云南红河水系金线鲃属鱼类一新种——西畴金线鲃

该文记述了采集自云南省文山州西畴县兴街镇干海子(红河水系)一洞穴的鲤科鲃亚科金线鲃属鱼类一新种,命名为西畴金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus xichouensis Pan,Li,Yang et Chen sp.nov.)。该新种眼睛正常,背鳍末根不分枝,鳍条变粗变硬,后缘3/5具锯齿,与属内分布在邻近南盘江水系的已知种大眼金线鲃(S.macrophthalmus)、圭山金线鲃(S.guishanensis)、狭孔金线鲃(S.angustiporus)、侧条金线鲃(S.lateristritus)、丘北金线鲃(S.qiubeiensis)、滇池金线鲃(S.grahami)、曲靖金线鲃(S.qujingensis)、麻花金线鲃(S.maculatus)、紫色金线鲃(S.purpureus)及疑似红河水系易门金线鲃(S.yimenensis)相似。籍第一鳃弓外侧鳃耙9以下的特征,可与大眼金线鲃相区别;眼间距为体长的8.1%～9.9%,吻须后伸超过眼后缘,口角须后伸超过前鳃盖骨后缘,可与圭山金线鲃相区别;背鳍起点与腹鳍起点相对,体侧沿侧线无黑色横带,可与侧条金线鲃相区别;侧线鳞74～88,侧线上鳞20,侧线下鳞16,可与滇池金线鲃相区别;侧线弯曲,侧线鳞74～88,围尾柄鳞48,可与曲靖金线鲃相区别;背鳍前距为体长的47.1%～53.7%,背鳍基长为体长的12.8%～15.8%,臀鳍前距为体长的66.0%～71.0%,臀鳍长为体长的13.7%～17.1%,胸鳍前距为体长的26.0%～29.5%,尾柄长为体长的19.3%～24.7%,下颌长为体长的4.7%～7.0%,明显区别于易门金线鲃;全身被鳞,具侧线鳞,可与其分布邻近的麻花金线鲃和紫色金线鲃相区别;背鳍前鳞35～39,鳃耙6,眼间距为体长的8.1%～9.9%,可与狭孔金线鲃及丘北金线鲃相区别。     

云南滇池濒危特有种滇池金线鲃繁殖初报

滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)是滇池湖泊生态系统的指示物种和特有种。因水质污染和外来物种入侵等因素的影响,该鱼类自1986年起就从湖体中消失,仅有湖周围的少数龙潭中尚保存有少量滇池金线鲃。至2007年3月初,有两次繁殖试验取得了成功。先后试验了5尾雌鱼和6尾雄鱼,获得鱼卵约1600粒,并实施干法受精。约有1320粒受精,平均受精率为73%。孵化出鱼苗约480尾,平均孵化率为36%。经10天饲养,约有95%以上的鱼苗存活,体长达8-12mm。滇池金线鲃人工繁殖成功的意义有三点:能有效保护该物种免于灭绝;繁殖的鱼苗放归湖泊合适水域,将有助于恢复滇池的土著生物多样性;有助于推动当地水产养殖业从非土著鱼类养殖向土著鱼类养殖的方向转变。     

雅鲁藏布江黑斑原鮡繁殖生物学研究

对2004-2006年采集于雅鲁藏布江拉萨河的190尾黑斑原鮡进行了繁殖生物学研究。雄性最小性成熟(精巢Ⅳ期)个体体长141.7mm,体重45.2g,性体指数1.09%,雌性最小性成熟(卵巢Ⅳ期)个体体长146.8mm,体重66.7g性体指数11.52%,相应年龄均为5龄。初次性成熟年龄(L50):♂,170.1mm相应年龄为7龄;♀,150.2mm,相应年龄5龄。通过组织切片法和GSI的周年变化分析,繁殖时间集中在5-6月,每年繁殖一次,繁殖之后的6-8月卵巢从Ⅵ期回复到Ⅲ期,9月卵巢发育到Ⅳ期越冬。卵径频率分布显示,卵巢发育类型为分批同步型,卵巢中至少存在2批卵径,每年成熟一批卵并同时产出,产卵类型为完全同步产卵。卵黏性,成熟卵卵径在2.04-3.37mm之间,平均(2.83±0.16)mm。对19尾产卵前夕(体长为151.0-210.0mm)的标本进行统计,其绝对繁殖力范围在525-2058粒之间,平均为(1244±346)粒,相对繁殖力为(14.7±5.8)粒/g。绝对繁殖力与体长呈直线正相关,表达式为F=13.624L-1187。       

