隔担菌属三新种和三个中国新记录种

报道隔担菌属3个新种和3个中国新记录种。新种分别是胡颓子隔担菌Septobasidium elaeagni,绣球隔担菌Septobasidium hydrangeae和云南隔担菌Septobasidium yunnanense。中国新记录种分别是黑点隔担菌Septobasidium atropunctum,菌丝状隔担菌Septobasidium conidiophorum和拟隔担菌 Septobasidium septobasidioides。     

东喜马拉雅山地区木材腐朽菌研究2.四川青城山的木材腐朽菌

在四川青城山风景区发现木材腐朽菌60种,给出了每个木材腐朽菌的寄主和生长基质。拟黄薄孔菌Antrodia subxantha为一新种,其特点为子实体平伏,孔口表面黄色,担孢子圆柱形至窄椭圆形（3－4×1.6－2.1μm）,菌髓主要由生殖菌丝组成;该种与黄薄孔菌Antrodia xantha具有相似的孔口表面,但后者的担孢子为腊肠形（4－5×1.2－1.5μm）,且其菌髓主要有骨架菌丝组成。     

榆耳有性结构及生活史的研究

本文通过电镜扫描、石腊切片及用苏木精染色法和DAPI荧光染色,对榆耳子实体有性结构进行观察,证实榆耳子实体菌盖结构分三层:上表层为毛层,表面着生有排列较密集顶端游离的菌丝,它们相互粘连呈菌丝束;中间层为髓部,由较疏松而相互交织在一起的薄壁菌丝组成,菌丝间充满胶质物质;下表层为子实层,表面起伏不平,呈不规则的疣状突起,上面着生担子和囊状体,担子无隔膜棍棒形,外表有不规则的网状纹饰,其顶部着生4个瓶梗状小梗,每个小梗上着生1个椭圆形或腊肠形担孢子,大小为2.5—3.0×6.0—6.5μm,担孢子表面有不规则的网状纹饰结构。在担子间的囊状体为长圆柱形或圆锥形,表面有较密的不规则的网状纹饰。 榆耳有性生殖为异宗配合。绝大多数担孢子含一个细胞核,很少数担孢子含两个细胞核。孢子萌发为一端萌发,也有少数为两端萌发。初生菌丝单核,不能形成子实体,当两种不同遗传性的交配型的初生菌丝结合后,形成具有锁状联合结构的双核菌丝,并可发育成子实体。榆耳具有典型减数分裂过程,不具有减数分裂后核分裂行为,四个子核分别进入四个担孢子内。 在初生菌丝或次生菌丝上,均可产生间生的或顶生的厚垣孢子。经过温度、光照和紫外线照射的诱发,均未发现有其它类型的无性孢子产生。因此,榆耳菌的生活史和大多数担子     

银耳科的三个新种

本文报道了银耳目银耳科的3个新种——黑褐德克耳(Ductifera nigro-brunnea Peng)、黑蜡壳菌(Sebacina fuscata Peng)和长担银耳(Tremella longibasidia Peng)。其形态特征,黑褐德克耳与钙德克耳(Ductifera calcarea Lowy)接近,但前者担子常具柄状基部,担孢子为卵形可与之区别;黑蜡壳菌与蜡壳菌[Sebacina incrustans(Pers.ex Fr.)Tul.]接近,但黑蜡壳菌担子果为黑色膜状,担子有短柄状基部;长担银耳与波纳银耳。(Tremella boraborensis Olive)接近,但前者担子果为黑色,菌丝无小鳞茎状结构,下担子头部决无横分隔者。对这三个新种进行了汉文和拉丁文描述。     

蒙古桑黄——中国桑黄孔菌属一新种

基于形态学和分子系统学研究,发现来自内蒙古科尔沁沙地的桑黄孔菌属一个新种蒙古桑黄Sanghuangporus mongolicus T. Bau, sp. nov.。该种主要识别特征为担子体多年生,半圆形,边缘薄,菌丝系统二体型,担孢子椭圆形至宽椭圆形,厚壁,大小4.2–5×2.7–3.5μm。根据ITS和nrLSU序列的系统发育分析结果,该种位于桑黄孔菌属Sanghuangporus,并且形成1个独立的分支。本研究对该种进行了详细的形态描述和特征图示,并讨论与近缘种之间的系统关系。     

