夏季黄东海中华哲水蚤种群分布、脂类含量和利用策略

度夏过程对黄东海中华哲水蚤其种群延续具有重要的意义。通过2011年08月黄东海现场调查航次研究了中华哲水蚤夏季种群的分布和脂类含量,探讨了中华哲水蚤度夏期间的能量利用策略。结果表明,夏季在黄海中部以及浙江近岸存在中华哲水蚤的密集分布区域。其中,黄海冷水团内的中华哲水蚤以C5期(平均为77.4%)个体为主,而冷水团周边及浙江近岸站位则主要由C5期(分别为32.3%和33.2%)和雌体(分别为41.3%和51.8%)组成。脂类含量结果显示,冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤的总脂含量最高(平均43.1μg/个),浙江近岸雌体的总脂含量(平均24.6μg/个)和黄海冷水团周边雌体的总脂含量(平均18.2μg/个)较低。在完全饥饿的假设下,冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤具有明显的代谢优势,其储存的脂类可以维持超过18天的代谢需求。而在浙江近岸以及冷水团周边,中华哲水蚤储存的脂类则只可维持3—6d的需求。由此推测,黄海冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤依靠储存的油脂和较低的摄食率度夏,而冷水团以外的种群则需要在适宜温度下积极摄食才能顺利度夏。     

春季东海中华哲水蚤对有害藻华物种的选择性摄食

2005年4月27日—6月5日在东海有害藻华高发区的6个典型站位采样,分析了浮游植物的群落结构,并采用现场实验研究了中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的选择性摄食.结果表明,中华哲水蚤对浮游植物的选择性摄食具有食物密度依赖性.低浮游植物细胞丰度下中华哲水蚤具有明显的选择性摄食行为,高浮游植物细胞丰度下中华哲水蚤摄食选择性由偏好转变为排斥,浮游植物细胞丰度329 cells·ml^-1是中华哲水蚤由偏好趋于排斥摄食的阈值.中华哲水蚤的选择性摄食还与食物组成有关,对于食物中的微型浮游动物,中华哲水蚤无选择性或排斥摄食.有害藻华发生区中华哲水蚤对具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)的偏好摄食以及对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)的排斥摄食,促使藻华的物种演替最终向米氏凯伦藻水华方向发展.     

中华哲水蚤卵密度及其沉降速率

中华哲水蚤是中国全球海洋生态系统动力学（China-GLOBEC）研究中的关键次级生产者,是浮游植物与高营养级生物之间的中间纽带。为了阐明中华哲水蚤的卵沉降动力学,采用密度梯度离心法研究了中华哲水蚤的卵密度,研究结果表明：在厦门湾中华哲水蚤平均卵密度为1．0733gcm^-3。按照斯托克斯定律,中华哲水蚤卵的沉降速率为43．9～67．5md^-1。对中华哲水蚤卵沉降时间与孵化时间的比较表明,在厦门湾中华哲水蚤卵能够在孵化之前就沉降到海底。并对中华哲水蚤卵快速沉降的生态学意义展开了讨论。     

东海亚强真哲水蚤种群生态特征

根据1997～2000年东海23°30′～33°N、118°30′～128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,运用多种生态学指标和方差贡献等统计方法对东海亚强真哲水蚤(Eucalanussubcrassus)自然种群特征及动力学进行了研究,并与1979～1980年资料进行比较。结果表明:东海亚强真哲水蚤丰度和优势度有明显的季节变化,丰度均值分别为秋季5.40indm3>夏季2.09indm3>冬季0.93indm3>春季0.17indm3。该种在东海的优势性主要表现在夏秋季。春季该种丰度占桡足类总丰度的百分比仅为2.46%,秋季为9.32%,冬季为8.42%,夏季(9.94%)是四季中的最高值。秋季该种在东海有很高的出现率(98.22%),春季较低,仅为49.62%。该种群聚集强度丛生指标(I)均为正值,其中秋季最高,有明显的聚集现象。亚强真哲水蚤对桡足类总丰度的贡献,在夏冬季仅次于中华哲水蚤(Calanussinicus),秋季仅次于精致针刺水蚤(Euchaetaconcinna)。比较20a前同水域的调查结果,该种在东海浮游桡足类中的重要性近年有所提高,尤其在秋冬季特别显著,这可能与全球变暖相关。底层水环境的变化是影响东海亚强真哲水蚤种群数量变化的主要因子,该种数量变化与暖流势力有密切的关系,是一个暖水种。     

