星天牛在悬铃木木段上的产卵行为研究

为明确产卵木段粗细对星天牛Anoplophora chinensis刻槽产卵的影响、了解刻槽产卵习性及产卵规律,以不同直径悬铃木Platanus acerifolia木段为产卵材料,通过无选择和选择性产卵试验,测定了星天牛在悬铃木上产卵部位选择,并监测了星天牛的产卵过程。结果表明：星天牛产卵过程主要包括刻槽部位选择、咬槽、产卵和封槽4个阶段。星天牛在不同直径的悬铃木木段上都能刻槽产卵,但木段的粗细对刻槽数量、产卵量的影响差异显著,对空槽率、卵的大小没有影响。刻槽产卵行为主要集中在直径10~15 cm木段。在直径3~5 cm木段上刻槽数量和产卵量最低,显著低于直径大于5 cm的木段。在武汉地区,星天牛产卵高峰期在6月下旬-7月中旬,孵化高峰期在7月中下旬。该结果为深入研究星天牛的生殖行为,精准监测和防控提供参考。     

光肩星天牛产卵刻槽含水量与pH值的分析

测定了光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis(Motsch.)在柳树皮上产卵刻槽、模拟刻槽及健康树皮的含水量和pH值。结果表明:柳树在不同受伤条件下的含水量及pH值都有所不同,其中含水量的顺序为产卵刻槽>健康树皮>模拟刻槽;pH值的顺序为产卵刻槽>模拟刻槽>健康树皮。这些结果为进一步研究刻槽内微生物的种类和丰度及树木在不同受伤条件下的生理反应提供依据。     

桑天牛卵长尾啮小蜂的寄主选择定位行为

本文对桑天牛卵长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus prolixus LaSalle et Huang的寄主选择定位行为进行了系统研究。已有研究表明,寄主植物-寄主昆虫复合体释放的挥发物对寄生蜂有显著的引诱作用。为了查明寄主植物 寄主昆虫复合体中挥发性引诱物质的来源,对不同处理桑枝（正常桑枝、机械损伤桑枝、系统枝、桑天牛Apriona germari（Hope）咬食和产卵桑枝）、桑天牛虫粪及雌雄两性桑天牛所释放的挥发物分别进行了测定。结果显示：不同处理桑枝对寄生蜂都具有显著的引诱作用,而且产卵桑枝的引诱活性最大;桑天牛虫粪的气味对寄生蜂有引诱活性,而雌、雄桑天牛体表挥发物对寄生蜂的引诱效果不明显。桑天牛爬行痕迹对寄生蜂的微栖境接受行为没有影响,而桑天牛虫粪中的信息物质在寄生蜂的微栖境接受过程中起着重要作用。寄生蜂对产卵桑枝段的选择几率明显高于正常桑枝段和咬食桑枝段,而对不同植物上产卵刻槽的选择没有差异; 刻槽表面存在着与此卵寄生蜂寄主识别相关的信息物质。     

杨树和核桃树两种寄主植物上云斑天牛产卵刻槽的分布

为了对比杨树和核桃树两种寄主植物上云斑天牛成虫产卵方式的差异,本研究于2013年通过林间定期调查的方法得到了云斑天牛成虫在两种寄主植物上的产卵规律。杨树上,产卵刻槽沿树干一周,卵产于韧皮部或者木质部;核桃树上,产卵刻槽沿着树干上下排列,卵产于树皮缝内。两种寄主植物上,产卵刻槽的数量均随着树干高度的增高而减少,但在不同高度范围内没有差异(df=2,6,F=0.866;df=2,15,F=0.071),且在不同方向上也没有差异(F1=0.691;F2=0.646;F3=0.994)。另外还调查了寄主植物胸径与产卵刻槽数量之间的关系,结果表明,产卵刻槽不会随着寄主植物胸径的增大而增多。这些研究结论为进一步完善云斑天牛的生物学特性提供了理论依据。     