黑蛋巢菌属-中国新纪录种

包被倒圆锥状,高5～6mm,宽3～5mm,基部有菌丝垫,红褐色,絮状;壁3层,厚140μm,中间层泡状,厚70μm,内外两层均由直径2～3μm、壁厚0．4～0．8μm的菌丝所组成;外侧褐色,不具条纹,由直径4～10μm,壁厚1～1．5μm,具隔的黄褐色菌丝所组成,其上布以伸展或有时成簇的     

黑蛋巢菌属一中国新纪录种

中国黑蛋巢菌 中国新纪录 图1 Cyathus sinensis Imazeki Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 63:96, 1950 包被倒圆锥状,高5~6mm,宽3~5mm,基部有菌丝垫,红褐色,絮状;壁3层,厚140μm,中间层泡状, 厚70μm,内外两层均由直径2~3μm、壁厚0.4~0.8μm的菌丝所组成;外侧褐色,不具条纹,由直径4~1     

干皮孔菌属的一个新种和三个组合种

本文报道了产自斯里兰卡的干皮孔菌属一个新种,该种的主要特征是具有平伏反卷或具菌盖的子实体,很小的孔口（每毫米8-10个）,菌丝系统二系,生殖菌丝覆盖有刺状结晶,骨架菌丝橙棕色,细腊肠状担孢子（2.7-3.4×0.5-0.8μm）。基于ITS和nLSU序列的系统发育分析表明该新种属于干皮孔菌属的一个明确的分支。此外,将毛孔菌属组合到干皮孔菌属中,并报道了3个组合种,白边干皮孔菌、印度干皮孔菌和萨彦干皮孔菌。     

一种海洋型担子菌在中国的首次报道

担子果最初淡黄色,后变深桔色,最后变成桔褐色,球形,菌核状,无柄,基部有一层白色的菌丝层,表生,单生或群生,大,直径达到1-3mm,革质,包被薄,内部胶质化。担孢子无柄,卵形、长椭圆形至盾牌形,单胞,有一根端生附属丝,3-5根侧生附属丝,附属丝渐尖,直或轻微曲折,透明。     

中国新记录属:川普包属及一新种

报道了中国地下真菌的一个新记录属——川普包属Trappea及其一新种——肉桂色川普包Trappeacinnamomea。新记录属以在真包被下具一层不育腔室组织及鬼笔型的孢子不同于其它近缘属;新种则以产孢组织鲜时肉桂色的颜色不同于属内的其它种。新种主要特征为:担子果地下生,球形或近球形,径0.5~1.5cm,伤后变红色,基部具细长(粗约0.5mm,长达6cm以上)的白色根状菌索。包被宿存,白色,厚120~200靘,由径±4靘的菌丝交织而成,菌丝具锁状连合,具颗粒物,在5%KOH液中呈深色。产孢组织胶质的,新鲜时肉桂色至浅褐色,干后橄榄绿色,产孢腔室不规则。与真包被相连的不孕(腔室)组织厚达500靘,由胶质薄壁的菌丝交织而成,菌丝径3~4靘,具锁状联合,不孕腔室四周由20~30×7~10靘的无色棒状细胞排列而成。中柱明显,浅色,在担子果中部树枝状分枝。菌髓板宽37~60靘,由无色、薄壁、径±2.5靘的菌丝交织而成,菌丝具锁状连合。担子长棒状至柱状,22~30×4~5靘,具(4-)5~7(-8)个孢子。担孢子光滑、无色,矩圆形或一端稍窄,4~5.6×2~3m。模式标本(徐阿生2001-107,HXZE1723)保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室(HXZE)。     

