米氏球角跳属中国新纪录及一新种(弹尾目,球角跳科)

报道了球角跳科在中国的1新纪录属"米氏球角跳属",并描述了1新种,新种命名为鞍山米氏球角跳Mitchellania anshanensis sp.nov.鞍山米氏球角跳与描述自西伯利亚的M.subhorrida Babenko,1994相似,两者的主要区别在于:新种体长仅0.8mm,腹部第5节背面p1毛之间体表颗粒数量为17～20,触角第4节腹面有20～25个弯曲且顶端膨大的短小感觉毛,爪部生有1内齿,但无侧齿,胸部第2和第3节背面感觉毛短小精巧,腹部第1～3节背面感觉毛与普通刚毛长度相同;M.subhorrida体长达到1.5mm,腹部第5节背面p1毛之间体表颗粒数量为8～10,触角第4节腹面弯曲且顶端膨大的短小感觉毛数量范围为30～35个,爪部生有1内齿和1侧齿,胸部第2节、腹部第1～3节背面感觉毛与普通刚毛长度相同,胸部第3节和腹部第2节背面感觉毛短小粗壮.模式标本保存在中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所.     

云南10种杜鹃属植物的叶片覆被物特征及其系统学意义

采用扫描电子显微镜对云南10种杜鹃属植物叶片毛被与鳞片特征进行了研究,并结合已报道的中国45种杜鹃属植物毛被与鳞片特征进行了聚类分析,探讨叶表皮毛被与鳞片在该属植物中的系统学意义。结果表明:(1)常绿杜鹃亚属的8种植物叶背面具毛被却无鳞片结构,杜鹃花亚属的2种植物叶背面均具鳞片结构。(2)基于叶表面毛被与鳞片特征对55种杜鹃属植物进行聚类分析显示,有鳞片杜鹃与无鳞片杜鹃分别聚为2类,聚类结果与杜鹃属植物在亚属水平上的传统分类基本一致,表明叶表面毛被与鳞片特征在杜鹃属植物各亚属的分类中具有较好的参考价值。(3)从亚组水平看,55种杜鹃属植物的聚类结果对云锦杜鹃亚组、有鳞大花亚组、露珠杜鹃亚组具有较好的分类学界定,但在三花杜鹃亚组、高山杜鹃亚组、大理杜鹃亚组、大叶杜鹃亚组、树形杜鹃亚组存在明显的交叉现象,表明叶表皮覆被物特征不足以作为这些亚组在分类处理上的关键性状。(4)该研究聚类结果表明,糙叶杜鹃与其他有鳞杜鹃之间亲缘关系较近,支持糙叶杜鹃归并到杜鹃花亚属。     

中国野生葡萄mybA转录因子SNP特征分析

本研究以中国野生葡萄14个种为材料,对控制花色苷合成的mybA转录因子进行克隆和序列分析,获得VvmybA1和VlmybA2两个转录因子的全长基因序列,共检测到121个SNP,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。3种中性检测方法比较序列变异模式,结果表明,中国野生种葡萄VvmybA1和VlmybA2基因没有偏离中性模型,反映出基因漂移和选择性中性突变之间的平衡。不同野生种材料的mybA 基因结构存在很高的同源相似性。但是在启动子区、内含子区以及第三个外显子区存在不同程度碱基的缺失、插入和替换,而且野生种葡萄mybA基因存在一些特有序列或突变,这些突变可以作为分子标记区分不同的野生种材料。通过基因结构比对和系统进化树分析,可将野生种葡萄细分为5个类群。初步推测桦叶葡萄和变叶葡萄进化地位较为原始。     

