有丝分裂诱导基因6(MIG-6)可诱导人成纤维细胞发生提前衰老

年老细胞许多基因表达发生变化,其中有些基因的表达可以诱导成纤维细胞早衰.癌基因诱导的衰老(oncogene-induced senescence,OIS)是由一些连续癌症基因的信号,以阻止细胞增殖造成的反应.有丝分裂诱导基因6(mitogen-inducible gene-6,MIG-6)是一个抑癌基因,是ErbB RTK通路的负调控因子,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖.本文以人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞为对象,研究MIG-6蛋白在细胞衰老中的作用.通过Western印迹发现,在老年细胞中MIG-6表达升高.利用逆转录病毒载体将MIG-6基因转入年轻的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞中,通过Western印迹方法检测是否过表达MIG-6,然后通过SA-β-gal染色检测其阳性率,发现转染MIG-6基因后的成纤维细胞SA-β-gal染色率明显高于对照组,生长缓慢.实验结果证实,MIG-6蛋白可以诱导人二倍体成纤维细胞提前衰老.     

过表达PKCβⅠ亚类2BS细胞模型之建立及与增殖相关性之初探

本文通过基因转染技术将大鼠蛋白激酶C(PKC)βⅠ亚类cDNA全长片段导入人胚肺成纤维细胞(2 BS)中,首次建立了一个稳定地过表达PKC βⅠ类的2 BS细胞模型。经实验证明在过表达PKC βⅠ亚类的细胞中PKC活性是对照细胞的三倍左右,表现出细胞增殖加速,进一步观察到与增殖有关的原癌基因c-myc的表达也明显加强。本文首次报道了PKC βⅠ在人胚肺细胞2 BS中加速生长与c-myc基因表达之密切相关性。这可能是PKC βⅠ作用于2 BS细胞生长加速的分子机理之一。     

p21WAF1在丁酸钠诱导的人成纤维细胞凋亡中的表现

用丁酸钠 (NaBu)诱导了人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞凋亡 (2BS) ,检测其诱导过程中凋亡相关基因的表达变化 ,结果表明 ,p2 1WAF1的表达在凋亡发生前即有明显下降 ,并持续至凋亡发生时 ,bcl 2的表达仅在凋亡发生时有所下降 ,c myc和c fos的表达有所上升 ,而 p5 3和HER 2的表达无明显变化 .用稳定转染了不同长度p2 1WAF1启动子片段和下游绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)报告基因的 2BS WP系列细胞进一步研究发现 ,其GFP的表达水平在NaBu诱导过程中下降 ,主要调控区域为 p2 1WAF1启动子的TATAbox上游 0～ - 80 0bp .说明NaBu诱导的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞凋亡与p2 1WAF1启动子的转录活性下降与密切相关 ,并且可能不依赖于p5 3.     

p21WAF1在丁酸钠诱导的人成纤维细胞凋亡中的表现

用丁酸钠（NaBu）诱导了人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞凋亡（2BS）,检测其诱导过程中凋亡相关基因的表达变化,结果表明,p21^WAF1的表达在凋亡发生前即有明显下降,并持续至凋亡发生时, bcl-2的表达仅在凋亡发生时有所下降,c-myc和c-fos的表达有所上升,而p53和HER-2的表达无明显变化.用稳定转染了不同长度p21^WAF1启动子片段和下游绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）报告基因的2BS-WP系列细胞进一步研究发现,其GFP的表达水平在NaBu诱导过程中下降,主要调控区域为p21^WAF1启动子的TATA box上游0～－800 bp.说明NaBu诱导的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞凋亡与p21^WAF1启动子的转录活性下降与密切相关,并且可能不依赖于p53.     

表皮生长因子对人二倍体成纤维细胞p21~(WAF-1)基因表达的双向性影响

p2 1 WAF-1又称 sdi- 1 ,是细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶 ( CDK)的抑制物基因 ,与细胞增殖调控及细胞衰老密切相关 .本研究为了解正常细胞中 p2 1 WAF-1对生长因子的反应性 ,以及其在细胞衰老时的表现 .我们以不同代龄的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞 ( 2 BS细胞株 )为实验对象 ,通过 Northern杂交术 ,观察表皮生长因子 ( EGF)对年轻 (低代龄 )细胞与衰老 (高代龄 )细胞 p2 1 WAF-1基因表达的影响 .结果显示 :p2 1 WAF-1在衰老 2 BS细胞中高表达 .EGF对年轻细胞 p2 1 WAF-1的表达有诱导作用 ,对衰老细胞有轻微诱导作用 ,在刺激后 3h左右达高峰 ,3～ 6h逐渐回落 ,并持续下降 .作用后 1 2h,其表达水平反而远低于作用前 .此作用在年轻细胞较为明显 .由此可见 :( 1 ) EGF对人二倍体成纤维细胞 p2 1 WAF-1的表达有双向性影响 ,先是一过性诱导 ,随后转为阻抑 ;( 2 )衰老细胞 p2 1 WAF-1对EGF的反应性有所降低     