树皮内含物对光肩星天牛取食与刻槽产卵量的影响

为了明确光肩星天牛补充营养阶段寄主植物树皮内含物对其取食和产卵量的影响,观察并记录室内光肩星天牛在不同寄主植物上的取食面积、尝试刻槽数、产卵数,并对5种寄主植物中几种树皮内含物进行提取测定。结果表明:光肩星天牛在不同寄主植物上的取食面积为苦楝Melia azedarach Linn.意大利杨树Populus euramevicana cv.‘I-214'垂柳Salix babylonica Linn.木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia L.白蜡Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.,尝试刻槽数为垂柳木麻黄苦楝意大利杨树白蜡,而成功产卵数则为垂柳意大利杨树苦楝木麻黄白蜡,其中苦楝、木麻黄、白蜡上的尝试刻槽数与成功产卵数差异极显著(P0.01),在垂柳上差异显著(0.01P0.05)。相关性实验测定结果表明:影响光肩星天牛的取食面积和尝试刻槽数的内含物因子包括可溶性糖、碳氮比、总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸,光肩星天牛的取食面积和尝试刻槽数与它们呈显著相关而与单宁、总酚、可溶性蛋白均无关。而成功产卵数则与所测内含物因子均无显著相关。推测适宜的碳氮比和可溶性糖含量加上高的总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸量是光肩星天牛取食产卵选择的标准。     

桑天牛产卵分泌物与雌虫内生殖器官内容物组分的比较

本文对桑天牛Apriona germari Hope产卵分泌物和各生殖器官内容物的鲜重、蛋白质、还原性糖、游离氨基酸等含量进行了测定及对比分析,结果表明,产卵分泌物鲜重与输卵管萼内容物鲜重差异显著,而与交配囊、受精囊腺内容物鲜重差异不明显;产卵分泌物的蛋白质含量显著高于输卵管萼内容物的蛋白质含量;产卵分泌物的还原性糖含量显著低于交配囊内容物的还原性糖含量;产卵分泌物的游离氨基酸含量显著高于交配囊内容物中游离氨基酸含量。产卵分泌物中蛋白质、还原性糖、游离氨基酸等的含量与受精囊腺内容物相应成分含量均无显著差异,即受精囊腺是其贮藏器官。     

桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为及对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性

【目的】桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii是一种钻蛀性害虫,主要以蔷薇科果树和观赏树木为寄主。本研究旨在搞清楚桃红颈天牛成虫的交配产卵行为及其对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性。【方法】选择苹果Malus pumila、山樱花Prunus serrulata var. spontanea、桃Prunus persica、西府海棠Malus micromalus、毛樱桃Prunus tomentosa、秋子梨Pyrus ussuriensis、杏Prunus armeniaca和红叶李Prunus cerasifera var. atropurea 8种寄主植物木段,构建为成虫的活动场所,观察桃红颈天牛成虫的交配和产卵行为,并测定桃红颈天牛成虫在不同寄主木段上的栖落数量和产卵量。【结果】桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为分为避让、打斗和交配3种行为。交配过程可分为相遇抱对、插入输精、交配后陪护3个阶段。桃红颈天牛雌虫产卵时无刻槽行为,喜欢将卵产于较为狭窄的缝隙中。雌虫偏好在桃树木段上栖落,雄虫则偏好在毛樱桃木段上栖落。李亚科李属的桃是桃红颈天牛最喜欢的产卵寄主木段,而雌虫在苹果亚科的苹果、海棠和秋子梨木段上产卵极少。相关性分析结果表明雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与产卵量占比间存在正相关性,雄虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量之间也存在正相关性。【结论】桃红颈天牛雌成虫最喜欢桃树木段,雄虫对寄主植物的选择性与雌虫并不完全相同。     

巴音布鲁克高寒人工草地土壤可培养微生物区系特征

以巴音布鲁克建植期为4、8、15和20年的4种人工草地为对象,以天然草地为对照,采用平板表面涂抹法对0～20cm、20～40cm的土壤微生物区系特征进行了分析。结果表明:细菌数量以建植期4年的草地土壤最多,20年最少,8年、15年人工草地分别是天然草地的1.19和0.58倍;真菌数量为4年人工草地>20年人工草地>15年人工草地>8年人工草地>天然草地;放线菌数量以天然草地最多,8年人工草地次之,20年、4年、15年人工草地依次降低;细菌、真菌以及放线菌数量均在8月达到最大值,9月最小;细菌与植被盖度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),微生物总数与植被盖度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),真菌与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与电导率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),pH值对放线菌的影响最大;影响微生物类群总数的主要生态因子是植被盖度和建植年限。     