东海普通波水蚤种群特征与环境关系研究

根据1997～2000年东海23°30′～33°N、118°30′～128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,对东海浮游桡足类普通波水蚤(Undinula vulgaris)自然种群特征与环境的关系进行研究,并与1979～1980年资料进行比较.结果表明,普通波水蚤优势度、平均丰度、出现频率和占浮游桡足类总丰度的百分比均有显著的季节变化,其中秋季分别为0.09、556 ind·100 m^-3、93.69％和9.90％,夏季为0.03、86 ind·100 m^-3、68.49％和4.08％,冬季为0.02、42 ind·100 m^-3、53.85％和3.80％,春季为0.01、16 ind·100 m^-3、34.35％和2.31％.普通波水蚤在东海的优势性主要表现在秋季.与20年前同海域研究结果相比,近年春、夏和秋3季普通波水蚤在东海浮游桡足类中的重要性有所降低,而冬季有所增加.冬季的增加可能与全球气候变暖相关.底层水环境变化是影响普通波水蚤种群数量分布的主要因子,说明该种数量变化与暖流势力有密切关系.普通波水蚤对沿岸水团和低温环境敏感,其高丰度分布区是暖流位置的良好指示.作为秋季东海重要的桡足类浮游动物,普通波水蚤在东海海洋渔业中有重要意义.     

脂肪酸对中华哲水蚤摄食两种海洋微藻的指示作用

在室内以饥饿培养为对照,以海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)培养中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus),研究了各脂肪酸标记对中华哲水蚤摄食不同饵料的指示作用。结果显示,海洋原甲藻中18 ∶ 4ω3、22 ∶ 6ω3含量较高,中肋骨条藻中16 ∶ 1ω7、20 ∶ 5ω3的含量较高。二者分别表现出典型的甲藻门和硅藻门的脂肪酸组成特征。中华哲水蚤的脂肪酸组成有两个特点:(1)20 ∶ 5ω3和22 ∶ 6ω3的含量均较高;(2)其体内表征桡足类浮游植物食性、由桡足类自身合成的20 ∶ 1和22 ∶ 1脂肪酸占有相当的比例。虽然中华哲水蚤对不同脂肪酸的吸收和转化效率不同,但以脂肪酸作为标记还是成功的指示了中华哲水蚤对微藻的摄食。在饥饿培养中,首先消耗的是那些浮游动物自身不能合成的多不饱和脂肪酸,而结构脂肪酸都表现出了较高的保守性。结合各脂肪酸标记变化趋势和Pearson相关性分析的结果认为,18 ∶ 4ω3、18 ∶ 4ω3/16 ∶ 1ω7、∑18/∑16能较好的指示中华哲水蚤对海洋原甲藻的摄食,仅16 ∶ 1ω7/18 ∶ 4ω3能指示中华哲水蚤对中肋骨条藻的摄食。     