铁线莲属铁线莲组修订

(1)对毛莨科铁线莲属Clematis的铁线莲组sect.Viticella进行了分类学修订,确定此组包含13种,1亚种和2变种(包括2新种和1新变种等级),写出此组的分类学简史和地理分布;将此组划分为3亚组,4系,写出区分组下各级分类群的检索表,以及各种植物的形态描述,地理分布,生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。(2)特产我国东部的单型毛萼铁线莲亚组subsect.Hancockianae(花具4枚平展,不展宽的萼片,雄蕊无毛)被认为此组的原始群。铁线莲亚组subsect.Floridae(花具5-8枚平展,强烈展宽的萼片,雄蕊无毛,花粉具散孔)和湖州铁线莲亚组subsect.Viticellae(花具4枚渐升,多少展宽的萼片,雄蕊花丝常被缘毛,花粉具3沟)可能均由毛萼铁线莲亚组衍生而出。(3)在我国东部集中分布此组的3亚组,3系的8种,1亚种和1变种,这里是此组的分布中心,也可能是此组的起源中心。     

基于RAPD标记的薄荷属(Mentha L.)植物亲缘关系分析

应用RAPD标记方法分析了薄荷属(Mentha L. )7个种38个种源间的遗传多样性,并采用UPGMA聚类分析方法探讨了38个种源间的亲缘关系.结果表明,用20条随机引物从38个种源的总DNA中共扩增出111条带,其中多态性条带91条,多态性条带百分率达81.98%,表明薄荷属植物种间和种内存在丰富的遗传多样性.聚类分析结果表明,在遗传相似系数0.43 处,供试的38个种源被分为2大类,其中第1大类包含日本薄荷(M. arvensis L. )、灰薄荷(M. vagans Boriss. )、留兰香(M. spicata L. )、皱叶留兰香(M. crispata Schrad. ex Willd. )、椒样薄荷(M.×piperita L. )和薄荷(M. haplocalyx Briq. )的37个种源,第2大类仅包含唇萼薄荷(M. pulegium L. )1个种源.在遗传相似系数0.74处,38个种源被分为6组:A组仅包含日本薄荷1个种源;B组包含灰薄荷的4个种源;C组包含留兰香的2个种源和皱叶留兰香的6个种源;D组包含椒样薄荷的5个种源和留兰香的2个种源;E组包含薄荷的17个种源;F组仅包含唇萼薄荷1个种源.在遗传相似系数0.83处,B组、C组、D组和E组可各自进一步划分为不同的亚组.研究结果显示,基于RAPD标记分析的聚类分析结果与传统形态学分类结果基本相吻合;同一种类来源相同或相近的种源聚在一起,说明薄荷属植物种内的遗传关系与地理分布和环境差异有一定的相关性.     

中国西北地区维特疣(虫兆)属一新种(弹尾纲,疣(虫兆)科)

描述了采自中国西北地区的维特疣属Vitronura1新种——陕西维特疣,模式标本保存在中国科学院上海生命科学研究院。新种与属内其它种的区别在于上颚具有7齿,上唇有4根毛,头部背面毛的数量明显少于其它种类,An疣上有2根毛,胸部第2～3节的Di疣上分别有3根毛,腹部第1～4节De疣上分别有3根普通毛和1根感觉毛,腹部第5节的Di疣互相分离。文中同时还编制了该属中国种类检索表。     

中国毛莨科植物小志(十二)

本文描述了翠雀属1新种、1新变种,铁线莲属1新变种,毛莨属2新种、1新变种,补充描述了《中国植物志》28卷毛莨科中遗漏的台湾铁线莲属3种和四川毛莨属2种,讨论了台湾铁线莲数种植物模式观察情况,还补充了白花菟葵的地下茎、果实和种子的形态描述。     

铁线莲属大叶铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科Ranunculaceae铁线莲属Clematis的大叶铁线莲组sect. Tubulosae进行了修订, 确定此组含9种2变种和3变型, 对此组的分类简史和地理分布做了介绍, 研究了此属大多数种的花粉形态, 写出此组组下分类群的形态特征、地理分布等, 并附有全部种的插图。此组9种被划分为2亚组, 其中原始群羽叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Pinnatae(有2种, 1种分布于中国河北和东北, 另1种产日本)在木质藤本习性、花构造、花粉形态(具3沟)等方面与威灵仙组sect. Clematis颇为近似, 区别主要在于萼片在开放初期近直立, 以后平展, 雄蕊花丝被毛, 此亚组可能源于威灵仙组。进化群大叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Tubulosae(有7种, 分布于我国东部、北部和台湾, 朝鲜和日本)为直立多年生草本、小亚灌木或小灌木, 花通常杂性, 萼片直立(花萼呈筒状, 稀呈坛状), 顶端或上部反曲, 雄蕊常有毛, 花粉通常具散孔, 只在1种(原始种大叶铁线莲C. heracleifolia)具3沟, 此亚组可能由羽叶铁线莲亚组演化而来。     