金沙江攀枝花江段棒花鱼的生物学

在2006年5月和2006年12月至2007年5月期间,通过使用三层定置刺网捕捉棒花鱼,我们研究了金沙江中游攀枝花江段棒花鱼的生物学。棒花鱼在三层定置刺网中的平均出现率为93.1%,在总渔获物中的平均重量百分比为7.68%;雄性个体的平均体长显著大于雌性个体,体长和体重的回归方程为:W=4×10-5L2.8499(W为体重,L为体长,R2=0.8614);根据鳞片年轮对82尾标本进行了年龄鉴定,其中0龄个体1尾,占1.22%;1龄个体68尾,占82.93%;2龄个体13尾,占15.85%。鳞径与体长显著相关,且雄性个体的线性回归关系比雌性个体强。绝对怀卵量为737-4516粒,相对怀卵量为180-597粒/g。棒花鱼的卵径分布范围为0.28-1.24mm,卵径分布呈双峰型。综合分析棒花鱼的性成熟系数变化趋势、繁殖期的持续时间、雌性个体的性腺发育和卵子的不同步发育,得知棒花鱼为一次性产卵鱼类。     

葛洲坝下中华鲟繁殖生物学特性及其人工繁殖效果

以1998—2004年(除2002年外)间从葛洲坝下产卵场捕获的57尾(雌36尾,雄21尾)中华鲟人工繁殖群体为材料,研究了中华鲟人工繁殖群体的繁殖生物学特性.结果表明:1998—2004年间中华鲟雌鲟体长240～320cm,体质量140～432kg,年龄15～30龄;雄鲟体长153～284cm,体质量70～244kg,年龄12～26龄.雌鲟催产率93·1%,雄鲟催产率100%.卵子可明显分为7种颜色;绝对怀卵量为20～59万粒,平均35·8万粒;相对怀卵量820～3020粒·kg-1,平均1590粒·kg-1.精液明显分为4种颜色;绝对采精量1000～5952ml,平均2597·8ml;相对采精量1·25～31·24ml·kg-1,平均13·3ml·kg-1.多年人工催产受精率平均达到63·7%,孵化率达到48·1%,6年共孵化出苗476·2万尾,保证了人工繁殖放流的实施.资料对比显示,中华鲟繁殖群体自然繁殖力大幅下降.     

云南滇池濒危特有种滇池金线鲃繁殖初报

滇池金线鲃（Sinocyclocheilus grahami）是滇池湖泊生态系统的指示物种和特有种。因水质污染和外来物种入侵等因素的影响，该鱼类自1986年起就从湖体中消失，仅有湖周围的少数龙潭中尚保存有少量滇池金线鲃。至2007年3月初，有两次繁殖试验取得了成功。先后试验了5尾雌鱼和6尾雄鱼，获得鱼卵约1 600粒，并实施干法受精。约有1 320粒受精，平均受精率为73%。孵化出鱼苗约480尾，平均孵化率为36%。经10天饲养，约有95%以上的鱼苗存活，体长达8—12 mm。滇池金线鲃人工繁殖成功的意义有三点：能有效保护该物种免于灭绝；繁殖的鱼苗放归湖泊合适水域，将有助于恢复滇池的土著生物多样性；有助于推动当地水产养殖业从非土著鱼类养殖向土著鱼类养殖的方向转变。     

