半野生大豆种质资源SSR位点遗传多样性分析

利用12对SSR引物对67份半野生大豆种质进行了遗传多样性的检测分析,结果表明,12个位点共检测到184个等位基因变异,平均每个位点等位基因数目为15．41个,平均多态性信息量,平均遗传多样性指数,平均遗传距离分别为0．849,0．706,0．118,根据SSR分析结果,按欧式距离将67份半野生大豆种质聚类并划分为5个组群。     

辣椒种质遗传多样性的EST-SSR分析

辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）是一种重要的蔬菜作物,分析辣椒种质的遗传多样性对于辣椒种质的收集、鉴定和利用都有重要的意义。EST-SSR标记是一种位于转录区的SSR标记,能够检测出转录区的多态性,进而能够反映出种质之间“真实的遗传多样性”。本研究利用33个EST-SSR标记分析了31份辣椒种质的遗传多样性。EST-SSR标记在测试的辣椒种质上共检测出91个等位基因,平均每个位点扩增出2.76个等位基因,最多扩增出6个等位基因,多态性信息含量（PIC）最小为0.03,最大0.74,平均为0.38。系统聚类分析将31份种质分为2大组,聚类结果表现出了一定程度的与果实性状的相关性。主坐标分析的结果基本上与聚类分析的结果一致,但更加详细地表现了辣椒种质之间的遗传变异。     

中国野生大豆的遗传多样性和生态特异性分析

野生大豆（Glycine soja）是栽培大豆的祖先,为东亚特有种,大部分分布在中国。我们采用52对SSR引物和10个植物学性状,以遗传丰富度和Simpson多样性指数为指标,对来自中国3个地理生态区域涉及24个省区的196份野生大豆所构成的代表性样本的遗传变异进行了研究,以期从分子水平和表型水平两个层面上揭示中国野生大豆遗传多样性和地理生态特异性。结果表明：中国野生大豆群体SSR位点的等位基因平均丰富度（NA）和平均Simpson多样性指数（H）分别为16.1和0.852,高于栽培大豆（NA=11.4,H=0.773）,野生群体的遗传多样性明显高于栽培群体。3个地理生态群体中南方群体多样性最高（NA=12.9,H=0.842）,黄淮海群体最低（NA=11.4,H=0.805）,东北群体居中（NA=12.5,H=0.834）。群体间存在遗传分化,不同群体具有不同的特异等位基因,位点AW132402（A2连锁群）、Satt522（F）、satt150（M）、Sat_332（D1a）、Satt046（K）、sct_190（K）等的一些等位基因只在特定群体出现,表现出群体分化后的生态特异性。中国野生大豆植物学性状的群体变异丰富,平均Simpson多样性指数为0.710。地理群体间存在分化,最明显的是生育期性状的分化,反映了地理、光照和温度等生态因子的选择作用,其中南方地理群体多样性最高（H=0.671）。SSR分子标记和植物学性状所获结果相对一致,表明中国野生大豆地理群体间性状分化有其遗传分化的基础。     

大麻EST-SSR遗传结构分析及指纹图谱构建

大麻是一年生草本植物,一种多用途、可持续的作物。迄今为止,关于大麻遗传结构的研究还很少。本研究通过EST-SSR分子标记分析大麻的遗传多样性和种群结构。结果表明,20对引物共扩增出113个清晰条带,其中113个（100%）是多态性的;共检测到232个等位基因,平均每对引物检测到4.0176个等位基因;观测杂合度（Ho）平均为0.7102,期望杂合度（He）平均为0.6935;200个个体香农信息指数介于0.7204～2.4625之间,平均值为1.5368;多态信息含量（PIC）变化范围为0.3519～0.8801,平均为0.6558;平均基因流（Nm）平均值为13.6525。基于种群遗传结构、主成分分析和未加权的算术平均对组法（UPGMA）分析,将大麻材料聚类为3组。不同聚类方法之间结果相似,但3种模型的少数个体植株分布不同。聚类结果、基因多样性和遗传相似系数表明,大麻个体总体亲缘关系较为密切。同时用5对核心引物能够区分参试种质,并为每份种质构建了指纹图谱。研究结果为今后的大麻育种、遗传改良和核心种质资源收集提供了参考。     