不同代龄及生长状态下2BS细胞的酸性磷酸酶活性及氯酯醒对此的影响

实验以人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞(2BS)为材料,分别测定了处于不同代龄及不同生长时期的2BS细胞酸性磷酸酶(ACPase)活性。结果发现随着代龄增高,细胞ACPase活性上升。处于同一代龄的细胞,则接触抑制期细胞的ACPase活性显著高于生长期细胞。接触抑制引起的酶活性增高甚至超过代龄增加而引起的ACPase活性上升。30μg/ml的氯酯醒有抑制细胞ACPase活性的作用。     

人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞端区长度的代龄变化

以体外培养的不同代龄的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞（2BS）为实验对象,HeLa细胞为对照,分别观察其端区长度随代龄的变化．结果显示年轻2BS细胞（24代）端区长度约9．13kb;衰老2BS细胞（64代）端区长度约7kb,丢失约2kb．2BS细胞端区长度随代龄的增长而缩短．密度扫描结果显示细胞每复制一代,端区平均丢失50bp,而HeLa细胞的端区长度未因代龄而变化．     

H2O2诱导的2BS早老细胞中自噬体增多

自噬在细胞复制性衰老中起着重要的作用.然而,早老细胞中的自噬现象基本无相关的报道.本文通过外源性过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的诱导,构建人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞（2BS细胞）早老模型.首先,通过SA-β-gal染色,验证细胞早老;从形态学和特异标志分子及雷帕霉素作用的靶位点(mTOR)信号通路不同角度检测自噬的变化,其中形态学检测包括丹（磺）酰戊二胺(MDC)自噬分子定量法及电镜自噬超微结构的观察;特异标志分子LC3的检测包括GFP-LC3自噬定位法和免疫印迹法检测LC3;及检测mTOR信号通路下游激酶p70S6蛋白的表达变化.结果表明,过氧化氢诱导的早老细胞中自噬体相对年轻细胞明显增多,且具有保护早老细胞的作用.     

He-Ne激光抗衰老效应的初步探讨

目的:探讨氦氖激光对人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞(Human fetal lung diploid fibroblasts,2BS)对细胞衰老的影响。方法:采用低功率氦氖激光(λ=632.8nm,p=5mW)对年轻2BS细胞进行照射处理,用实时荧光定量PCR( Fluorescence Real time Quantitative PCR,q-PCR)方法检测细胞端粒DNA相对长度的变化来反映细胞的衰老情况。结果:经激光照射后生长到老年的细胞端粒长度较未经激光照射而生长到老年的细胞端粒长度长。结论:经适当的激光照射后,细胞端粒D N A因衰老而变短的趋势得到减缓。从而为从基因水平上探讨低功率激光延缓细胞衰老的激光生物学效应提供实验依据。     

拟南芥PKA催化亚基基因的克隆、原核表达及其催化活性的鉴定

蛋白质的磷酸化与脱磷酸化是生物体内存在的一种普遍的调节方式,几乎参与所有的生命活动过程.利用Blast 2.0分析拟南芥基因组序列发现存在一个与动物蛋白激酶cDNA同源性的序列,在GenBank中比较发现它与动物的依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶(PKA)的催化亚基(C亚基)有相似的特征序列.提取拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.)的总RNA,通过RT-PCR克隆得到这一cDNA片段,经序列测定证实它具有完整的阅读框架,将其克隆至pET30a原核表达载体,结果表明在大肠杆菌(E. coli) BL21 (DE3)中该表达质粒在IPTG诱导下表达产生大量带寡聚组氨酸标记的重组蛋白, 该蛋白在37 ℃表达时主要以包含体形式存在, 而在22 ℃表达时主要以可溶性蛋白形式存在.经过与组氨酸结合金属螯合树脂亲和柱层析纯化后, 得到纯化的目的蛋白, 其纯度达到87%以上.活性鉴定表明其具有依赖于cAMP的蛋白激酶活性,而加入PKA的抑制剂(H-8)后,其活性显著下降.从而证实它确实是拟南芥的PKA催化亚基.Western blot结果显示它几乎不受ABA、NaCl等逆境的诱导.     

