红毛五加多糖对腹腔巨噬细胞作用的定量细胞化学研究

中药红毛五加(Acanthopanax giraldii Harms)属五加科植物,本文通过细胞化学定性、定位、定量研究探讨红毛五加多糖(AGPS)对腹腔巨噬细胞的作用及机理。实验证明AGPS能使巨噬细胞数量明显增多,细胞体积增大,伪足增多,吞噬能力增强,细胞内醣类、酸性磷酸酶、三磷酸腺昔酶、酸性酯酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶活性显著增强。用显微分光光度计对上述单个细胞的化学成分进行定量测定。实验组和对照组结果有显著差异。提示红毛五加的扶正固本作用十分明显,本研究为AGPS的应用和作用机理提供了一定的实验依据。     

乳酸杆菌对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用及细胞毒作用的初步研究

本文研究了乳酸杆菌对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（ＰＥＭ）的活化作用及其细胞毒作用。实验结果表明：腹腔注射乳酸杆菌后,ＰＥＭ体外细胞毒作用及体内细胞毒作用增强,酸性磷酸酶含量及非特异性酯酶含量增加、ＴＮＦ—α释放量增加。电镜显示：ＰＥＭ体积增大、伪足增多、线粒体、溶酶体等细胞器数量增多。本研究表明：乳酸杆菌具有较强的活化ＰＥＭ的作用。     

青春型双歧杆菌微生态制品对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶含量的影响

我们观察了青春型双歧杆菌微生态制品ＤＭ８５０４,对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶的影响。以青春型双歧杆菌ＤＭ８５０４,０．２ｍｌ（含活菌１８×１０９）。注入小鼠腹腔。每天１次连续５次,对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶变化进行连续定量测定,并于终止注射后第３天取腹腔巨噬细胞涂片,以酶染色方法进行半定量观察。结果表明,于注射开始后第２天直至注射停止后第５夫,实验组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶含量均高于对照组,说明ＤＭ８５０４可激活小鼠巨噬细胞,提高酸性磷酸酶的含量及这种作用可维持的天数。     

SL-益生素对小白鼠体重及其单核吞噬细胞功能的影响

研究了SL-益生素(SL-P)对小白鼠体重和单核吞噬细胞功能的影响。经急性毒性实验检查,该益生素无急性毒性,无急性致病作用。灌服SL-P10d后,小鼠体重较对照组有明显提高。经过SL-P处理后,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(PMφ)的吞噬率和吞噬指数较对照组有显著提高。灌服SL-P10d后,小鼠单核吞噬细胞的水解酶类:血清溶菌酶(血清LSZ),腹腔巨噬细胞溶菌酶(PMφLSZ),腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶(PMφACP)的活性均有不同程度的提高,并呈现一定的剂量依赖关系,表明SL-P对小鼠单核吞噬细胞的吞噬和杀菌功能有明显的促进作用。     

SL-益生素对小白鼠体重及其单核吞噬细胞功能的影响

研究了SL-益生素(SL-P)对小白鼠体重和单核吞噬细胞功能的影响。经急性毒性实验检查,该益生素无急性毒性,无急性致病作用。灌服SL-P10d后,小鼠体重较对照组有明显提高。经过SL-P处理后,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(PMφ)的吞噬率和吞噬指数较对照组有显著提高。灌服SL-P10d后,小鼠单核吞噬细胞的水解酶类:血清溶菌酶(血清LSZ),腹腔巨噬细胞溶菌酶(PMφLSZ),腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶(PMφACP)的活性均有不同程度的提高,并呈现一定的剂量依赖关系,表明SL-P对小鼠单核吞噬细胞的吞噬和杀菌功能有明显的促进作用。     