杜鹃属的系统发育与进化

本文以形态学为基础,结合一些新的有关资料,如解剖学、细胞学、化学等方面的证据讨论了杜鹃属的系统发育与进化问题,认为常绿杜鹃亚属在本属系统发育中处于原始地位,其中的云锦杜鹃亚组、耳叶杜鹃亚组、大叶杜鹃亚组和杯毛杜鹃亚组等4个亚组是原始类群,也即是其祖先的直接后裔。本属的原始祖先是具常绿习性,各部无毛（也无鳞片）,花部不定数,具复合三叶隙构造的乔木,即类似现存原始类群的植物,它们生长于白垩纪至早第三纪古北大陆南缘,大约在我国西南部的热带山区森林环境中。随着地史的变迁,杜鹃属在漫长的进化过程中平行进化和发展为两个进化枝,一枝分化成各部被鳞片的热带附生类群或高山类群（包括4个亚属）,另一枝演变为多少被毛的温带林下的半常绿至落叶类群（3个亚属）,有鳞的髯花杜鹃组及落叶的日本马银组和落叶杜鹃组是两个进化枝演化上的高级类群。     

杜鹃属的系统发育与进化

本文以形态学为基础,结合一些新的有关资料,如解剖学、细胞学、化学等方面的证据讨论了杜鹃属的系统发育与进化问题,认为常绿杜鹃亚属在本属系统发育中处于原始地位,其中的云锦杜鹃亚组、耳叶杜鹃亚组、大叶杜鹃亚组和杯毛杜鹃亚组等4个亚组是原始类群,也即是其祖先的直接后裔。本属的原始祖先是具常绿习性,各部无毛(也无鳞片),花部不定数,具复合三叶隙构造的乔木,即类似现存原始类群的植物,它们生长于白垩纪至早第三纪古北大陆南缘,大约在我国西南部的热带山区森林环境中。随着地史的变迁,杜鹃属在漫长的进化过程中平行进化和发展为两个进化枝,一枝分化成各部被鳞片的热带附生类群或高山类群(包括4个亚属),另一枝演变为多少被毛的温带林下的半常绿至落叶类群(3个亚属),有鳞的髯花杜鹃组及落叶的日本马银组和落叶杜鹃组是两个进化枝演化上的高级类群。     

Studies on the intestine section to be sampled in broiler studies on precaecal amino acid digestibility

Measurements of precaecal amino acid digestibility with digesta sampled from slaughtered animals may be affected by the chosen length of the sampled section. The length needs standardization, therefore, when digestibility is understood to be a measure of feedstuff potential. It was our objective to study the change in the net disappearance of amino acids from the lower small intestine of broiler chicken. The section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior of the ileo-caeco-colonic junction was cut into three subsections of equal length: proximal, medial, and terminal. The contents of each subsection were pooled within the birds of each pen (12 in Experiment 1 and 10 in Experiment 2). TiO2 was used as an indigestible marker. Prior to digesta sampling, broilers had been fed the experimental diets for seven days. In Experiment 1, two diets with either soybean meal or a mix of soybean meal and peas as the main protein sources were used. Each diet was allocated to eight pens and feeding commenced on day 14 of age. Net disappearance was significantly affected by diet only in regard to aspartic acid and methionine. No significant interaction between diet and subsection occurred. Net disappearance was significantly affected by subsection for all amino acids. It ranged from 74-92% for individual amino acids without significant differences in the medial and terminal subsections. Net disappearance was, however, between 3% and 9% lower in the proximal subsection. In Experiment 2, diets contained soybean meal as the main protein source and were given to 18 pens from day 22 of age. Again, the effect of subsection on net disappearance was significant for all amino acids. Net disappearance was significantly lower in the proximal than in the middle subsection, and differences ranged from 5-10%. Significant differences in the net disappearance were also found for most of the amino acids between the middle and the terminal subsection ranging from 2-4%. In conclusion, when precaecal amino acid digestibility should be used as a measure for a protein source's potential, digesta sampling should not consider the proximal third of the section between Meckel's diverticulum and the end of the ileum.     

