

Sarcocystis-infected muscles from ducks, cowbirds, and grackles were fed to cats, opossums, rats, and a dog. Only the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was a suitable definitive host. All opossums that were fed Sarcocystis-infected cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus and Quiscalus quiscula) passed sporocysts in their feces. Opossums that ate the cowbirds had prepatent periods of 5 and 10 days and remained patent for at least 105 days. Opossums that ate the grackles became patent on day 10 after the infective meal and remained patent for over 90 (Quiscalus) and 105 (Cassidix) days. A single opossum fed infected muscle from a pintail duck (Anas acuta) passed sporocysts in the feces from days 13 through 18 after infection. No sporocysts were passed by opossums fed infected muscle from the green-winged teal (Anas carolinensis) and shoveller (Spatula clypeata). Sporocysts of duck, cowbird, and grackle origin were structurally similar. Mean dimensions of sporocysts were: duck-origin, 11.2 by 8.2 micron; cowbird-origin, 11.4 by 7.8 micron; Cassidix-origin, 11.2 by 7.8 micron; and Quiscalus-origin, 11.6 by 7.7 micron. We designate the sporocysts of cowbird and grackle origin as Sarcoycstis debonei Vogelsang, 1929 (Syn. Isospora boughtoni Volk, 1938).     

Fish–duck interactions in boreal lakes in Finland as reflected by abundance correlations

We studied the hypothesis that fish play an important role in lake use by ducks (pairs and broods) in boreal lakes. The study was based on densities of different duck and fish species in 28 boreal lakes in southern Finland. We focused on the three most common duck species (mallard Anas platyrhynchos, green-winged teal A. crecca and common goldeneye Bucephala clangula) and on the three most common fish species (perch Perca fluviatilis, roach Rutilus rutilus and pike Esox lucius) in the region. We considered both competitive and predatory interactions between ducks and fish, the perch and roach being potential competitors with ducks and the pike a potential predator of ducks. We found a negative association between green-winged teal brood density and total fish density, the other duck species having only a weak association with total fish density. When the three fish species were considered separately, a negative association, suggesting food competition, was found between perch, green-winged teal and goldeneye, whereas the role of roach as a food competitor seemed to be of minor importance. We did not find any clear signs of predatory effects of pike on ducks. Our results suggest that food competition is a more important factor than pike predation in affecting lake use by ducks in oligotrophic boreal environments in southern Finland.     

Experimental duck plague in blue-winged teal and Canada geese

Ten adult blue-winged teal (Anas discors) and six Canada goose (Branta canadensis) goslings were inoculated with liver tissue from a natural case of duck plague in a wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Four additional teal were placed in contact with the inoculated ducks. Inoculated teal died 63.5-68 hr after inoculation; two of the contact teal died 161-162 hr after exposure. Three of the goslings died 119-133 hr after inoculation, the others were killed when moribund 90-133 hr postinfection. The clinical course of disease was extremely rapid in both species. Signs were limited to sudden onset of profound weakness, ataxia, tremors and terminal convulsions. The only consistent gross lesion in the teal was a small dark spleen; half the teal also had inconspicuous foci of epithelial necrosis in the distal esophagus and in the cloaca. Goslings had more severe lesions, with focal hepatic necrosis visible in all, and mucosal necrosis over the intestinal lymphoid tissue, and intestinal hemorrhage in three birds each. Microscopic lesions in both species were similar to those reported in mallards. Duck plague might be overlooked at necropsy of blue-winged teal, because of the paucity of gross lesions.     

Gene Flow and Hybridization between Numerically Imbalanced Populations of Two Duck Species on the Subantarctic Island of South Georgia