利用SRAP标记分析中国野生石蒜的遗传多样性

采用SRAP（Sequence-related amplified polymorphism,序列相关扩增多态性）标记对中国13个省24份野生石蒜（Lycoris radiata）资源94个样品进行了检测。10个引物组合共扩增出218条带,其中173条为多态性条带,多态性百分比达79.36%。石蒜的观测等位基因数（na）、有效等位基因数（ne）、基因多样性指数（h）、Shannon信息指数（I）分别为1.7936、1.4131、0.2415和0.3664。石蒜不同种源间的遗传分化系数（Gst）达0.9547、基因流（Nm）仅0.0136,表明种源间遗传分化显著,遗传变异主要存在于种源间。根据Nei′s遗传距离对24份种源进行UPGMA聚类,所有石蒜种源聚成两大类,第I大类由7份种源组成,除江苏连云港的石蒜（JS3）外,均来自我国西南或西北地区;其余的17份种源构成第II大类,它们遍及华南、华中和华东地区;各大类中的分支结果与野生石蒜外部形态及生长发育习性有一定联系。将石蒜种源的遗传多样性与其所处的经度、纬度、海拔、年均降雨量、年均温等进行相关性分析,结果显示它们之间的相关性均不显著,即石蒜对环境依赖性小,能分布在各种生境中。根据以上结果,我们认为野生石蒜具有较丰富的遗传多样性,而种源间遗传分化显著的原因主要是基因流的隔离。研究结果对我国的野生石蒜资源的开发利用与保护有重要意义。     

黄芩种质资源ISSR遗传多样性的分析及评价

采用ISSR分子标记技术对6个野生或栽培居群共147份黄芩种质进行遗传多样性分析和评价。分析结果表明,51个ISSR引物中筛选出18条扩增条带清晰、重复性好和多态性高的引物,共扩增出485条清晰的条带,其中466条具有多态性,平均多态性位点比率为96.08%,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数分别为0.244 4和0.388 9,等位基因数（Na）和有效等位基因数（Ne）分别为1.993 8和1.383 9,遗传分化指数G_st=0.122 3,遗传一致度（I）和遗传距离（D）分别为0.951 5和0.050 1,说明收集的黄芩种质资源在总体上具有较高的遗传多样性,不同居群间存在一定的遗传分化和基因交流,遗传变异主要存在于居群内。分子聚类结果表明,同一地区的种质并没有按照收集来源完全聚类,可能与种质不同起源或民间栽培引种有关。在DNA分子水平揭示黄芩种质资源的遗传多样性水平,将为进一步黄芩种质资源评价、保存和新品种选育等利用提供依据。     

广东5个野生大豆居群的遗传多样性分析

采用SSR分子标记对来自广东省5个县野生大豆居群的遗传多样性进行了分析,为广东野生大豆资源保护和利用提供依据。结果显示:(1)5个野生大豆居群在60个SSR位点共检测出263个等位变异,同一位点上等位基因数目最多为10个,最少为2个,平均为4.38个;不同群体中特有等位基因数不同,其中连州(LZ)和南雄(NX)野生大豆的特有等位基因数目较多,分别为19个和16个;Shannon指数(I)变化范围为0.162~2.174,期望杂合度(He)的变化范围为0.073~0.899。(2)广东连州(LZ)野生大豆居群的遗传多样性最高,而仁化(RH)野生大豆的遗传多样性最低,二者的Shannon指数(I)分别为0.811、0.113;群体分子方差(AMOVA)分析结果揭示,居群间变异占51%,群体内变异占49%,且仁化居群与其他居群间基因流较小。(3)依据遗传距离可将连州(LZ)和连南(LN)聚类为一类,乳源(RY)和南雄(NX)为一类,仁化(RH)单独为一类。研究表明,广东不同野生大豆居群间遗传多样性差异较大,而且居群内基因类型多,其中连州(LZ)和乳源(RY)野生大豆居群的遗传多样性较高,证明广东野生大豆群体保存了丰富的基因资源。     