东北地区三代粘虫玉米田为害行为研究

【目的】研究东北地区2代粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)成虫的产卵规律和3代粘虫幼虫的取食行为,揭示3代粘虫在东北地区玉米田的为害行为机制,为粘虫的预测预报及综合防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用罩笼法研究2代粘虫成虫的产卵节律及对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性;采用田间调查和叶碟法取食试验研究3代粘虫幼虫在田间的发生特点及其对不同寄主植物的取食选择性。【结果】(1)2代粘虫成虫在夜间20:00-23:00时间段产卵量最高,占总量88.36%,显著高于其它时间段(P<0.01)。(2)2代粘虫成虫只选择稗草进行产卵,并且在稗草上部干枯叶尖所产卵量最高,占总落卵量的81.98%,显著高于其他产卵位置(P<0.01),玉米上没有产卵。(3)2龄幼虫对稗草具有明显的取食选择性,显著高于玉米(P<0.05);3-6龄幼虫均对玉米叶片具有明显取食选择性,显著高于稗草(P<0.05)。(4)2龄幼虫对稗草和玉米之间的取食量差异不显著(P>0.05),3龄幼虫对稗草的取食量显著高于玉米(P<0.05),4-6龄幼虫对玉米的取食量显著高于稗草(P<0.05)。【结论】2代粘虫成虫的产卵习性和3代粘虫幼虫的取食选择性决定了东北地区3代粘虫在玉米田以高龄幼虫为害的特点。     

褐飞虱在香稻上的发生与产卵特征

研究褐飞虱NilaparvatalugensStl在香稻上的危害与产卵特征,结果表明香稻田中褐飞虱的自然种群密度基数远高于非香型稻。从7月22日至8月31日香稻田中褐飞虱的自然种群密度一直增长,在武香988和鄂香1号田间的若虫分别从7月22日的7头丛和3头丛上升至8月31日的126头丛和73头丛。香型稻田间的褐飞虱的自然种群密度增长慢于非香型稻田间。香稻与非香稻田间褐飞虱成虫出现的高峰日相差不大。香稻田中褐飞虱产卵株率高于非香型稻田,其中最高的为鄂香1号,达到74.27%。香稻田间株平均产卵块数几乎为非香型稻上的2倍,但是香稻上的卵死亡率(鄂香1号为39.24%)显著高于非香型稻上的(鄂中5号为27.58%,两优培九为27.21%),且产卵部位有一定差异。鄂香1号第Ⅲ叶鞘上卵块最多,占总数的60.98%,武香988的第Ⅱ和第Ⅳ叶鞘上产卵较多,第Ⅰ叶鞘上没有稻飞虱产卵。非香型稻鄂中5号上产卵最多的是第Ⅳ叶鞘,第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ叶鞘上没有褐飞虱产卵。两优培九除第Ⅰ和第Ⅴ叶鞘上没有褐飞虱产卵外,第Ⅱ、第Ⅲ和第Ⅳ叶鞘上均有褐飞虱产卵,而且卵量差异不大。     

Performance and host preference of Ascia monuste (Lepidoptera,Pieridae)

Experiments were conducted to determine the performance and host preference of Ascia monuste using kale (Brassica oleraceae, var. Acephala) and mustard (B. juncea). These plants differ significantly in water and nitrogen content, with mustard having larger amounts of water and kale larger amounts of nitrogen. The performance results confirmed that kale is a better food source than mustard for the species, even when eggs were collected on mustard leaves in the field. However, when eggs were collected on mustard, the kale nutritive value was lower than the nutritive value obtained when eggs were collected on kale leaves. Furthermore, the results of oviposition preference obtained in the field and in the laboratory have shown a preference for kale, indicating the presence of a positive correlation with performance. In contrast to the data about oviposition preference, there was no immature feeding preference. These results indicate that host selection occurs during the oviposition process. Furthermore, it is possible that the high abundance of kale cultivated in the region studied and the nutritional quality of this plant are two factors that influence the positive relationship between oviposition preference and performance for A. monuste.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices) on the oviposition of rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus)

Root-feeding insects are important drivers in ecosystems, and links between aboveground oviposition preference and belowground larval performance have been suggested. The root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a central role in plant nutrition and are known to change host quality for root-feeding insects. However, it is not known if and how AMF affect the aboveground oviposition of insects whose offspring feed on roots. According to the preference–performance hypothesis, insect herbivores oviposit on plants that will maximize offspring performance. In a greenhouse experiment with rice (Oryza sativa), we investigated the effects of AMF (Glomus intraradices) on aboveground oviposition of rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), the larvae of which feed belowground on the roots. Oviposition (i.e., the numbers of eggs laid by weevil females in leaf sheaths) was enhanced when the plants were colonized by AMF. However, the leaf area consumed by adult weevils was not affected. Although AMF reduced plant biomass, it increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus concentrations in leaves and N in roots. The results suggest that rice water weevil females are able to discriminate plants for oviposition depending on their mycorrhizal status. The discrimination is probably related to AMF-mediated changes in plant quality, i.e., the females choose to oviposit more on plants with higher nutrient concentrations to potentially optimize offspring performance. AMF-mediated change in plant host choice for chewing insect oviposition is a novel aspect of below- and aboveground interactions.     