Hybridization is common between species of animals, particularly in waterfowl (Anatidae). One factor shown to promote hybridization is restricted mate choice, which can occur when 2 species occur in sympatry but one is rare. According to the Hubbs principle, or "desperation hypothesis," the rarer species is more likely to mate with heterospecifics. We report the second of 2 independent examples of hybridization between 2 species of ducks inhabiting island ecosystems in the Subantarctic and South Atlantic Ocean. Yellow-billed pintails (Anas georgica) and speckled teal (Anas flavirostris) are abundant in continental South America, where they are sympatric and coexist in mixed flocks. But on South Georgia, an isolated island in the Subantarctic, the pintail population of approximately 6000 pairs outnumbers a small breeding population of speckled teal 300∶1. Using 6 genetic loci (mtDNA and 5 nuclear introns) and Bayesian assignment tests coupled with coalescent analyses, we identified hybrid-origin speckled teal alleles in 2 pintails on South Georgia. While it is unclear whether introgression has also occurred into the speckled teal population, our data suggest that this hybridization was not a recent event, but occurred some time ago. We also failed to identify unequivocal evidence of introgression in a much larger sample of pintails and speckled teal from Argentina using a 3-population "Isolation-with-Migration" coalescent analysis. Combined with parallel findings of hybridization between these same 2 duck species in the Falkland Islands, where population ratios are reversed and pintails are outnumbered by speckled teal 1:10, our results provide further support for the desperation hypothesis, which predicts that scarcity in one population and abundance of another will often lead to hybridization. While the South Georgia pintail population appears to be thriving, it''s possible that low density of conspecific mates and inverse density dependence (Allee effect) may be one factor limiting the reproductive output of the speckled teal population, and this situation may persist unless speckled teal increase in abundance on South Georgia.     

Presence of fish affects lake use and breeding success in ducks

Several previous studies indicate that presence of fish has negative effects on waterbirds breeding on lakes, owing either to competition for common invertebrate prey or fish predation on ducklings/chicks. However, others have reported results to the contrary and it remains unresolved what factors trigger, inhibit, and modulate fish–waterbird interactions. The present study was designed to test the effect of fish presence per se, with a minimum of variation in possibly confounding environmental variables. Thus, after stratifying for area, depth, altitude, pH, and total phosphorus we compared 13 lakes with and 12 without fish (mainly pike Esox lucius and perch Perca fluviatilis) with respect to (i) general species richness of waterbirds, (ii) species-specific utilization and breeding success of two dabbling ducks (mallard Anas platyrhynchos and teal Anas crecca) and a diving duck (goldeneye Bucephala clangula). General species richness of waterbirds was higher on fishless lakes. Overall use (bird days) and brood number of teal and goldeneye were higher on fishless lakes. The latter also had more benthic and free-swimming prey invertebrates compared to lakes with fish. Mallard use, mallard brood number, and abundance of emerging insects did not differ between lake groups. Generalized linear models including fish presence as factor and considering seven environmental variables as covariates, confirmed that all waterbird variables except mallard days and broods were negatively correlated to fish presence. There was also a residual positive relationship of lake area on general species richness, teal days, and teal broods. Our data demonstrate a stronger effect of fish presence on diving ducks and small surface feeding ducks than on large surface-feeding ducks. We argue that observed patterns were caused by fish predation on ducks rather than by fish–duck competition for common prey.     

Differences in endozoochorous dispersal between aquatic plant species, with reference to plant population persistence in rivers

Summary 1. In river ecosystems, populations are continuously subjected to unidirectional downstream currents resulting in a downstream movement of populations. To ensure long-term population persistence in rivers, organisms must have a mechanism for upstream dispersal, which allows them to re-colonise upstream areas.
2. In this study we assessed differences in the potential for endozoochorous seed dispersal of Sparganium emersum and Sagittaria sagittifolia , two aquatic plant species with different seed morphologies, by mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) and teal ( Anas crecca ), two duck species with different body weights.
3. We found no significant differences in seed retrieval (the proportion of ingested seeds retrieved after gut passage) and seed retention time (time between seed ingestion and retrieval), between mallard and teal, despite the difference in body weights. We did find a significantly higher germination (%) over retention time of S. emersum seeds retrieved from teal compared with mallard, most likely related to a more efficient removal of the seed coat during passage through the gut of teal.
4. There were large differences between S. emersum versus S. sagittifolia in: (i) seed retrieval (22.65 ± 20.8% versus 1.60 ± 2.4%, respectively); (ii) seed retention time in duck gut, with a maximum of 60 h versus 12 h; (iii) the effect of gut passage on seed germination, with an increase of approximately 35% versus a decrease of 25%; and (iv) the effect of gut passage on seed germination rate, with an acceleration of 10 days versus a delay of 3 days on average. The results show that S. emersum has a higher potential for endozoochorous dispersal by ducks and postdispersal establishment than S. sagittifolia .
5. We propose that, in rivers, bird-mediated seed dispersal may promote re-colonisation of upstream areas, enabling long-term plant population persistence.     

