石杉科植物石杉总碱含量的测定及基于紫外光谱的除趋势对应分析

对来自浙江、福建境内石杉科植物蛇足石杉（Huperzia serrata）、柳叶马尾杉（Phlegmariurus cryptomerianus）10个不同地理居群的石杉总碱含量进行了测定．并基于紫外光谱,对它们的表型分化进行了除趋势对应分析。结果表明：①石杉科这两种植物叶片的石杉总碱含量普遍高于茎中的含量;②来自浙江磐安的蛇足石杉居群的叶、茎石杉总碱含量都明显高于其它居群。可以选择该居群作为栽培蛇足石杉的种源;③DCA排序发现,产自磐安的蛇足石杉样品,特别是叶的提取液,其紫外光谱明显不同于其它样品．表明紫外光谱法能够用于鉴别石杉总碱含量较高的蛇足石杉药材。     

湘西蛇足石杉中石杉碱甲、乙和丙含量的测定

采用超声萃取法提取湘西蛇足石杉总生物碱,用高效液相色谱法同时测定其石杉碱甲、乙和丙含量,并分析其在植株不同部位的分布。结果表明:湘西4个样地蛇足石杉中石杉碱甲、乙和丙含量基本一致,分别达到0.5‰、0.3‰和0.04‰;但植株不同部位三种石杉碱含量差异显著,其中石杉碱甲和乙的分布均为叶>茎>根,石杉碱丙则是根大于叶和茎。由此可知,湘西蛇足石杉具有资源优势,石杉碱在植株的分布具有明显的部位选择性;采用HPLC可同时检测石杉碱甲、乙和丙,方法简单快速、准确可靠。     

基于叶绿体基因rbcL和psbA-trnH间区探讨石杉科植物系统关系

关于石杉科Huperziaceae植物的分类,一直存在一些争议。在旧的分类体系中石杉科植物被包含在一个混合的石松科Lycopodiaceae和多谱系的石松属Lycopodium中。本文利用叶绿体rbcL基因和psbA-trnH基因间区序列探讨石杉科植物的系统位置及石杉科内部的分类关系,用最大简约法和邻接法对自测序列结合由GenBank下载的rbcL及psbA-trnH基因间区序列进行系统发育分析。结果显示,石杉科与Phylloglossum属关系较近,与石松科关系较疏远。在石杉科中热带石杉属Huperzia植物和马尾杉属Phlegmariurus植物的关系要比它们与其他石杉属植物更近。所以,我们的rbcL基因数据不支持秦仁昌关于石杉科分为石杉属和马尾杉属的分类处理。但是,因为我们的psbA-trnH序列没有包括热带种类,对石杉属植物和马尾杉属植物的关系无验证。因此需要更多的样品和序列数据进一步探讨石杉科的演化关系。     

HPLC法检测蛇足石杉内生真菌胶胞炭疽发酵液中石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙的含量

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrate)内生真菌胶胞炭疽发酵液中石杉碱甲(Huperzina A)和石杉碱乙(Huperzine B)含量的方法,并以此方法检测胶胞炭疽发酵液中石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙含量的积累。内生真菌发酵液经氯仿萃取、甲醇溶解、过滤后进行高效液相检测分析,选用Agilent Eclipse plus-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.015 mol/L乙酸铵(p H 6.8)和甲醇溶液(70∶30)为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速1 mL/min,检测波长为308 nm,连续检测内生真菌胶胞炭疽发酵液中第6–15天石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙的含量积累。结果表明,发酵提取液中的石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙可在25 min内进行很好的分离和分析,石杉碱甲在1.50-48.00μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(相关系数r为0.999 5),石杉碱乙在0.25-7.50μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(相关系数r为0.999 7),石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙的平均加标回收率分别为106.83%、108.06%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.34%、3.60%。该方法简便、快速、精密度高、结果准确,适用于内生真菌发酵液中石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙含量检测。在发酵过程中,内生真菌发酵液中石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙的含量呈现先增后减,随后有所增加继而又减少的趋势。石杉碱甲和石杉碱乙的含量分别在内生真菌发酵第14天、第8天达到最高,分别为12.417 0μg/mL、4.660 3μg/mL。该方法学的建立为内生真菌胶胞炭疽合成石杉碱甲与石杉碱乙的机制研究提供了检测手段,从而有利于药物新资源的开发。     