Yolk protein immunoassays (YP-ELISA) to assess diet and reproductive quality of mass-reared Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)

A yolk protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (YP-ELISA) was developed for the predator Orius insidiosus (Say). The YP-ELISA is intended to assess reproductive response to dietary and other rearing conditions, and to assist in quality control and diet development for mass rearing. Hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies were produced against homogenates of eggs dissected from females. Hybridomas were selected for secretion of IgG that reacted with extracts of both females and their eggs, and that did not react with male extracts. Each cloned hybridoma produced a monoclonal antibody that specifically reacted on western blots against one of the two major yolk polypeptides, apoVn-I (180,000 molecular weight) or apoVn-II (40,000). Yolk protein ELISAs were developed with these antibodies to assess yolk protein content of female O. insidiosus as a measure of reproductive fitness and as a potential predictor of fecundity. Protocols for an indirect antigen ELISA and double antibody sandwich ELISA were developed to assess yolk protein contents of eggs and total contents in whole body homogenates. ELISA standards consisted of homogenates of eggs collected 0-24 h following oviposition. As determined with the sandwich ELISA, yolk protein contents of eggs declined with age before hatch, with a half-life of 32-34 h. Results were similar whether the detecting antibody-enzyme conjugate was anti-apoVn-I or anti-apoVn-II. Optimal conditions and sampling parameters were developed for the sandwich ELISA, which demonstrated minimal nonspecific interference in whole-insect extracts. In an initial application of the YP-ELISA, oviposition rates over a 10-d period were compared with yolk protein contents at the end of that period, dependent on diets of differing nutritional composition and quality. High and low yolk protein contents correlated with oviposition rates on respective diets, though oviposition showed more graded response to diets than did yolk protein. Improvements in sampling methods are discussed.     

Factors affecting pheromone secretion and oviposition by fertilized females of Culicoides nubeculosus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The effect of age and a blood meal on pheromone secretion by virgin and fertilized females of Culicoides nubeculosus was studied. In virgin females, the secretion varies in relation to age, the blood meal, and oviposition. In fertilized females, rate of pheromone secretion is very low after fertilization and does not seem to vary subsequently in relation to the above factors. Mating was found to accelerate oviposition. The role of seminal fluid in the decrease in rate of pheromone secretion by fertilized females is discussed.     

Leaf trait variation on Erythroxylum tortuosum (Erythroxylaceae) and its relationship with oviposition preference and stress by a host‐specific leaf miner

It has been suggested that plant physical and chemical traits vary considerably in space and time. Hence, leaf‐mining insects may adjust their oviposition in response to leaf attributes representing high quality. Moreover, herbivorous insects can modify leaf morphology by acting as stressors, increasing, for example, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) levels. Here, we investigate oviposition preference in Agnippe sp.2, a leaf‐mining moth of Erythroxylum tortuosum, in relation to differences in leaf nutritional quality (i.e. levels of water, nitrogen and tannin content), leaf area (i.e. quantity of resource hypothesis) and FA. We also verify whether temporal variation in plant nutritional quality emerges as an alternative hypothesis to explain oviposition distribution in time, and whether this leaf miner is a stress‐causing agent, increasing FA during larval development. Mined leaves and leaves with and without eggs were periodically collected from plants located in a Cerrado fragment in Brazil. In the laboratory, leaf traits were assessed (using image analysis software) and quantified (biochemical analysis) according to the aims previously determined. Oviposition probability did not change in relation to variations in nitrogen, tannins and FA of leaves. However, leaf‐miner females preferred to oviposit on leaves having large areas and low water contents. It was also verified that new leaves of E. tortuosum, which carried most leaf‐miner eggs, presented significantly lower tannins and greater levels of nitrogen and water than old leaves. The oviposition choice exhibited by leaf miners was found to be non‐random because they appear to use resource quantity and water content as cues as where to lay their eggs. The temporal variation of plant nutritional quality is likely to influence the time of leaf‐miner oviposition; and leaf FA was not increased during larval feeding, suggesting that these herbivores do not cause variations in FA levels.     

Large net cage for captive breeding and behavioural studies of damselfly Lestes sponsa (Hansemann, 1823) (Odonata: Lestidae): submerged oviposition as a model behaviour

Odonata have a strong potential as model organisms for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses because of their short life history, relative ease and cost-effectiveness of care. Unfortunately, very few studies have examined how to create a semi-natural environment for odonates, limiting the biological validity of laboratory manipulation. To better study odonate life cycle and behaviour under controlled conditions, we designed a large net cage that imitated the natural terrestrial as well as aquatic habitat of the damselfly Lestes sponsa (Hansemann, 1823). This species is thought to be capable of submerged oviposition, an unusual behaviour in odonates. We compared multiple variables across natural conditions and the net cage. We demonstrated that between-year variability under natural conditions was generally greater than variability between natural and artificial environments. Overall, semi-natural conditions did not substantially change the L. sponsa life cycle (including the unique behaviour of submerged oviposition), suggesting that results from the net cage are likely generalisable to the field.     