Gastrointestinal helminths of the Mexican duck, Anas platyrhynchos diazi Ridgway, from north central Mexico and southwestern United States

Twenty-five species of helminths, recovered from the gastrointestinal tracts of 129 Mexican ducks from Mexico and the United States, were all new host records. The species included: Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Echinostoma revolutum, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Notocotylus attenuatus, Prosthogonimus cuneatus, Zygocotyle lunata, Anomotaenia ciliata, Cloacotaenia megalops, Diorchis bulbodes, Diorchis sp., Drepanidotaenia lanceolata, Echinocotyle rosseteri, Fimbriaria fasciolaris, Fimbriarioides sp., Hymenolepis sp. 1, Hymenolepis sp. 2, Sobolevicanthus gracilis. Corynosoma constrictum, Polymorphus minutus, Amidostomum acutum, Echinuria sp., Epomidiostomum crami, Hystrichis varispinosus, Rusguniella arctica, and Tetrameres sp. Fimbriarioides sp. occurred predominantly in ducks from south-central Chihuahua, Mexico. The distributions for the other 24 species of the helminths were not significantly different among the four collecting areas. The helminth fauna for the 32 complete specimens and 97 intestinal tracts was distributed relatively evenly among the hosts with a calculated mean evenness of 0.77 +/- 0.15 and 0.89 +/- 0.03 respectively. The parasite fauna was more similar to those of the black duck Anas rubripes Brewster of eastern North America (53%), the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (L.) (49%), and the mottled duck, Anas fulvigula Ridgway, from Florida (45%), than to the green-winged teal, Anas crecca (L.) (36%), the gadwall, Anas strepera (L.) (30%), and the American wigeon, Anas americana Gmelin (26%), collected in the Southwest.     

Ecological studies on Cyathocotyle bushiensis (Digenea) and Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Digenea), possible pathogens of dabbling ducks in southern Québec

Over the past 20 yr, recurrent late-summer mortality of dabbling ducks in southern Québec has been attributed to the digenean parasite Cyathocotyle bushiensis. This study attempted to determine whether this parasite was still implicated in the epizootics, and examined aspects of the ecology of the parasite in the definitive host. Comparison of prevalence and mean intensity of infection of all species of Digenea between salvaged carcasses and hunter-shot ducks revealed that C. bushiensis and a second digenean Sphaeridiotrema globulus were both significantly more prevalent in salvaged ducks. Mean intensity of infection was consistently higher for S. globulus in the salvaged carcasses than in hunter-shot ducks. These data provide strong circumstantial support for the hypothesis that C. bushiensis continues to contribute to the annual mortality, but also strongly suggest that S. globulus may be involved. Comparison of the relative numbers of each species of duck between the salvaged carcass sample and the hunter-shot sample revealed that blue-winged teal (Anas discors) occurred significantly more frequently in the salvaged carcass sample whereas wood ducks (Aix sponsa) were common in the hunter-shot sample but were never found in the salvaged carcass sample. A comparison of susceptibility to experimental infection with C. bushiensis revealed that mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), black ducks (Anas rubripes), blue-winged teal, pintail (Anas acuta) and lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) had similar susceptibilities but that wood ducks were significantly less susceptible to infection. Experimental infections also showed that age of mallards significantly influenced the number of parasites obtained 7 days postinfection; ducklings were most heavily infected. Significant differences were detected in the gross pathology caused by C. bushiensis among duck species. Data obtained from sentinel ducks placed in the field for 24 hr revealed that transmission of both C. bushiensis and S. globulus occurs at least between mid-May and mid-September and that large, potentially lethal, infections can be acquired in as little as 24 hr. Finally evidence is presented to suggest that ducks acquire resistance to challenge infections of C. bushiensis.     

The diet of brown teal (

The brown teal or pateke (Anas chlorotis) is an endangered endemic duck that has declined greatly throughout its range in the last 20 years but about which there is little dietary information to inform the species? management. We studied the diet of brown teal from six populations (most data were from Great Barrier Island, with additional samples from Northland, Little Barrier Island, Kapiti Island, Mana Island and Karori Wildlife Sanctuary) using feeding observations, gut and faecal analyses. Brown teal had a diverse diet for a dabbling duck: 78 taxa were recorded, including terrestrial, freshwater and marine invertebrates, fungi, and terrestrial and freshwater vegetation. Based on gut content analysis, the most frequently occurring foods were Cyperaceae nuts, white clover leaves, cased caddisfly larvae, beetles, earthworms, gastropods and bivalves. Faecal analysis and visual observations showed marine molluscs to be abundant in the diet in intertidal areas. The use of pastures by much of the present-day population may make teal vulnerable to starvation during dry summers.