Phosphorylation of the protein kinase A catalytic subunit is induced by cyclic AMP deficiency and physiological stresses in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe

In the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is not essential for viability under normal culturing conditions, making this organism attractive for investigating mechanisms of PKA regulation. Here we show that S. pombe cells carrying a deletion in the adenylate cyclase gene, cyr1, express markedly higher levels of the PKA catalytic subunit, Pka1, than wild type cells. Significantly, in cyr1Δ cells, but not wild type cells, a substantial proportion of Pka1 protein is hyperphosphorylated. Pka1 hyperphosphorylation is strongly induced in cyr1Δ cells, and to varying degrees in wild type cells, by both glucose starvation and stationary phase stresses, which are associated with reduced cAMP-dependent PKA activity, and by KCl stress, the cellular adaptation to which is dependent on PKA activity. Interestingly, hyperphosphorylation of Pka1 was not detected in either cyr1⁺ or cyr1Δ S. pombe strains carrying a deletion in the PKA regulatory subunit gene, cgs1, under any of the tested conditions. Our results demonstrate the existence of a cAMP-independent mechanism of PKA catalytic subunit phosphorylation, which we propose could serve as a mechanism for inducing or maintaining specific PKA functions under conditions in which its cAMP-dependent activity is downregulated.     

Down-regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by over-activated calpain in Alzheimer disease brain

Impaired cognition and memory may be associated with down-regulation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in the brain in patients with Alzheimer disease, but the molecular mechanism leading to the down-regulation is not understood. In this study, we found a selective reduction in the levels of the regulatory subunits (RIIα and RIIβ) and the catalytic subunit (Cβ) as well as the enzymatic activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which is the major positive regulator of CREB. We also observed that PKA subunits were proteolyzed by calpain and the levels of PKA subunits correlated negatively with calpain activation in the human brain. These findings led us to propose that in the brain in patients with Alzheimer disease, over-activation of calpain because of calcium dysregulation causes increased degradation and thus decreased activity of PKA, which, in turn, contributes to down-regulation of CREB and impaired cognition and memory.     

Regulation of actin function by protein kinase A‐mediated phosphorylation of Limk1

Proper regulation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A, PKA) is necessary for cellular homeostasis, and dysregulation of this kinase is crucial in human disease. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking the PKA regulatory subunit Prkar1a show altered cell morphology and enhanced migration. At the molecular level, these cells showed increased phosphorylation of cofilin, a crucial modulator of actin dynamics, and these changes could be mimicked by stimulating the activity of PKA. Previous studies of cofilin have shown that it is phosphorylated primarily by the LIM domain kinases Limk1 and Limk2, which are under the control of the Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors. In Prkar1a^−/− MEFs, neither Rho nor Rac was activated; rather, we showed that PKA could directly phosphorylate Limk1 and thus enhance the phosphorylation of cofilin. These data indicate that PKA is crucial in cell morphology and migration through its ability to modulate directly the activity of LIM kinase.     

Regulation of NADH/CoQ Oxidoreductase: Do Phosphorylation Events Affect Activity?

We had previously suggested that phosphorylation of proteins by mitochondrial kinases regulate the activity of NADH/CoQ oxidoreductase. Initial data showed that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylate mitochondrial membrane proteins. Upon phosphorylation with crude PDK, mitochondria appeared to be deficient in NADH/cytochrome c reductase activity associated with increased superoxide production. Conversely, phosphorylation by PKA resulted in increased NADH/cytochrome c reductase activity and decreased superoxide formation. Current data confirms PKA involvement in regulating Complex I activity through phosphorylation of an 18 kDa subunit. Beef heart NADH/ cytochrome c reductase activity increases to 150% of control upon incubation with PKA and ATP-gamma-S. We have cloned the four human isoforms of PDK and purified beef heart Complex I. Incubation of mitochondria with PDK isoforms and ATP did not alter Complex I activity or superoxide production. Radiolabeling of mitochondria and purified Complex I with PDK failed to reveal phosphorylated proteins.     