中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)对浮游植物和微型浮游动物的摄食速率估算

2005年4月27日至5月30日在东海有害藻华高发区的6个典型站位采样,结合稀释法实验和Frost的直接计量法研究了中型浮游动物对浮游植物和微型浮游动物群落的现场摄食速率,并对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的食物组成、中型浮游动物和微型浮游动物对浮游植物群落的摄食压力进行了估算。研究结果表明春季调查区:中华哲水蚤对浮游植物的物种比摄食率介于0.01~8.43d-1,平均值为(2.72±2.14)d-1。中华哲水蚤对浮游植物的物种摄食速率介于0.05~838.23cells ind.-1d-1,平均值为(52.72±154.21)cells ind.-1d-1,对几种有害藻华原因生物的摄食速率较高。中华哲水蚤对浮游植物物种摄食速率具有食物密度依赖性,在低浮游植物丰度下,其摄食速率会随着浮游植物丰度的增加而增加,达到一定阈值后随着浮游植物丰度增加而逐渐降低。中型浮游动物群落对浮游植物群落碳摄食速率介于0.53~4.97ngC L-1d-1,平均值为(2.16±1.63)ngC L-1d-1。微型浮游动物对浮游植物群落物种平均碳摄食速率介于0.04~13.20ngC ind.-1d-1,平均值为(2.91±5.22)ngCind.-1d-1。微型浮游动物群落对浮游植物群落碳摄食速率介于61.07~8632.85ngC L-1d-1,平均值为(2801.01±4198.46)ngC L-1d-1。分析比较中型浮游动物和微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量摄食压力表明,海区中微型浮游动物的摄食压力要远高于中型浮游动物,介于95.59%~99.98%,平均值为97.88%±2.33%。调查海区中型浮游动物还通过对微型浮游动物的摄食影响浮游植物生长。     

藻类种类和浓度对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响

通过饵料浓度差法在实验条件下研究了不同浓度的金藻、三角褐指藻和巴夫藻对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响,结果表明:不同藻类和浓度对中华哲水蚤的摄食有明显的影响.(1)中华哲水蚤对3种饵料藻的摄食存在一饱和浓度,低于饱和浓度,摄食率随着食物浓度的增加而增加;高于饱和浓度,摄食率呈下降趋势.实验浓度下,中华哲水蚤对金藻、三角褐指藻和巴夫藻的最大摄食率分别为4664、6021 cells ml-1和4524 cells ml-1.滤水率随着食物浓度的增加而呈单一性的下降.(2)中华哲水蚤消化酶活性随藻类种类和浓度的变化而变化.不同藻类和浓度下,昆布多糖酶活性都明显高于麦芽糖酶和纤维二糖酶的活性,而麦芽糖酶活性又稍高于纤维二糖酶的活性.不同藻类喂养条件下,中华哲水蚤3种消化酶的活性发生了不同程度的变化,以巴夫藻喂养时酶活性稍高.     

盐碱池塘细巧华哲水蚤对浮游植物的摄食生态研究

利用常规显微镜直接计数法和叶绿素 a法研究了盐碱池塘细巧华哲水蚤 ( Sinocalanustenellus)对浮游藻类的原位摄食率及其影响因素。测得该水蚤对水柱浮游植物的滤水率为 1 .73～ 1 5 5 .1 6μl/ ( ind.· h) ,摄食率为 92～ 2 5 38cell/( ind.· h)或 0 .7～ 2 7.7ng C/ ( ind.· h)。两种方法测定的滤水率和摄食率基本相符 ( p>0 .5 ,t检验 )。该水蚤可有选择地滤食诸如小色球藻、光甲藻、绿裸藻 ,单生卵囊藻和小环藻等 ,其选择性指数分别为 0 .81、0 .75、0 .72、0 .6 1和 0 .35。不同光处理下细巧华哲水蚤的滤食率多数情况是无光时摄食率高。在本实验的条件下该水蚤在饥饿后的滤水率和摄食率与正常情况相比均显著降低 ( P<0 .0 1 ,t检验 )。     

水体化学要素对分叉小猛水蚤(Tisbe furcata)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)室内养殖种群密度的影响