双圆蚧隔担菌新种

在安徽省发现了隔担菌属1新种——双圆蚧隔担菌（Septobasidium diaspidioti）。该种与双圆蚧属蚧壳虫共生,其模式标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

New species of Septobasidium from southern Costa Rica and the southeastern United States

New species are described in Septobasidium, a genus of urediniomycete parasites on scale insects. One new species, S. gomezii, is described from Costa Rica, and another, S. meredithiae, is described from Louisiana. S. gomezii is most similar to S. septobasidioides, but macroscopic and microscopic differences support it being a distinct species. S. meredithiae is similar to S. alni and S. castaneum but differs from these species in several macroscopic and microscopic characters, especially when the species are observed on the same host tree and insect species. Another species collected only once in Costa Rica is listed with observations but it is not formally described here. This Septobasidium species shares some key characteristics with S. ramorum but combines a dense, compact, nearly black thallus and pigmented probasidia-like structures with spindle-shaped haustoria. Implications for taxonomy, morphological evolution and host specificity in Septobasidium are discussed.     

Molecular phylogeny suggests a single origin of insect symbiosis in the Pucciniomycetes with support for some relationships within the genus Septobasidium

In the Pucciniomycetes, a class of fungi that includes the plant pathogenic rust fungi, insect parasitism is restricted to a single family, the Septobasidiaceae. The Septobasidiaceae form a variety of symbioses with scale insects and have remained largely unstudied since the 1930s. Transitions between plant and animal parasitism and between mutualism and parasitism cannot be fully addressed in the Basidiomycota without a clear phylogenetic hypothesis for the Septobasidiales. Here, molecular phylogenetic methods were applied to understand the origin of scale insect parasitism, test the monophyly of the order Septobasidiales, and evaluate the infrageneric concepts in the largest genus of scale insect parasites, Septobasidium. DNA sequence data from rRNA genes were used to infer higher-level relationships within the Pucciniomycetes, and data from translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) were added for phylogenetic inference within the Septobasidiaceae. Data from tef1 revealed different intron arrangements within Septobasidium, but the molecule did not provide much additional phylogenetically informative data. Likelihood-model-based phylogenetic analyses of 44 Pucciniomycotina taxa provided moderate support for a single origin of insect parasitism. Within the Septobasidiaceae, there was little or no support for a monophyletic Septobasidium, and well-resolved subclades of Septobasidium species contradict previous morphological delimitations of groups within the genus.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Septobasidium parviflorae</Emphasis> sp. nov. on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus parviflora</Emphasis> from Japan

Septobasidium parviflorae sp. nov. on Pinus parviflora is described and illustrated. This species is characterized by its whitish-gray, gray to dark gray-colored fungus body with an indeterminate margin, hyphal strands, and cylindrical basidia with long sterigmata. This is the first report of Septobasidium occurring on a member of the genus Pinus in Japan.     

Heterobasidiomycetes from Belize

Summary  Twenty-eight species of heterobasidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) belonging to the orders Auriculariales, Dacrymycetales, Exidiales, Platygloeales, Sebacinales, Septobasidiales and Tremellales from Belize are described or reported. Endoperplexa phlebioides, Heterochaete pentadelphai and Sebacina pileata are described as new. The genus Aphelariopsis is considered a possible synonym of Septobasidium and the new combination Septobasidium kupemontis is proposed. The new combination Endoperplexa obscura is also proposed.     

REVIEWS

Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr O. A ppel .
Third International Congress of Comparative Pathology, Athens , 1936. Reports , vol. I, part 2. Section of Plant Pathology.
The Genus Septobasidium. By J ohn N. C ouch .
Soilless Growth of Plants. By C arleton E llis and M iller W. S waney .
Plant Growth Substances. By H ugh N icol .
Common British Grasses and Legumes. By J. O. T homas and L. J. D avies .
Plant Ecology. By J. E. W eaver and F. E. C lements .
Forest Bibliography to 31st December 1933. Compiled and published by the Department of Forestry, University of Oxford.
Textbook of Dendrology. By W. M. H arlow and E. S. H abrar .
Cryptogamic Botany. By G ilbert M. S mith . Vol. I: Algae and Fungi.
Evolution. Essays on Aspects of Evolutionary Biology presented to Prof. E. S. Goodrich on his Seventieth Birthday. Edited by G. R. de B eer .
Heredity. By A. F ranklin S hull .     