基于ISSR标记的96份兰属种质资源遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

为加强我国兰属种质资源的保护利用,本研究通过ISSR分子标记对96份兰属种质进行多样性分析和指纹图谱构建。结果显示,共筛选出11条可扩增清晰条带的多样性引物,在96份材料共检测67条多态性条带,平均多态性条带比例为73.63%;等位基因数（Na）为1.925,有效等位基因数（Ne）为1.450,Nei′s遗传多样性指数（H）为0.277,Shannon多样性指数（I）为0.427,多态性位点百分比（PPL, percentage of polymorphic loci）为92.54%;种群内基因多样性（Hs）为0.1934,基因分化度（Gst）为0.3009,总遗传多样性指数（Ht）为0.2767,种群间的平均基因流（Nm）为1.1619,种群间的两两遗传分化固定指数值范围为0.002～0.527,平均值为0.325。系统聚类结果表明,兰属种群间遗传分化程度高,8个种群可分为3类,春兰和墨兰为一大类,寒兰、春剑、蕙兰、莲瓣兰、建兰为第二类,杂交种独为一类,与其他两类种群之间的遗传距离较大。主坐标分析表明,莲瓣兰和春兰表现出较远的亲缘关系。本研究筛选出6对引物构建了96个品种的指纹图谱二...     

茄子品种遗传多样性的RAPD检测与聚类分析

用RAPD分子标记的方法对来自不同国家的34份茄子品种进行遗传多样性分析,从120条RAPD引物中筛选出有效的22条引物分别对34份茄子品种进行扩增,共检测出232个等位基因位点,每条引物平均检测出10.5个,其中192个为多态位点,多态位点比率为82.76%。POPGENE结果分析表明,Nei's基因多样性H为0.2756,Shannon指数为0.4145,显示出丰富的遗传多样性。计算得出的Jaccard相似系数变化范围为0.331～0.805,根据Jaccard相似系数和组内连接法建立的系统聚类图,34份茄子大致可分为两大类型:圆茄类型和长茄类型,这与经典的形态学分类基本上相符,从而从分子水平上支持了以果形作为茄子品种分类指标的观点。     

海南部分荔枝种质资源亲缘关系的SSR分析

利用SSR标记对22份荔枝材料进行了亲缘关系分析,从32对引物中筛选出22对多态性引物用于荔枝SSR扩增,共扩增到52条带,其中多态性条带49条,多态性百分率为94.23%。多态性条带经POPGENE32软件统计分析表明,22个位点的平均有效等位基因频率（Ne）、平均基因杂合度（H）、平均Shannon遗传多样性指数（H_i′）分别为1.364 3、0.296 0、0.417 0。通过NTSYS聚类结果显示,在相似系数为0.51处,供试材料被聚为两大类,第一类包括13份材料,又可分为两个亚类,第二类包括9份材料。     

SSR analysis of 38 genotypes of soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) genetic diversity in India

Sixteen polymorphic Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and varietal identification among 38 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes which are at present under seed multiplication chain in India. A total of 51 alleles with an average of 2.22 alleles per locus were detected. The polymorphic information content (PIC) among genotypes varied from 0.049 (Sat_243 and Satt337) to 0.526 (Satt431) with an average of 0.199. The pair wise genetic similarity between soybean varieties varied from 0.56 to 0.97 with an average of 0.761. These 16 SSR markers successfully distinguished 12 of the 38 soybean genotypes. These results suggest that used SSR markers are efficient for measuring genetic diversity and relatedness as well as identifying varieties of soybeans. Diverse genetic materials may be used for genetic improvements of soybean genotypes.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Korean wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) inferred from microsatellite markers