以分叉小猛水蚤(Tisbe furcata)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)为研究对象, 对比室内养殖条件下两种桡足类的种群密度差异, 并分析水体化学要素亚硝态氮、硝态氮、氨氮和磷酸盐与桡足类种群密度的关系。结果表明: 分叉小猛水蚤较小拟哲水蚤种群密度优势明显(P<0.01), 更适合北方室内养殖, 盐度可能起主要作用; 水体亚硝态氮最为重要, 在桡足类种群的快速增长期, 其浓度与两种桡足类的种群密度均呈极显著正相关性; 水体磷酸盐浓度与两种桡足类的种群密度均呈极显著正相关性; 通过部分换水的方式可以实现分叉小猛水蚤的可持续培养, 换水量不要超过水体总量的1/3; 本研究所采用复合饲料和养殖方式可以实现分叉小猛水蚤的北方室内大规模、高密度和可持续养殖。     

Temperature-dependent development and growth of Calanus sinicus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the laboratory

The calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus was reared in the laboratory under excess food conditions, and its development and growth rates were measured at various temperatures. Egg development time (D_H, days) was dependent on temperature (T °C), and was expressed as D_H = 55.3 (T + 0.7)^–1.44. Post-embryonic development followed the equiproportional rule. The stage duration was short in NI and NII, but compensatingly longer in NIII. Between NIV and CII, it was nearly isochronal, and beyond CII, it tended to increase gradually. The time from egg to adult was expressed as D_CVI = 1258 (T + 0.7)^–1.44. The specific growth rate was also temperature-dependent and highest from CI to CIII, intermediate from NII to CI and from CIII to CV, and lowest from CV to CVI. The growth rates of C. sinicus are higher than those of co-occurring small copepods such as Paracalanus, Acartia and Microsetella.     

Digestive gut structure and activity of protease, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase in Calanus sinicus during summer in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Calanus sinicus aggregate at the depth of 40–60 m (ambient temperature is 16 °C) in the waters of the continental shelf of the Yellow Sea during summer. In animals found in near shore regions, there are changes in digestive gut cells structure, digestive enzyme activity (protease, amylase), and tissue enzyme (alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), which may represent adaptations by this cold-water animal to a sharp seasonal increase in temperature of 6–23 °C. The activities of the digestive enzymes (protease and amylase) are very low in animals at stations near the estuary of Yangtse River, whereas they are relatively high in animals at stations in the central Yellow Sea. During summer, B-cells of the intestine and the villi intestinalis disappear in animals that do not feed at stations near the estuary of the Yangtse River. Respiration rates were undetectable or quite low during summer in C. sinicus from stations near the estuary of the Yangtse River, whereas they were relatively high at stations in the central Yellow Sea. Based upon the morphological characteristics of the digestive gut structure, enzyme levels, respiration rates, and the distribution of C. sinicus, we concluded that C. sinicus might be dormant during summer in the near shore areas of the East China Sea while remaining active in the central Yellow Sea.     

渤海中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus Parvus)种群垂直移动生态适应性模型研究

用最优化适合度种群生态模型模拟研究了中华哲水蚤和小拟哲水蚤种群在渤海生态系统中的垂直移动模式。生命周期、世代时间、繁殖力和产卵量是决定这两种桡足类垂直移动的主要因素。在中华哲水蚤生活史类型中,无水平流动或水平流动速率很小时,昼夜的垂直移动能使其获得最优的生态适合度。水流的增加或方向的改变会使其在底层的停留时间增加。在小拟哲水蚤生活史类型中,随着水流的增加及其随之而来的损失率增高,其垂直移动的倾向逐步提高。     

Phylogenetic diversity of Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea and the East Sea

Phylogenetic relationships among 33 Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea (ECS) and the East Sea (ES) were studied based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 16S–23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Pigment patterns of the culture strains were also examined. Based on 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequence phylogenies, the Synechococcus isolates were clustered into 10 clades, among which eight were previously identified and two were novel. Half of the culture strains belonged to clade V or VI. All strains that clustered into novel clades exhibited both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin. Interestingly, the pigment compositions of isolates belonging to clades V and VI differed from those reported for other oceanic regions. None of the isolates in clade V showed phycourobilin, whereas strains in clade VI exhibited both phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin, which is in contrast to previous studies. The presence of novel lineages and the different pigment patterns in the ECS and the ES suggests the possibility that some Synechococcus lineages are distributed only in geographically restricted areas and have evolved in these regions. Therefore, further elucidation of the physiological, ecological, and genetic characteristics of the diverse Synechococcus strains is required to understand their spatial and geographical distribution.     