环境污染物对巨噬细胞的影响及生物监测意义

研究环境污染物亚硫酸盐和无机汞对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的影响,探讨巨噬细胞作为生物监测指示物的意义。实验取小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分别经Na_2SO_3和HgCl_2体外培养,光镜和电镜下观察细胞形态学改变,检测其NO产量,还原MTT能力和吞噬功能。结果显示,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞染毒后,细胞形态均发生显著改变;NO浓度明显降低,还原MTT能力受抑制,吞噬功能明显减弱(p<0.05或p<0.01)。高浓度(10~(-4)mol/L)HgCl_2细胞毒性作用显著,可致巨噬细胞坏死。实验表明,Na_2SO_3和HgCl_2对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞具有明显损伤作用,进而直接影响巨噬细胞的非特异性防御功能。实验提示巨噬细胞可作为生物监测指示物,应用于环境污染的生物监测。     

Northern Blot分析与原位杂交对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF－αmRNA检测的比较

本文比较了Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ与原位杂交对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（Ｍ）ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ的检测结果。对照组Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ为阴性,而原位杂交则见胞浆内有一定量ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ存在;ＬＰＳ（１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ）刺激组,则两种方法均显示Ｍ转录ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ明显增多。Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ可对此作定量比较,而原位杂交则显示该ｍＲＮＡ在核周围相对较密。两种方法结合,可互相取长补短,以利更好、更全面地观察、分析某种基因变化。     

几种药物对实验性矽肺大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞影响的初步观察

文中比较了正常大鼠与矽肺大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中蛋白质与磷脂的组成,以及酸性磷酸酶活性与耗氧量的差别。根据SDS-PAG电泳的结果看到矽肺大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的蛋白质区带比正常者多两条,但缺少了一条分子量较小的区带。矽肺大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中含有大量卵磷脂,说明石英能引起肺表面活性物增多。同时,溶血卵磷脂也比正常者明显地增多,酸性磷酸酶活性与耗氧量均比正常者低,这些都说明石英改变了细胞的组成,破坏了细胞的功能。用克矽平(PVNO)治疗过的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的化学组成及酶活性都与正常者近似,证明此药能保护巨噬细胞防止被石英破坏。津_5、山梨醇铝等药物对细胞也表现有不同程度的保护作用。     

刺参酸性粘多糖对H22肝癌小鼠免疫功能的影响(英文)

目的:刺参酸性粘多糖作为一种天然生物活性物质,具有较强抗肿瘤作用。本研究观察刺参酸性粘多糖对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响,以探讨刺参酸性粘多糖的抗肿瘤作用机制。方法:皮下接种H22小鼠肝癌细胞,建立移植瘤小鼠模型。将50只荷瘤小鼠随机分为五组(阴性对照组、氟尿嘧啶组、SJAMP低剂量组、SJAMP中剂量组、SJAMP高剂量组),腹腔注射不同剂量刺参酸性粘多糖,每日一次,连续12天。眼球摘除取血后颈椎脱臼处死小鼠,计算抑瘤率和脏器指数,中性红法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,CCK-8法测定小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,ELISA法测定小鼠血清TNF-α水平。结果:SJAMP能够明显抑制肿瘤生长(P0.05);与5-FU组相比,SJAMP干预组脾指数和胸腺指数明显升高(P0.05),腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力和脾脏淋巴细胞增殖功能显著提高(P0.05),TNF-α的血清含量显著减少(P0.05)。结论:刺参酸性粘多糖通过促进免疫器官生长,增强机体的免疫功能,抑制小鼠H22肝癌生长。这为SJAMP的抗肿瘤作用研究提供了试验依据和理论基础。     

双歧杆菌和乳杆菌在诱发抗肿瘤免疫中的作用

双歧杆菌和乳杆菌给封闭群昆明小鼠腹腔注射,在体内激活后,胸腺细胞和脾细胞对ＣｏｎＡ刺激的增殖反应,脾贴附性细胞对ＹＡＣ－１,Ｌ９２９的细胞毒作用,以及脾贴附性细胞产生对上述二株瘤细胞的肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）的活性都比对照动物明显增强。结果提示短双歧杆菌和嗜酸性乳杆菌给小鼠腹腔注射后,通过激活脾脏淋巴细胞和贴附性细胞（巨噬细胞）所介导的免疫功能而明显地增强宿主的抗肿瘤活性。     