A Basic Peroxidase Isoenzyme, Marker of Resistance Against Plasmopara viticola in Grapevines, is Induced by an Elicitor from Trichoderma viride in Susceptible Grapevines

The constitutive expression of basic peroxidase isoenzymes in the Plasmopara viticola -resistant ( Vitis vinifera × Vitis rupestris) × Vitis riparia crossing and in the P. viticola -susceptible V. vinifera parent species was studied. The results illustrate that both leaves and stems of the ( V. vinifera × V. rupestris) × V. riparia crossing showed the differential expression of a basic peroxidase isoenzyme B₃ (pl = 8.9), this being almost completely absent from the P. viticola -susceptible V. vinifera parent species. To test whether the basic peroxidase isoenzyme B₃ may be considered as a molecular marker of disease resistance in Vitis spp., suspension cell cultures derived from the P. viticola -susceptible V. vinifera parent species were treated with an elicitor (cellulase Onoztika R-10) from the soil fungus Trichoderma viride , a specific and well-known elicitor of disease resistance reactions in grapevines. The results showed that treatment with the elicitor induces, simultaneously with the activation of the disease resistance mechanism, the appearance of B₃ in the cell cultures. These results suggest that the basic peroxidase isoenzyme B₃ may be considered as a marker of disease resistance in Vitis species since it is present in the P. viticola -resistant ( V. vinifera × V. rupestris) × V. riparia hybrid and is induced by the elicitor Onozuka R-10 in cell cultures of the P. viticola -susceptible Vitis vinifera parent species. This conclusion is supported by the presence of this isoenzyme in other resistant and its absence in other susceptible Vitis spp.     

Chloroplast phylogenomics of the New World grape species (Vitis,Vitaceae)

Vitis L. (the grape genus) is the economically most important fruit crop, as the source of grapes and wine. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus have been highly controversial. Herein, we employ sequence data from whole plastomes to attempt to enhance Vitis phylogenetic resolution. The results support the New World Vitis subgenus Vitis as monophyletic. Within the clade, V. californica is sister to the remaining New World Vitis subgenus Vitis. Furthermore, within subgenus Vitis, a Eurasian clade is robustly supported and is sister to the New World clade. The clade of Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera and V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris is sister to the core Asian clade of Vitis. Several widespread species in North America are found to be non‐monophyletic in the plastome tree, for example, the broadly defined Vitis cinerea and V. aestivalis each needs to be split into several species. The non‐monophyly of some species may also be due to common occurrences of hybridizations in North American Vitis. The classification of North American Vitis by Munson into nine series is discussed based on the phylogenetic results. Analyses of divergence times and lineage diversification support a rapid radiation of Vitis in North America beginning in the Neogene.     

葡萄初级核心种质资源MybA基因型分析

探究MybA类基因在不同类型葡萄品种中的分布,可为葡萄品种鉴定,以及有色葡萄育种的亲本选择提供依据。本研究以欧亚种、欧美杂种、法美杂种、山欧杂种以及美洲种在内的118个葡萄初级核心种质为材料,对其MybA基因型进行分析。结果表明:欧亚种及其杂种普遍具有VvmybA1基因的等位基因VvmybA1a,仅10个欧亚种及其杂种品种中没有检测到VvmybA1a基因;欧亚种、欧美杂种以及法美杂种中普遍同时具有VvmybA1、VvmybA2和VvmybA3基因,仅少数品种未检测到VvmybA2或VvmybA3基因;山欧杂种中北玫、公酿1号和熊岳白葡萄同时具有VvmybA1、VvmybA2和VvmybA3基因,北醇和北红中仅检测到VvmybA1和VvmybA3基因;仅在具有美洲种血缘的葡萄品种中检测到VlmybA2基因,而5个认为是美洲种的品种未检测到VlmybA2基因,且检测到了欧亚种特有的VvmybA1a等位基因,推测它们为含美洲种血缘较多的欧美杂种,而非纯美洲种。     