蛇足石杉的药学研究进展

蛇足石杉是蕨类植物门,石松纲石松目,石杉科石杉属的多年生草本植物,主要生长在山顶岩石缝隙中、山地密林下或沟谷阴湿环境中,分布特点散而广,全草可入药,民间用于治疗跌打损伤、瘀血肿痛、内伤出血、肿痈疔毒、毒虫叮咬、烧伤烫伤等症。该植物中主要成分为生物碱、三萜和黄酮等,其中以活性成分石杉碱甲为代表性成分,石杉碱甲是一种高选择性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,对阿尔茨海默病和重症肌无力疗效显著,还可以有效改善记忆力和恢复意识障碍。为了更好的开发和利用蛇足石杉的药用资源,本文综述了国内外有关该植物的药化、药理、药分、药剂和组培等方面的研究进展。     

药用植物蛇足石杉研究新进展

蛇足石杉[Huperzia serrata（Thunb．）Trey．]是石杉科石杉属多年生小型草本植物,土生、附生或生于苔藓层中,喜阴凉潮湿环境。蛇足石杉含石杉碱甲,为目前治疗老年痴呆等疾病的特效药。对蛇足石杉的分类学、生物学特性（形态学、生态学、生理学与共生真菌研究）、繁殖与栽培、药用成分及含量测定等方面的研究新进展进行综述。并对其应用与保护前景进行展望。     

影响九华山千层塔石杉碱甲含量的主要环境因子分析

为了确定九华山千层塔[Huperzia serrata（Thunb．）Trev．]的最佳采收期和采收部位,根据千层塔不同部位的石杉碱甲含量及各环境因子的变化趋势,运用灰色关联分析法对影响九华山千层塔石杉碱甲含量的主要环境因子进行了分析。结果表明,千层塔各部位的石杉碱甲含量不同,其中根中的含量最低,叶和茎中的含量较高;4月份叶和茎中的石杉碱甲含量最高,分别为0．0559％和0．0444％。影响九华山千层塔石杉碱甲含量的主要环境因子是根际土壤有机质含量、全氮含量和全磷含量,温度和降水量与石杉碱甲含量变化的相关性最小。研究结果表明,在九华山,千层塔的最佳采收期为4月份,最佳采收部位是叶和茎。     

千层塔中产石杉碱甲内生真菌的研究

从千层塔中分离产石杉碱甲内生真菌。采用平板分离法分离千层塔内生真菌,通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性和抗氧化活性筛选,结合薄层层析和HPLC测定活性菌株中的石杉碱甲含量,通过形态学ITS-rDNA序列分析鉴定内生真菌。共分离得到94株内生真菌,筛选到S29、L44、S94共3株乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性和清除DPPH·自由基活性都在50%以上,筛选到一株S29能产石杉碱甲的菌株。摇瓶发酵产量为每克干菌体的石杉碱甲含量为50.64μg。形态学与ITS-rDNA序列分析法鉴定该内生真菌为Podospora sp.属。药用植物千层塔体内Podospora sp.属的内生真菌可产石杉碱甲。     

H2O2对蛇足石杉离体培养物诱变效应的研究

为了获得高产石杉碱甲(Huperzine A,Hup A)的蛇足石杉[Huperzia serrata(Thunb.)Trev.]叶状体,对H_2O_2诱变后的叶状体进行了研究。结果表明,诱变后叶状体株系的Hup A含量显著提高,并获得高产株系SH42,其相对生长率和Hup A含量分别达到4499.28%和261.17μg g~(–1) DW,比起始叶状体分别提高了2.35倍和2.43倍;且株系间可溶性蛋白质谱带和SOD同工酶谱均存在差异,经过连续9代培养,变异叶状体可以稳定遗传。因此,H_2O_2对叶状体细胞具有良好的诱变效应,可以用于筛选高产Hup A株系。     

光照对蛇足石杉某些生理生化指标的影响

蛇足石杉[Huperzia serrata (Thunb.ex Murray) Trev.]是石杉科(Huperziaceae)石杉属(Huperzia Bernh.)植物,其含有的药用成分石杉碱甲是一种高效胆碱酯酶抑制剂,可用于治疗老年人记忆减退、早老性痴呆症及重症肌无力症等[1],目前,已有学者将石杉碱甲开发成治疗早老性痴呆症的一类新药.     