Complex I and the cAMP cascade in human physiopathology

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is localized in mammalian mitochondria with the catalytic site at the matrix side of the membrane where it phosphorylates a number of proteins. One of these is the 18 kDa(IP) subunit of the mammalian complex I of the respiratory chain, encoded by the nuclear NDUFS4 gene. Mitochondria have a Ca²⁺-inhibited phosphatase, which dephosphorylates the 18 kDa phosphoprotein of complex I. In fibroblast and myoblast cultures cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the 18 kDa protein is associated with stimulation of complex I and overall respiratory activity with NAD-linked substrates. Mutations in the human NDUFS4 gene have been found, which in the homozygous state are associated with deficiency of complex I and fatal neurological syndrome.     

Post-transcriptional regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity by cAMP in GH3 pituitary tumor cells. Evidence for increased degradation of catalytic subunit in the presence of cAMP

The effects of cyclic AMP treatment on total cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in GH3 pituitary tumor cells have been studied. Incubation of cells for 24 h with 1 microM forskolin resulted in a 50% decrease in total cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity which was reversible upon removal of forskolin from culture media. A similar response was observed in GH3 cells treated with 5 ng/ml cholera toxin and 0.5 mM dibutyryl cAMP but not 0.5 mM dibutyryl cGMP. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the steady-state level of the mRNA for each of the six kinase subunit isoforms studied was not detectably altered after treatment with 1 microM forskolin for 24 h. The concentration of catalytic subunit was also assessed by binding studies using a radiolabeled heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor. Treatment of GH3 cells with 1 microM forskolin for 24 h reduced protein kinase inhibitor binding activity by 50%, consistent with the observed forskolin-induced decrease in total kinase activity. Analysis of endogenous heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor activity in GH3 cell extracts showed no significant difference between forskolin-treated cells and cells maintained under control conditions. To assess possible effects on catalytic subunit degradation, pulse-chase experiments were performed and radiolabeled catalytic subunit was isolated by affinity chromatography. The results demonstrated that treatment of cells with chlorophenylthio-cAMP detectably increased the apparent degradation of radiolabeled catalytic subunit. The increased degradation of the catalytic subunit was sufficient to account for the observed decreases in kinase activity. These results suggest that relatively long term cAMP treatment can alter total cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity through effects to alter the degradation of the catalytic subunit of the enzyme.     

Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase during growth and early development of Dictyostelium discoideum

cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is an essential regulator of gene expression and cell differentiation during multicellular development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Here we show that PKA activity also regulates gene expression during the growth phase and at the transition from growth to development. Overexpression of PKA leads to overexpression of the discoidinIgamma promoter, while expression of the discoidinIgamma promoter is reduced when PKA activity is reduced, either by expression of a dominant negative mutant of the regulatory subunit or by disruption of the gene for the catalytic subunit (PKA-C). The discoidin phenotype of PKA-C null cells is cell autonomous. In particular, normal secretion of discoidin-inducing factors was demonstrated. In addition, PKA-C null cells are able to respond to media conditioned by PSF and CMF. We conclude that PKA is a major activator of discoidin expression. However, it is not required for production or transduction of the inducing extracellular signals. Therefore, PKA-dependent and PKA-independent pathways regulate the expression of the discoidin genes.     

Functional Modulation of P2×2 Receptors by Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

Abstract: It is generally believed that protein phosphorylation is an important mechanism through which the functions of voltage- and ligand-gated channels are modulated. The intracellular carboxyl terminus of P_2×2 receptor contains several consensus phosphorylation sites for cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC), suggesting that the function of the P_2×2 purinoceptor could be regulated by the protein phosphorylation. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recording was used to record ATP-evoked cationic currents from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with the cDNA encoding the rat P_2×2 receptor. Dialyzing HEK 293 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a PKC activator, failed to affect the amplitude and kinetics of the ATP-induced cationic current. The role of PKA phosphorylation in modulating the function of the P_2×2 receptor was investigated by internally perfusing HEK 293 cells with 8-bromo-cAMP or the purified catalytic subunit of PKA. Both 8-bromo-cAMP and PKA catalytic subunit caused a reduction in the magnitude of the ATP-activated current without affecting the inactivation kinetics and the value of reversal potential. Site-directed mutagenesis was also performed to replace the intracellular PKA consensus phosphorylation site (Ser⁴³¹) with a cysteine residue. In HEK 293 cells expressing (S431C) mutant P_2×2 receptors, intracellular perfusion of 8-bromo-cAMP or purified PKA catalytic subunit did not affect the amplitude of the ATP-evoked current. These results suggest that as with other ligand-gated ion channels, protein phosphorylation by PKA could play an important role in regulating the function of the P_2×2 receptor and ATP-mediated physiological effects in the nervous system.