Oviposition Site Selection and Spatial Predictability of Female White-faced Dragonflies (Leucorrhinia intacta) (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Location of breeding or egg-laying sites may be an important factor underlying social behavior of many organisms. We studied oviposition sites used by a population of Leucorrhinia intacta dragonflies at a small pond near Syracuse, NY, USA. Females preferentially used shallow water as an oviposition habitat. Shallow water increases egg hatching rate through temperature effects on development time and reduces predation on the female. Use of shallow water areas was reduced by locally high densities of territorial males. The same oviposition sites probably maximized the fitness of the male, female, and offspring, meaning that site selection did not necessitate fitness tradeoffs among these classes of individuals. Pond sectors used by ovipositing females were significantly correlated within and between years, but not within days or between consecutive days. Use of pond sectors within and between days was not related to the relative availability of the shallow water habitat, while seasonal use of pond sectors was related positively to availability of shallow water. In spite of the preference by females for ovipositing in shallow water, short-term location of females was not predictable and males could not search predictably good areas during a day. However, across a season, areas with more shallow water available were used for oviposition more than areas with limited substrate.     

Modus operandi of oviposition in Dermacentor reticulatus (Acari: Ixodidae)

The process of oviposition in D. reticulatus was observed and found to be a sequence of exactly coordinated, interlocking events independent of the phase of oviposition. The average period of oviposition in the investigated ticks was 31.6 days at 20 °C and 95% relative humidity. The number of eggs deposited on each day increased until reaching a maximum on the fifth day of oviposition and then decreased continuously. As a result, most of the eggs were deposited during the initial phase of oviposition. The total number of eggs was proportional to the ticks' weight replenishment. Egg-laying commenced with the lowering of the capitulum and the simultaneous spread of the pedipalps which were lowered to the body wall embracing the genital aperture on both sides. Immediately afterwards the cuticular sac of Gene's organ was pushed out and retracted several times. At the cuticular sac's maximum extension, the vestibulum vaginae prolapsed, forming the ovipositor as an extended tube which handed over an egg to the two horns of the cuticular sac after a brief, but intensive, contact with the cuticular sac. Then the vestibulum vaginae invaginated, the pedipalps closed, and the cuticular sac was retracted. Finally, the egg was transported onto the dorsal area of the tick by means of a vigorous rising of the capitulum. During the course of oviposition most of the events, especially the period of egg embracement by the cuticular sac, were prolonged, as was the total time for laying one egg. Similarly, the intervals between successive egg-laying processes increased continuously.The number of eggs deposited was not dependent on the functional ability of Gene's organ, as shown by similar numbers of deposited eggs from ticks with and without mechanical blocking of the cuticular sac. But the participation of the organ in the process of oviposition proved to be a prerequisite for the viability of the eggs. Larvae developed and hatched only from those eggs which were deposited from ticks with an undisturbed Gene's organ. In comparison, eggs without contact to the cuticular sac of Gene's organ dried up and shrivelled immediately after being deposited and did not hatch. Consequently, it strongly suggests, together with the results from other studies, that Gene's organ covers the eggs with a secretion that prevents the loss of water.     

A bioassay to evaluate the activity of chemical stimuli from grape berries on the oviposition of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

A two-choice bioassay was developed to evaluate the role of host-plant berry compounds on the oviposition site acceptance of the generalist moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Shiffermüller). A key feature was the lining of the bioassay arena with felt which focused oviposition on the test substrates. Initial experiments comparing substrates with different physical features indicated that smooth textures and spherical shapes with interstices favour oviposition. Artificial oviposition substrates were thus constructed with glass spheres in order to test the behavioural activity of grapevine berry extracts. Only polar extracts obtained by soaking berries in methanol or water stimulated oviposition (more eggs were laid on the extract-treated substrate than on the control substrate), whereas more apolar ones obtained with chloroform or hexane had no significant effect. The prior removal of epicuticular waxes from grape berries before extraction did not enhance the stimulatory activity of the methanol extract. The oviposition response to this extract was dose-dependent. It is concluded that polar compounds present on grape berries act as oviposition stimulants for L. botrana.