张氏(餐)的繁殖生物学特性

文章对赤水河河口段张氏(餐)的繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明:5-9月份为其繁殖期;最小性成熟个体为雌性体长77mm,体重5.3g;雄性体长108mm,体重9.4g,均为1龄;繁殖群体性比为1.07:1,由4个年龄组组成,其中2龄个体占绝对优势.性成熟系数3-7月份逐渐增大,然后持续减小,至12月降到全年最小值.卵径(0.75±0.14)mm呈单峰型,绝对繁殖力(11010±7723)粒,相对繁殖力(275.1±138.4)粒/g,每克卵巢卵粒数(3789±1389)粒.该种为单批产卵类型鱼类.绝对繁殖力随着鱼体体长、体重和年龄的增长而增大.     

山美水库两种入侵罗非鱼繁殖生物学比较

为比较山美水库两种入侵齐氏罗非鱼(Coptodon zillii)和伽利略罗非鱼(Sarotherodon galilaeus)种群的繁殖生物学特征,于2021年3—10月份在山美水库逐月采样,分析了繁殖时间、性比、绝对繁殖力、相对繁殖力和成熟卵径等特征。结果表明,两种罗非鱼均于4月份开始繁殖,齐氏罗非鱼繁殖高峰为7月, 10月结束繁殖;伽利略罗非鱼繁殖高峰为6月, 9月结束繁殖。齐氏罗非鱼平均绝对繁殖力为(4009.85±1305.69)粒、平均体重相对繁殖力为(67.32±15.63)粒/g、平均体长相对繁殖力为(31.31±5.03)粒/mm;伽利略罗非鱼平均绝对繁殖力为(1701.85±591.29)粒、平均体重相对繁殖力为(6.46±0.87)粒/g、平均体长相对繁殖力为(8.22±2.33)粒/mm;齐氏罗非鱼的绝对繁殖力、体重相对繁殖力和体长相对繁殖力均显著高于伽利略罗非鱼,平均成熟卵径则显著小于伽利略罗非鱼。齐氏罗非鱼和伽利略罗非鱼繁殖群体的雌雄性比分别为1.59和1.83,两个种群的雌雄性比无显著差异,但均显著偏离1﹕1。研究表明两种共同入侵的罗非鱼种群具有不同的繁殖...     

叶尔羌高原鳅的年龄、生长与繁殖特征

分析了2008年5月采自新疆克孜河264尾叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis)的年龄结构、生长特征和繁殖力。结果显示,种群年龄由2～11龄组成,其中2～4龄组个体占94.49%。平均体长和体重雌性为(9.39±2.10)cm和(16.55±15.85)g,雄性为(9.17±2.27)cm和(15.38±15.20)g,两者在雌雄群体间差异均不显著(P0.05)。体长和体重关系式为W♀+♂=0.014 0L2.988 9(r=0.975 4),W♀=0.016 7L2.889 5(r=0.980 9),W♂=0.011 7L3.083 1(r=0.975 7)。生长指标和年增重均以4龄组最大,分别为1.86和18.79 g/年。雌雄性比为0.7∶1.0。2龄性即成熟。最小成熟体长和体重雌性为6.2 cm和4.46 g,雄性为4.6 cm和1.67 g。绝对怀卵量为6 136～405 555(平均28 716±42 698)粒,相对怀卵量为672～6 134(平均2 310±1 427)粒/g。卵径呈单峰型分布,推测为不分批产卵类型。依据同年8月采集的19尾幼体日龄推算,其繁殖期为5月下旬至6月下旬。     

滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)与抚仙金线鲃(S.tingi)肌肉营养成分初步分析

该文对滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)和抚仙金线鲃(S.tingi)肌肉营养成分的分析表明:两者肌肉(鲜样)中的蛋白质含量分别为21.7%和20.6%,粗脂肪含量分别为3.43%和2.66%,氨基酸总量分别为19.23%和17.67%。其中,必需氨基酸含量分别为其各自氨基酸总量的44.08%及43.69%,必需氨基酸指数则分别为70.00%和65.99%。两者的氨基酸构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO标准,且第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。对于矿物质含量而言,滇池金线鲃K、Na含量均高于抚仙金线鲃,Zn含量低于抚仙金线鲃,而其他矿物质含量则无显著差异。该结果表明,滇池金线鲃和抚仙金线鲃肌肉均为优质食品,且前者的营养品质更优。     