东北石杉生物碱成分的研究

从东北石杉中分离得到7个石松生物碱,通过NMR、MS及IR等光谱分析,分别鉴定为：luciduline(1),dithydroluciduline(2),lycocline(3),huperzine B(4),serratinine(5),serratidine(6),mecleanine(7)。这些化合物均为首次从该植物中分得。     

Identification of a Huperzine A-producing endophytic fungus from Phlegmariurus taxifolius

Molecular Biology Reports - Highly prized huperzine A (Hup A), a natural alkaloid formerly isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Huperzia serrata, has been widely used for the treatment of...     

湖南蕨类植物新记录

报道了湖南省蕨类植物新记录14种(含1变种),属于10科11属,它们是皱边石杉(Huperzia crispata),倒叶瘤足蕨(Plagiogyria dunnii),华南鳞盖蕨(Microlepia hancie),三轴凤尾蕨(Pteris longipe),蚀盖金粉蕨(Onychium tenuifrons),长羽凤丫蕨(Coniogramme longissima),圆基凤丫蕨(C. emeiensis var. lancipinna),云贵紫柄蕨(Pseudophegopteris yunkweiensis),齿果铁角蕨(Asplenium cheilosorum),狭翅铁角蕨(A. wrightii),腺齿铁角蕨(A. glanduli-serrulatum),翅轴蹄盖蕨(Athyrium delavayi),骨牌蕨(Lepidogrammitis rostrata),显脉星蕨(Microsorium zippelii)。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究XI.石杉科

利用扫描电镜对中国产石杉科2属22种植物孢子形态进行了观察,为石杉科分类和系统演化研究提供依据。结果显示:石杉科植物孢子为三裂缝,四面体形,辐射对称;极面观为钝三角形、圆三角形或近圆形;赤道面观为扇形或近椭圆形;石杉属孢子三边向内凹,马尾杉属孢子三边外凸;极轴长为16～26μm,赤道轴长为22～36μm;孢子具外壁,不具周壁,由外壁形成表面穴状纹饰的轮廓,穴为大小、深浅和密度不等的点状近圆形或不规则条状的凹陷。从孢子形态和纹饰类型看,石杉属和马尾杉属属间差异明显,属内差异不明显。     

In vitro production of huperzine A, a promising drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing in impact on human health. With no known cure, AD is one of the most expensive diseases in the world to treat. Huperzine A (HupA), a anti-AD drug candidate from the traditional Chinese medicine Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), has been shown to be a powerful and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted widespread attention because of its unique pharmacological activities and low toxicity. As a result, HupA is becoming an important lead compound for drugs to treat AD. HupA is obtained naturally from very limited and slowly growing natural resources, members of the Huperziaceae. Unfortunately, the content of HupA is very low in the raw plant material. This has led to strong interest in developing sources of HupA. We have developed a method to propagate in vitro tissues of Phlegmariurus squarrosus, a member of the Huperziaceae, that produce high levels of HupA. The in vitro propagated tissues produce even higher levels of HupA than the natural plant, and may represent an excellent source for HupA.     