Korea is considered one of the centers of genetic diversity for cultivated as well as wild soybeans. Natural habitats of wild soybeans are distributed across the Korean mainland and the islands surrounding the Korean peninsula. In this study, the genetic diversity of 100 mainland Korean wild soybean accessions was evaluated by using 42 simple sequence repeat markers covering 17 soybean chromosomes. All analyzed loci were polymorphic and a total of 114 alleles were found. The observed average genetic diversity was low (0.4). The results showed that the 100 selected accessions did not exactly follow the geographical distribution. These results were further confirmed by the phylogeny inferred from five morphological characteristics (i.e., leaf shape, leaf area, plant shape, seed area, and 100-seed weight). Together, the genetic and morphological evaluations suggested conclusively that the selected population did not follow the geographical distribution pattern. The present study could provide useful information for the ex situ conservation and exploitation of wild soybean accessions in soybean improvement stratagems, and will aid in further understanding about the phylogeography of the species in the Korean center of diversity.     

Genetic divergence between North American ancestral soybean lines and introductions with resistance to soybean cyst nematode revealed by chloroplast haplotype

Domesticated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a major crop with an established ancestral relationship to wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) native to Asia. Soybean genetic diversity can be assessed at different levels by identification of polymorphic alleles at genetic loci, in either the plastid or nuclear genomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity based on chloroplast haplotypes for soybean genotypes present in the USDA germplasm resource collection. Shared chloroplast haplotypes represent broad groups of genetic relatedness. Previous work categorized three-quarters of the cultivated soybeans from Asia into a single haplotype group. Our results confirmed the close relationship of North American soybean ancestors and G. max plant introductions previously identified as representing potential sources of soybean genetic variation with the finding that these genotypes belonged to a single chloroplast haplotype group. Genetic diversity was identified in soybean genotypes determined to have a high density of single nucleotide polymorphisms and in a screen of accessions with resistance to soybean cyst nematode. Characterization of soybean plant introduction lines into chloroplast haplotype group may be an important initial step in evaluating the appropriate use of particular soybean genotypes.     

新考察收集野生大豆与已保存野生大豆的遗传多样性比较

本研究以65份东北地区新收集野生大豆资源以及与其来源相同的已经编目保存的资源为实验材料,利用60对SSR引物进行遗传分析。分析结果表明新收集材料在22个位点的遗传多样性指数都高于以前收集的资源,有62个等位变异是新收集材料所特有。新收集材料与其它资源间的平均遗传相似系数为0．1918。说明新收集的材料使得野生大豆的遗传多样性水平得到提高,对野生大豆进行补充考察和收集是有价值的。     

不同国家水稻品种的遗传多样性分析

探讨世界不同国家水稻品种的遗传多样性,旨在为各国品种资源的有效利用提供理论依据。本研究利用63对引物对36份来源于不同国家的水稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。共检测到269个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数(Na)平均为4.54个,有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为3.22,基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.64,Shannon’s信息指数(I)平均为1.21,引物RM206、RM257、RM410、RM235、RM266的等位基因数较多在7条以上。所处纬度相近的国家或地区的水稻品种之间的遗传距离较近,被聚为同一类群,而所处纬度较远的国家或地区的水稻品种被分到了不同类群。结果表明,水稻品种之间的遗传差异与纬度和地理距离有很大的关系。     

基于SSR标记分析大豆疫霉根腐病抗源的遗传多样性

丰富的遗传多样性可为大豆育种提供宽阔的遗传基础,本研究基于35对SSR标记,对60份东北地区大豆疫霉根腐病抗性品种进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到189个等位基因,平均每个位点等位变异数5.4个,多态性信息含量指数(PIC)为0.1550~0.8195,平均为0.6636;遗传相似系数的变异范围为0.31~0.74。利用5对高多态性SSR引物构建了60份抗性材料的指纹图谱,这5对SSR引物构建的指纹图谱可以将60份疫霉根腐病抗性材料逐一区分开。采用NTSYS2.10基于遗传距离的聚类分析,将60份抗性材料分为7个类群,其中78.33%的抗性品种(系)的遗传相似系数在0.45~0.74间,表明遗传差异相对较窄,品种间遗传多样性水平较低。聚类分析与群体遗传结构分析结果有部分重合,均反映出不同地区的抗性材料间存在一定的渗透和交流。     