Intercropping System with Combined Application of Azospirillum and Pseudomonas fluorescens Reduces Root Rot Incidence Caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola and Increases Seed Cotton Yield

Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola is a serious threat in cotton. Field experiments were conducted to study the influences of intercropping system in cotton with inorganic fertilizer and two bioinoculants (Azospirillum and Pseudomonas) on root rot incidence and yield of cotton. The results revealed that among the intercropping systems, cotton intercropping with Sesbania aculeata (1 : 1 ratio) recorded the highest rhizosphere colonization of Pseudomonas fluorescens in the year 2007 and 2008 and the lowest root rot incidence of 1.40, 2.49 and 3.90; 1.02, 2.22 and 5.98% at the vegetative, flowering and maturity stages in the year 2007 and 2008, respectively. From nutrient management practices, integration of Azospirillum and Pseudomonas with 50% recommended dose of NPK recorded the highest rhizosphere colonization of P. fluorescens in both years and the lowest root rot incidence of 1.40, 2.32 and 3.36; 1.07, 2.01 and 5.25% at vegetative, flowering and maturity stages in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cotton + S. aculeata recorded the maximum number of sympodial branches (23.5 and 20.62/plant in 2007 and 2008, respectively) and the highest seed cotton yield of 2010 and 1894 kg/ha. The highest cotton equivalent yield (CEY) of 2052 and 1895 kg/ha was recorded in cotton + onion system, which was closely followed by cotton + S. aculeata system that had the CEY of 2010 and 1894 kg/ha in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The increased CEY is due to increased cost of onion compared with S. aculeata. Combined application of 100% recommended dose of NPK and bioinoculants recorded the seed cotton yield of 2227 and 1983 kg/ha and CEY of 2460 and 2190 kg/ha in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The lowest root rot incidence and increased yield in cotton + S. aculeata combined with 50% NPK and bioinoculants could be due to synergistic effect among the bioinoculants and S. aculeata.     

白鱼线粒体DNA控制区结构和种群遗传多样性分析

用特异性引物对白鱼(Anabarilius grahami)DNA进行PCR扩增,获得了白鱼线粒体DNA控制区基因全序列(930bp)。控制区T、C、A和G碱基组成为29.8%、22.5%、33.0%和14.7%。对照其他已报道的鱼类控制区结构,对白鱼控制区结构进行了分析,识别了其终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,找到了终止相关的序列TAS以及保守序列(CSB-F、CSB-D、CSB-1、CSB-2、CSB-3)。同时运用DNA分析软件对白鱼一个驯养种群(中国科学院昆明动物研究所珍稀鱼类繁育中心)及两个自然地理种群(江川县明星鱼洞、江川县牛摩村)进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示:两个自然种群存在较强基因交流,未出现遗传分化;人工驯养种群遗传多样性最高,种群复壮程度较好。     

Age Structure of Two Species of Odorous Frogs(Odorrana margaretae and Odorrana grahami)

Variation in age structure and body size benefits are identified to understand the evolution of life history. Here, we estimated the age structure and body size of two species of odorous frogs(Odorrana margaretae and Odorrana grahami) by using skeletochronology. The ages at sexual maturity of O. grahami and O. margaretae in both sexes were 1 and 2 years, respectively. For both sexes, the maximum age observed in O. margaretae was six years. For O. grahami, the maximum age observed in males and females were 4 and 5 years, respectively. Males and females did not differ in mean age in the two species.The average body size of both species considerably differed between sexes, with females being larger than males. The body size of females was also larger than that of males when the effect of age was removed. We also found positive correlations between body size and age within each sex in O. margaretae, but only for female in O. grahami. The female-biased sexual size dimorphism of the two species suggested that fecundity selection for larger female size may increase the reproductive output.     