东海和黄海主要鱼类的食物竞争

以2000年和2001年在东、黄海两次大面调查所收集的、占总生物量90%的重要生物种类中的鱼类为研究对象,通过分析胃含物获得各饵料成分的重量百分比,用Pianka(1973)提出的公式计算的饵料重叠系数分析了东、黄海主要鱼类之间的食物竞争状况,以了解食物竞争与种群变动和优势种交替之间的相互关系。结果表明:黄海主要鱼类的食物竞争对象主要为太平洋磷虾、脊腹褐虾和,东海主要鱼类的食物竞争对象主要为太平洋磷虾、细条天竺鱼、发光鲷、、七星底灯鱼和带鱼。东、黄海鱼类通过摄食种类、摄食食物大小、摄食时间和栖息地的分化来减少食物竞争,从而维持群落结构的动态平衡。渔业资源群落结构的变化将导致食物竞争状况发生改变;鱼类食物竞争状况也会影响种群动态,但要确定食物竞争程度还需进一步深入研究     

东海赤潮高发区沉积物中营养盐再生速率的研究

2001年5月和2002年5月在东海赤潮高发区的4个站位(E4、E5、DB6、DCl0)对沉积物表面分别充氮气和空气进行培养,研究沉积物．水界面营养盐交换通量在不同条件下的变化规律,以及该海域沉积物中营养盐的再生对水体中营养盐的贡献．结果表明,各溶解态营养盐在还原条件下的迁移较为活跃．在距离陆地较近的海域,营养盐一般由水向沉积物中扩散,且距陆地越近,交换通量越大;而在上升流区,营养盐多由沉积物中向水中扩散．东海赤潮高发区沉积物是SiO3^2-的源,对初级生产力的贡献占6％．同时,东海赤潮高发区沉积物是氮、磷营养盐蓄积库．该海域沉积物每年从水体中吸附的DIN、PO4^3-分别占长江输入的5．9％、67％,沉积物一水界面对水体中SiO3^2-的贡献占7．8％．       

Temperature effects on Calanus helgolandicus (Copepoda: Calanoida) development time and egg production

Effects of temperature on aspects of the life cycle and physiologyof the copepod Calanus helgolandicus (C. helgolandicus) wereinvestigated in the laboratory. Development times (DTs) weredetermined for organisms reared individually at 9, 12 and 15°Cunder saturated food conditions. While animals were successfullyreared from egg to adulthood at 12 and 15°C, at 9°C,all the individuals had died prior to entering NV. The cohortswere fed with a monoculture of Prorocentrum micans as food saturatingconditions. The cohorts were fed with monocultures of Prorocentrummicans which should represent saturated food concentrationswith a dinoflagellate diet used in many other experimental studies.However, the monoculture nature of the diet and/or the laboratorycontainment conditions may have caused the mortality rates encountered.Impacts of short-term temperature change on egg production (EP)and hatching success were also investigated over the courseof 1 year on individuals collected from station L4 (WesternEnglish Channel) and incubated in the laboratory. DTs increasedas temperature decreased, with longer DTs at comparable temperaturewith those in Thompson’s study [(1982) Growth and developmentof Pseudocalanus elongatus and Calanus sp. in the laboratory.J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK, 62, 359–372.] Evidence is presentedto suggest that in this other study a mix of Calanus finmarchicusand C. helgolandicus may have been used. Equiproportional developmentwas observed for the nauplii, but no pattern was defined forthe copepodites. At low temperatures, mortality rates in theincubations were higher, but adult condition factor was higher,the longer DTs allowed greater body mass to be accumulated.EP rate was correlated with temperature at station L4, but theshort-term incubation temperature did not have a significantinfluence on EP when measured over a short timescale (24 h).Egg hatching success also did not differ between incubationswith small temperature differences.