Genetic diversity and peculiarity of annual wild soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">G. soja</Emphasis> Sieb. et Zucc.) from various eco-regions in China

Annual wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.) is believed to be a potential gene source for future soybean improvement in coping with the world climate change for food security. To evaluate the wild soybean genetic diversity and differentiation, we analyzed allelic profiles at 60 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci and variation of eight morph-biological traits of a representative sample with 196 accessions from the natural growing area in China. For comparison, a representative sample with 200 landraces of Chinese cultivated soybean was included in this study. The SSR loci produced 1,067 alleles (17.8 per locus) with a mean gene diversity of 0.857 in the wild sample, which indicated the genetic diversity of G. soja was much higher than that of its cultivated counterpart (total 826 alleles, 13.7 per locus, mean gene diversity 0.727). After domestication, the genetic diversity of the cultigens decreased, with its 65.5% alleles inherited from the wild soybean, while 34.5% alleles newly emerged. AMOVA analysis showed that significant variance did exist among Northeast China, Huang-Huai-Hai Valleys and Southern China subpopulations. UPGMA cluster analysis indicated very significant association between the geographic grouping and genetic clustering, which demonstrated the geographic differentiation of the wild population had its relevant genetic bases. In comparison with the other two subpopulations, the Southern China subpopulation showed the highest allelic richness, diversity index and largest number of specific-present alleles, which suggests Southern China should be the major center of diversity for annual wild soybean. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

湖南新田野生大豆自然居群遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术对8个来自湖南新田的野生大豆自然居群遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)所分析的材料中73对SSR引物共检测到397个等位变异,等位变异数范围为2～10个,平均为5.4个;期望杂合度(He)的变化范围从0.16～0.82,平均为0.64.(2)分子方差分析发现,居群间存在着严重的遗传分化,群体69%的变异存在于居群间,31%的遗传变异存在于居群内.(3)新田的8个居群中桑梓路边(SZLB)和桑梓(SZ)两个居群的遗传多样性比其他群体的高,而新田1 km处(XT1)、新田2 km处(XT2)和新田6 km处(XT6)野生大豆居群的遗传多样性较低.(4)根据遗传距离可将8居群分为3类:新田1 km处和新田2 km处为一类;新田6 km处单独为一类;大冠岭上龙秀、龙秀后山、桑梓、桑梓路边和青龙等处为一类.(5)居群遗传距离和地理距离之间存在线性相关,相关系数为0.837(P<0.01);海拔与期望杂合度呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.92(P=0.001).研究结果表明,湖南新田野生大豆具有较高的遗传多样性,但不同居群的遗传多样性差异很大;位于该县高海拔山区大冠岭一带的野生大豆居群是湖南新田地区的一个多样性中心.     

Assessment of genetic diversity of Czech sweet cherry cultivars using microsatellite markers

We analyzed 24 sweet and wild cherry genotypes collected in Czech Republic to determine genetic variation, using previously described 16 SSR primers to adapt a fast, reliable method for preliminary screening and comparison of sweet cherry germplasm collections. All SSRs were polymorphic and they were able all together to distinguish unambiguously the genotypes. These SSR primers generated 70 alleles; the number of alleles per primer ranged from 2 to 7, with a mean of 4.4 putative alleles per primer combination. The primer UDP-98-412 gave the highest number of polymorphic bands (totally 7), while Empa2 and Empa3 gave the lowest number (2). The allele frequency varied from 2.1% to 87.5%. We observed 10% of unique alleles at different loci. The observed heterozygosity value ranged from 0.25 to 0.96 with an average of 0.72 while expected heterozygosity value varied from 0.22 to 0.75 with an average of 0.59. The PIC value ranged from 0.21 to 0.71 with a mean value of 0.523. Cluster analysis separated the investigated cultivars in two groups. High level of genetic diversity obtained in the collection and proved to be sufficiently genetically diverse and therefore these genotypes would be useful to breeders for the development of new cherry cultivars.