A molecular phylogenetic study of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Abstract.  Armoured scale insects are economically important parasites of woody plants and grasses. They are promising subjects for the evolutionary study of physiology (no complete gut), genetics (chimerism, paternal genome elimination, frequent parthenogenesis) and coevolution (with host plants, parasitoids, Septobasidium fungi, endosymbiotic bacteria). Little phylogenetic work has been accomplished with armoured scales, and uncertainty surrounds their classification. Here, we report the phylogenetic results of Bayesian and parsimony analyses of 705 base pairs of Elongation Factor 1α and 660 base pairs of 28S from eighty-nine species of armoured scale insects, representing forty-seven genera and five tribes in the subfamilies Diaspidinae and Aspidiotinae, together with two outgroups. 28S was aligned based on a secondary structural model. Our results broadly corroborate the major features of the existing classification, although we do not find perfect monophyly of any of the traditionally recognized subfamilies or tribes. The subfamily Aspidiotinae is paraphyletic with respect to the subfamily Diaspidinae. Diaspidinae consists of two main clades that only roughly correspond to the tribes Lepidosaphidini and Diaspidini. Diaspidini is nearly monophyletic, except that it includes a single aspidiotine species. Other members of the tribe Aspidiotini form a clade, except that the clade includes a single species of Leucaspidini and excludes Maskellia and Pseudaonidia . Our results weakly support the hypothesis that the most recent common ancestor of the Diaspididae had adult females that were permanently enclosed within the derm of the second instar (the pupillarial habit) and had diploid adult males that eliminated their paternal genomes during spermatogenesis (late paternal genome elimination).     

R.M. Cowling,D.M. Richardson & S.M. Pierce (eds.) 1977. Vegetation of Southern Africa.

We determined the role of bird dispersal in seed and seedling dynamics of the tree Kalopanax pictus from 7 years of observing seed rain and seedling emergence in a broad-leaved deciduous forest in central Japan. We also performed an experiment on the influence of seed pulp on germination of seeds of K. pictus. Seeds of this species can lie dormant for several years, and this causes rather constant yearly seedling emergence in spite of irregular seed production. The spatial distribution of the seedlings that emerged each year (maximum distance from nearest conspecific seed-bearing tree of 90 m) was wider than that of gravity-dispersed seeds (max. distance of 37 m), suggesting seed dispersal by birds in winter. Emerged seedling densities at sites over 20 m from the nearest conspecific seed-bearing tree were highest in the spring of 1991, about half a year after the largest seed fall of the observation period. However, emerged seedling densities within 20 m from seed-bearing trees were highest in 1992, 1.5 years after the largest seed fall. These field observations may be explained by the experimental results on the effects of seed pulp on germination. Intact seeds germinate slowly at low germination rates, while seeds without seed pulp germinate quickly at high germination rates. Fallen seeds with seed pulp thus appear to form a seed bank near seed sources (temporal dispersal), while seeds scattered by birds appear to increase the possibility of reaching the present safe sites in distant areas with quick germination (spatial dispersal).     

V.A.T.E.R. association and its limits

Comparative investigation of 92 cases of V.A.T.E.R. syndrome (4 personal cases) and 62 cases of caudal regression (Duhamel syndrome) (2 personal cases) are performed. There is much analogy between these two entities. Initial impairment would be an early dysfunction of mesoderm setting up located on esophagus in V.A.T.E.R. syndrome and on kidneys in Duhamel syndrome. Etiopathogenic factors remain unknown. Genetic counseling is good. Detection of only one mesodermal malformation leads to inquire other unnoticed anomalies (kidneys, heart, spine, alimentary duct).