鸡胚巨噬细胞AcP酶变化及AcP酶与凋亡细胞的关系

本研究采用电镜及酶细胞化学的方法观察了鸡胚脾脏不同胚龄组巨噬细胞溶酶体酸性磷酸酶（AcP酶）的变化、凋亡实验组巨噬细胞及其AcP酶与凋亡细胞的关系。取10天、13天和17天鸡胚脾脏,按Gomori法显示AcP酶,各胚龄脾脏巨噬细胞AcP酶细胞化学反应阳性,按AcP酶染色阳性做溶酶体计数,结果显示随着胚龄的增加溶酶体数随之增加,尤以第17天组溶酶体数增加最为明显,所得数据经统计分析表明各胚龄组间溶酶体数的差异有统计学意义。凋亡实验组采用放线菌酮诱导15天鸡胚脾脏细胞凋亡,结果显示凋亡细胞为各类幼稚血细胞,以幼稚淋巴细胞为主。巨噬细胞未见凋亡,而是吞噬了大量的凋亡细胞和凋亡小体,AcP酶反应颗粒不仅出现在巨噬细胞的溶酶体、吞噬体,还见于高尔基复合体、内质网等。细胞AcP酶反应强度数字化结果表明：凋亡组酶活性显著高于对照组,差别有统计学意义,提示胚胎巨噬细胞在凋亡细胞出现时AcP酶活性增强,说明巨噬细胞吞噬和消化凋亡细胞或凋亡小体是通过AcP酶等活性物质来实现的。     

前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体诱导巨噬细胞极化

外泌体(exosome)是直径约30～150 nm的由细胞分泌的一种具有生物学活性的囊泡。有些来自癌细胞的外泌体可以将巨噬细胞(macrophages,Mφ)极化为M2亚型,但前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体在巨噬细胞极化中的作用仍缺乏研究。本研究采用超滤法提取前列腺癌细胞PC-3M-2B4和PC-3M-IE8条件培养基中的外泌体(PCa-exo)。分别用透射电子显微镜、纳米粒径分析及Western印迹对外泌体形态、颗粒大小和表面的特异性分子标志进行分析鉴定。用PKH67标记外泌体,观察PCa-exo能否被巨噬细胞吸收。免疫荧光分析PCa-exo处理巨噬细胞后,M2型巨噬细胞表面分子标志CD206的表达差异。用q-PCR观察PCa-exo诱导后的巨噬细胞中IL-10、IL-1β等细胞因子的表达。电镜、Western印迹和纳米粒径分析的结果显示,PCa-exo形态多为圆形,直径约为40～150 nm,PCa-exo能被巨噬细胞大量吸收。PCa-exo诱导后,巨噬细胞中CD206荧光表达显著增高,IL-10、IL-1β及IL-12等炎症因子的表达水平与M2/TAM亚型巨噬细胞的表达谱一致。本研究表明,前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体能诱导巨噬细胞极化为M2表型。     

脑缺血再灌流诱导的巨噬细胞增加的组织化学研究

用组织化学方法显示非特异性酯酶,观察了大鼠脑缺血再灌流脑组织巨噬细胞数量的变化。结果显示,大鼠脑缺血１ｈ再灌流２ｈ巨噬细胞数量明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,再灌流１６ｈ,巨噬细胞数量最多。缺血侧皮质区与基底节区比较,后者巨噬细胞计数明显高于前者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示,大鼠脑缺血再灌流与脑组织巨噬细胞数量增加有关     

Iba1 is an actin-cross-linking protein in macrophages/microglia

Iba1 is a 17-kDa EF hand protein that is specifically expressed in macrophages/microglia and is upregulated during the activation of these cells. When exposed to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), microglia cell line MG5 immediately produces intense membrane ruffles in which Iba1 accumulates together with filamentous actin. In this study, we investigated the physical interaction between Iba1 and actin by centrifugation assay and electron microscopic examination and showed that Iba1 possesses actin-binding and -cross-linking activities. Inhibitory mutant Iba1 that suppresses M-CSF-induced membrane ruffling had lost the actin-cross-linking activity, and it inhibited the cross-linking activity of intact Iba1. These results indicate that Iba1 is a macrophage/microglia-specific actin-cross-linking protein essential for M-CSF-induced membrane ruffling.     