昆明裂腹鱼骨骼系统解剖

常规方法和透明骨法制备昆明裂腹鱼的骨骼标本,记录观测结果并拍照,对其骨骼系统进行描述。其特征为脊椎数目在46～47之间,肋骨在18～19之间,咽骨上有三排咽齿,齿式呈2:3:5式。骨骼系统的形状和变化可以为裂腹鱼亚属的分类及演化提供分类方面的基础资料。     

奇异变形杆菌耐药性的4年监测及碳青霉烯类耐药株的耐药机制研究

目的了解本地区2007年到2010年奇异变形杆菌的临床分布与常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,了解碳青霉烯类耐药菌株可能存在的机制。方法回顾分析2007年到2010年临床分离奇异变形杆菌的资料及整体耐药情况;对保存的耐亚胺培南（IPM）、美罗培南（MEM）或厄他培南（ETP）的菌株进行复苏,并做Hoage试验进行产碳青霉烯酶的确认,同时对试验菌株进行耐药基因的PCR扩增检测。结果2007年到2010年,奇异变形杆菌在临床各送检样本中以痰液分离率最高：51．1％、34．4％、22．1％和35．4％,其次为尿液：14．3％、28．O％、34．9％和33．6％;耐药监测分析显示,4年间对喹诺酮类、青霉素类、头孢菌素类及氨基糖苷类耐药率相对较高且较为稳定;对碳青霉烯类耐药最低但增加明显,亚胺培南从2007年的1．8％升到2010年的16．1％,美罗培南从2007年的1．7％升到2010年的16．8％。15株耐碳青霉烯类菌株中,Hoage试验阳性7株,6fn。基因阳性11株,blaCTX-M基因阳性13株。结论本地区奇异变形杆菌对临床常用的抗菌药物均有较高的耐药性,对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率最低,但增加明显。位于质粒上的blaKPc基因所产生的碳青霉烯酶和6如cTx-M基因所产生的超广谱β-内酰胺酶是本菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,临床应引起高度重视。     

Escape tactics and effects of perch height and habituation on flight initiation distance in two Jamaican anoles (Squamata: polychrotidae)

Escape by Anolis lizards is influenced by microhabitats and fight initiation distance increases with predation risk. Differences in microhabitat use among ecomorphs affect escape behavior, but only two studies have reported ecomorphological differences in flight initiation distance among Greater Antillean species. I studied effects of predation risk and microhabitats on escape behavior by conducting field experiments using two species of anoles, Anolis lineatopus and A. grahami, on the campus of the University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica. Because ecomorphological variation of anoles has evolved independently within each island of the Greater Antilles, but relationships between ecomorphs and escape behaviors are poorly known, I characterized microhabitat use and escape tactics, and determined relationships between flight initiation distance and two risk factors, habituation to human presence and perch height, in Anolis lineatopus, a trunk-ground anole and A. grahami, a trunk-crown anole. Sample sizes for A. lineatopus and A. grahami were 214 and 93, for microhabitat use and escape destinations, 74 and 34 for human presence and 125 and 34 for perch height. The two species occurred in similar microhabitats and exhibited similar escape tactics, but exhibited key differences expected for their ecomorphs. Both species were sighted frequently on the ground and on trees, but A. lineatopus were more frequently on ground and were perched lower than A. grahami. Both species escaped from ground to trees and when on trees hid on far sides and escaped without changing climbing direction with equal frequency. The frequency of fleeing upward was greater for A. grahami than A. lineatopus. Both species exhibited habituation by having shorter flight initiation distances in areas with more frequent exposure to people. In both species flight initiation distance increased as perch height decreased because, lizards had to climb farther to be out of reach when perched lower. The relationship between flight initiation distance and perch height may apply to other anole ecomorphs that flee upward when low perched on trees.     