Transposon Tn5-Generated Bradyrhizobium japonicum Mutants Unable To Grow Chemoautotrophically with H(2)

Twelve Tn5-induced mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum unable to grow chemoautotrophically with CO(2) and H(2) (Aut) were isolated. Five Aut mutants lacked hydrogen uptake activity (Hup). The other seven Aut mutants possessed wild-type levels of hydrogen uptake activity (Hup), both in free-living culture and symbiotically. Three of the Hup mutants lacked hydrogenase activity both in free-living culture and as nodule bacteroids. The other two mutants were Hup only in free-living culture. The latter two mutants appeared to be hypersensitive to repression by oxygen, since Hup activity could be derepressed under 0.4% O(2). All five Hup mutants expressed both ex planta and symbiotic nitrogenase activities. Two of the seven Aut Hup mutants expressed no free-living nitrogenase activity, but they did express it symbiotically. These two strains, plus one other Aut Hup mutant, had CO(2) fixation activities 20 to 32% of the wild-type level. The cosmid pSH22, which was shown previously to contain hydrogenase-related genes of B. japonicum, was conjugated into each Aut mutant. The Aut Hup mutants that were Hup both in free-living culture and symbiotically were complemented by the cosmid. None of the other mutants was complemented by pSH22. Individual subcloned fragments of pSH22 were used to complement two of the Hup mutants.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Lycopodiaceae

This study characterizes the molecular and phylogenetic identity of fungi involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations in extant Huperzia and Lycopodium (Lycopodiaceae). Huperzia and Lycopodium are characterized by a life cycle with long-lived autotrophic sporophytes and long-lived mycoheterotrophic (obtain all organic carbon from fungal symbionts) gametophytes. 18S ribosomal DNA was isolated and sequenced from Glomus symbionts in autotrophic sporophytes of seven species of Huperzia and Lycopodium and mycoheterotrophic Huperzia gametophytes collected from the Páramos of Ecuador. Phylogenetic analyses recovered four Glomus A phylotypes in a single clade (MH3) that form AM associations with Huperzia and Lycopodium. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of Glomus symbionts from other nonphotosynthetic plants demonstrate that most AM fungi that form mycoheterotrophic associations belong to at least four specific clades of Glomus A. These results suggest that most mycoheterotrophic plants that form AM associations do so with restricted clades of Glomus A. Moreover, the correspondence of identity of AM symbionts in Huperzia sporophytes and gametophytes raises the possibility that photosynthetic sporophytes are a source of carbon to conspecific mycoheterotrophic gametophytes via shared fungal networks.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of copper amine oxidase from Huperzia serrata

A cDNA encoding a novel copper amine oxidase (CAO) was cloned and sequenced from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata (Huperziaceae), which produces the Lycopodium alkaloid huperzine A. A 2043-bp open reading frame encoded an Mr 76,854 protein with 681 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 44-56% identity with the known CAOs of plant origin, and contained the active site consensus sequence of Asn-Tyr-Asp/Glu. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that HsCAO from the primitive vascular plant H. serrata is closely related to Physcomitrella patens subsp CAO. The recombinant enzyme, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, catalyzed the oxidative deamination of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Among them, the enzyme accepted cadaverine as the best substrate to catalyze the oxidative deamination to Δ(1)-piperideine, which is the precursor of the Lycopodium alkaloids. Furthermore, a homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis studies predicted the active site architecture, which suggested the crucial active site residues for the observed substrate preference. This is the first report of the cloning and characterization of a CAO enzyme from the primitive Lycopodium plant.     

Simultaneous determination of ZT-1 and its metabolite Huperzine A in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

ZT-1 is a novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. It is rapidly transformed to Huperzine A (Hup A) in vitro. A simple and rapid HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of ZT-1 and its metabolite Hup A in plasma is described. The chromatographic separations were achieved on a C(18) ODS column (250 mm x 4.6 mm ID) using methanol-1 mmol/L ammonium acetate (70:30,v/v) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.7 mL/min, the detection wavelength was 313 nm and the column temperature was kept at 35 degrees C. Plasma samples were prepared as rapidly as possible and extracted immediately with 5 mL of chloroform:iso-propyl alcohol mixture (v/v, 9:1).The retention times of ZT-1 and Huperzine A (Hup A) were 18.7 and 14.4 min, respectively. The mean absolute recoveries of two analytes were >90%. Quantification limits were all 0.02 nmol/mL for ZT-1 and Hup A. This analytical method was reliable and convenient procedure that meets the criteria for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of ZT-1 on experimental animals.