Roles of macrophages in programmed cell death and remodeling of tail and body muscle of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis

 Examination was made of the involvement of macrophage phagocytosis in programmed cell death of tail and body muscle of the frog, Xenopus laevis, during metamorphosis by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. Electron microscopic observation revealed that macrophages were often found to be present in body and tail muscles at the most active stage of metamorphosis and to actively phagocytose apoptotic muscle fragments. Developmental changes in macrophages were examined using the macrophage-specific antibody, HAM56. Macrophages initially appeared in the early climax stage (stage 59), when the triiodothyronine (T₃) level was high, increased rapidly during the process of muscle cell death, and assumed their greatest number at the late climax stage (stage 63/64). They decreased after stage 65/66, with a decrease in T₃. Distribution and change in the number of macrophages were the same as those of muscle apoptotic bodies (sarcolytes) during metamorphosis, which suggests an interactive mechanism between macrophages and dying muscle cells. For clarification of this, study was made of the expression of HAM 56 antigens that were X. laevis homologs of mouse attachmin, non-specific adhesion proteins in macrophages. The expression of HAM56 antigens in macrophages was found to increase with macrophage phagocytosis at the late climax stage, thus, macrophage differentiation would appear to take place during metamorphosis and HAM56 antigens may be essential for macrophage–dying muscle cell interactions. Accepted: 29 May 1997     

Relationship between macrophages in mouse uteri and angiogenesis in endometrium during the peri-implantation period

The objective of this study is to examine the change in macrophage numbers, inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression both before and after embryo implantation in the uterine tissue of mice. In order to explore the mechanism of macrophages in endometrial angiogenesis, 8-week-old female mice were divided into three groups: pregnant group, pseudopregnant group (mated to male mice that had been vasectomized), and estrous group (unmated). Individuals from these three groups were sacrificed at time intervals D1.5 to D6.5. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue was used for immunocytochemical localization of Mφ, iNOS, and VEGF utilizing standard methodology. The proportion of macrophages in the peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry, and the relationship between macrophage, iNOS, and VEGF expression was analyzed. The proportion of peripheral blood macrophages in the pregnancy group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. The results of immunohistochemistry determined that the macrophages exhibited changes in both numbers and distribution. The number of macrophages in the endometrium of the pregnancy and pseudopregnancy groups was significantly higher than that in the control (estrous) group. In the pregnancy group, macrophage numbers dramatically decreased and gradually transferred to the perimetrium on D4.5. Immunostaining revealed strong staining in the pregnancy group and weaker staining in the pseudopregnant and control groups for both iNOS and VEGF. There was strong, dense immunostaining at the implantation site for both iNOS and VEGF, whereas light immunostaining was seen in interimplantation tissues on D5.5 to D6.5. In the pregnant group, peripheral blood and uterine macrophage proportions were negatively correlated, whereas the amount of macrophages, iNOS, and VEGF expression in the endometrium were positively correlated. The expression of iNOS and VEGF in the endometrium also displayed a strong positive correlation. In conclusion, during embryo implantation, macrophages levels decreased in the uterus, whereas the number of peripheral macrophages increased, suggesting that macrophages may migrate into the peripheral blood and uterus to adapt for pregnancy. Additionally, an increase in the expression of iNOS and VEGF was observed during the implantation window, implying that iNOS and VEGF may play an important role in promoting embryo implantation. The positive correlation between macrophages, iNOS, and VEGF in the implanting uterus implied that macrophages might regulate iNOS and VEGF during the implantation process.     