Molecular phylogenetic perspective on evolution of lizards of the Anolis grahami series

We report the results of phylogenetic analyses of 1447 bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence for 21 populations representing seven species of the Anolis grahami series (A. conspersus, A. garmani, A. grahami, A. lineatopus, A. opalinus, A. reconditus, and A. valencienni), six of which occur on Jamaica. These data include 705 characters that are phylogenetically informative according to parsimony. A parsimony analysis of these data combined with previously published allozymic data yields a single most parsimonious tree with strong support for monophyly of the A. grahami series, the sister-group relationship between Anolis lineatopus and A. reconditus and a clade composed of Anolis garmani, A. grahami, and A. opalinus. Based on DNA data alone, A. conspersus is nested within A. grahami. Haplotypes sampled from geographic populations of A. grahami, A. lineatopus, and A. opalinus are highly divergent (approximately 12-15% sequence difference on average for each species) and show similar phylogeographic patterns, suggesting that each of these currently recognized species may be a complex of species. Anolis valencienni also shows high sequence divergence among haplotypes from different geographic populations (approximately 8% sequence difference) and may contain cryptic species. Divergence among haplotypes within A. garmani is substantially lower (approximately 3% sequence difference), and phylogeographic patterns are significantly different from those observed in A. grahami, A. lineatopus and A. opalinus.     

深圳市龙岗区流感监测及健康人群流感抗体水平分析

对深圳市龙岗区近几年流感病原学及人群流感抗体水平的分析,为流感防控提供科学依据。通过流感监测系统对流感进行病原学和血清学监测的结果显示,2007年流感病毒分离率为1.08%(3/277),2009年分离率为6.68%(56/838),两年流感病毒分离率差别具有统计学意义(χ2=13.03,P=0.000)。2007年健康人群血清样本中H1N1、H3N2、BY、BV流感抗体阳性率分别为60.5%、82.1%、59.3%、50.2%,2010年健康人群血清样本中H1N1、H3N2、BY、BV、甲型H1N1流感抗体阳性率分别为36.2%、37.6%、40.2%、21.9%、37.6%,2007年和2009年各亚型流感抗体阳性率具有统计学意义(P<0.05),两年中均表现H3N2亚型抗体阳性率最高,BV抗体阳性率最低。2007年和2010年H1N1、H3N2、BY、BV抗体阳性率均高于2010年,差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。因此应加强流感病毒抗原变异株和人群流感水平的监测,对5岁以下及20岁以上的易感人群加强流感疫苗的接种,预防流感大流行。     

Diagnosis and Management of Pheochromocytoma in an Academic Hospital 3 Years After Formation of A Pheochromocytoma Interest Group

ObjectiveTo examine whether establishment of a pheochromocytoma interest group improves diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma in an academic hospital.MethodsThe medical records of patients who had preoperative or pathologic diagnosis of pheochromocytoma at a large academic hospital from July 2007 to July 2010 were retrieved and pertinent information was gathered. Quality measures for diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma before and after establishment of a pheochromocytoma interest group, and by group and nongroup physicians, were compared.ResultsBetween 2007 and 2010, 16 patients were confirmed to harbor pheochromocytoma. The rates of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis were similar before and after establishment of the pheochromocytoma interest group (23%-25% vs 17%, respectively); however, after interest group formation, pheochromocytoma was excluded in 9 patients for whom other physicians recommended adrenalectomy. Compared with nonmembers, members of the pheochromocytoma interest group more frequently performed pheochromocytoma testing before adrenal biopsy or adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal masses (71% vs 13%), including those with suspected malignancy (50% vs 7%). After interest group formation, many more patients were optimally prepared preoperatively and advised on follow-up plan and genetic testing.ConclusionsFormation of a pheochromocytoma interest group significantly enhances the quality of diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma. The key to the group’s success is its incorporation of members’ formal or informal opinions into the care of patients with suspected pheochromocytoma. This model may be applied to other rare endocrine diseases. (Endocr Pract. 2011;17:356-362)