Macrophage Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue is Associated with Insulin Sensitivity and Serum Lipid Levels Independent of Obesity

Objective: Obesity is linked to both increased metabolic disturbances and increased adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. However, whether macrophage infiltration directly influences human metabolism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate if there are obesity‐independent links between adipose tissue macrophages and metabolic disturbances. Design and Methods: Expression of macrophage markers in adipose tissue was analyzed by DNA microarrays in the SOS Sib Pair study and in patients with type 2 diabetes and a BMI‐matched healthy control group. Results: The expression of macrophage markers in adipose tissue was increased in obesity and associated with several metabolic and anthropometric measurements. After adjustment for BMI, the expression remained associated with insulin sensitivity, serum levels of insulin, C‐peptide, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐cholesterol) and triglycerides. In addition, the expression of most macrophage markers was significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our study shows that infiltration of macrophages in human adipose tissue, estimated by the expression of macrophage markers, is increased in subjects with obesity and diabetes and associated with insulin sensitivity and serum lipid levels independent of BMI. This indicates that adipose tissue macrophages may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.     

P‐7P16 ANTIBODY AS AN ADJUNCT TO ROUTINE CERVICAL SCREENING IN PROBLEMATIC CASES: A COMPARISON OF TWO COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANTIBODIES

Introduction: Despite the cervix having the largest concentration of lymphocytes and macrophages in the lower genital tract, there is limited knowledge of these cell types in CIN. This study was undertaken to compare T‐cell and macrophage populations in women with and without low‐grade CIN. Methods: Control group: 10 women with a normal recent cervical smear result, mean age 30 years. Study group: 10 women with low‐grade CIN, mean age 33.2 years. Colposcopically directed cervical biopsies were taken from control women and from areas of CIN in the study group, and studied using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining. Results: T‐cell numbers remained constant. In CIN, there were increased proportions of recruited (CD8+CD5+), activated (CD8+HLA‐DR+) and cytolytic (CD8+TIA‐1+) CD8 T‐cells. There were more activated CD4+HLA‐DR+ T‐cells in CIN. Memory T‐cell (CD8+CD45RO+ and CD4+CD45RO+) proportions were reduced. Total macrophage numbers (CD68+) remained constant, but activated macrophages (CD68+HLA‐DR+) rose. Phagocytic (RFD7+) macrophage proportions decreased with a concomitant increase in suppresser macrophages (RFD1+RFD7+). Discussion: Despite cellular numbers remaining unchanged, there were significant changes in T‐cell and macrophage populations in women with low‐grade CIN. There is recruitment of activated and cytolytic CD8 T‐cells. The swing to a predominantly suppressive macrophage phenotype may predispose to CIN. Carcinoma of the cervix occurs more frequently in women who are immunosuppressed. Our data suggests that local and systemic immune mechanisms may be relevant in the response to HPV‐induced neoplasia.     

Visfatin aggravates transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac remodelling by enhancing macrophage-mediated oxidative stress in mice

Previous studies have reported that visfatin can regulate macrophage polarisation, which has been demonstrated to participate in cardiac remodelling. The aims of this study were to investigate whether visfatin participates in transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac remodelling by regulating macrophage polarisation. First, TAC surgery and angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion were used to establish a mouse cardiac remodelling model, visfatin expression was measured, and the results showed that TAC surgery or Ang II infusion increased visfatin expression in the serum and heart in mice, and phenylephrine or hydrogen peroxide promoted the release of visfatin from macrophages in vitro. All these effects were dose-dependently reduced by superoxide dismutase. Second, visfatin was administered to TAC mice to observe the effects of visfatin on cardiac remodelling. We found that visfatin increased the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, aggravated cardiac fibrosis, exacerbated cardiac dysfunction, further regulated macrophage polarisation and aggravated oxidative stress in TAC mice. Finally, macrophages were depleted in TAC mice to investigate whether macrophages mediate the regulatory effect of visfatin on cardiac remodelling, and the results showed that the aggravating effects of visfatin on oxidative stress and cardiac remodelling were abrogated. Our study suggests that visfatin enhances cardiac remodelling by promoting macrophage polarisation and enhancing oxidative stress. Visfatin may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of clinical cardiac remodelling.