Studies on the intestine section to be sampled in broiler studies on precaecal amino acid digestibility

Abstract

Measurements of precaecal amino acid digestibility with digesta sampled from slaughtered animals may be affected by the chosen length of the sampled section. The length needs standardization, therefore, when digestibility is understood to be a measure of feedstuff potential. It was our objective to study the change in the net disappearance of amino acids from the lower small intestine of broiler chicken. The section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior of the ileo-caeco-colonic junction was cut into three subsections of equal length: proximal, medial, and terminal. The contents of each subsection were pooled within the birds of each pen (12 in Experiment 1 and 10 in Experiment 2). TiO₂ was used as an indigestible marker. Prior to digesta sampling, broilers had been fed the experimental diets for seven days. In Experiment 1, two diets with either soybean meal or a mix of soybean meal and peas as the main protein sources were used. Each diet was allocated to eight pens and feeding commenced on day 14 of age. Net disappearance was significantly affected by diet only in regard to aspartic acid and methionine. No significant interaction between diet and subsection occurred. Net disappearance was significantly affected by subsection for all amino acids. It ranged from 74 – 92% for individual amino acids without significant differences in the medial and terminal subsections. Net disappearance was, however, between 3% and 9% lower in the proximal subsection. In Experiment 2, diets contained soybean meal as the main protein source and were given to 18 pens from day 22 of age. Again, the effect of subsection on net disappearance was significant for all amino acids. Net disappearance was significantly lower in the proximal than in the middle subsection, and differences ranged from 5 – 10%. Significant differences in the net disappearance were also found for most of the amino acids between the middle and the terminal subsection ranging from 2 – 4%. In conclusion, when precaecal amino acid digestibility should be used as a measure for a protein source's potential, digesta sampling should not consider the proximal third of the section between Meckel's diverticulum and the end of the ileum.     

Investigations of 5S rDNA of Vitis vinifera L.: sequence analysis and physical mapping.

Here we report the first results of a study of 5S rDNA of Vitis vinifera. 5S rDNA sequences from seven genotypes were amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Three types of repeats were found. Two variants, denominated long repeat and short repeat, appeared to be the main components of the 5S rDNA of this species, since they were found in all genotypes analyzed. They differed markedly from each other in both the length and the nucleotide composition of the spacers. The third variant, classified as DEL short repeat, differs from the short repeat owing to a large deletion in the spacer region. It appears to be the most recent repeat type, since it was identified in only one genotype. The organization of the 5S rDNA repeat unit variants was investigated by amplifying the genomic DNA with primers designed on the sequence of the long and short spacers. The PCR-amplified fragments showed that the long repeat is associated with the other two repeats, indicating that in V. vinifera different repeat units coexist within the same tandem array. FISH analysis demonstrated that 5S rRNA genes are localized at a single locus. The variability of 5S rDNA repeats is discussed in relation to the putative allopolyploid origin of V. vinifera.     

葡萄属植物叶片显微和超微结构观察

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜,对葡萄属(Vitis L.)15种、1亚种和4栽培品种植物的叶片显微和超微结构进行了观察研究。结果显示:(1)东亚种群中桦叶葡萄的叶片总厚度和各组织厚度最大;北美种群的河岸葡萄和沙地葡葡叶片总厚度、上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和下表皮厚度较大,但叶片组织紧密度最小。(2)各种类间栅栏组织中叶绿体数目均多于海绵组织,且刺葡萄、桦叶葡萄、葛藟葡萄和秋葡萄叶肉细胞中叶绿体数目最多,北红、蘡薁、网脉葡萄和菱叶葡萄叶片中叶绿体数目最少,巨峰和桦叶葡萄叶绿体中含有大量的淀粉粒,桦叶葡萄、网脉葡萄、秋葡萄、葛藟葡萄、刺葡萄和华东葡萄含有较多的嗜锇颗粒。研究表明,中国野生葡萄的许多种类在叶片组织紧密度、叶绿体数量、淀粉粒数量、嗜锇颗粒数量方面均高于北美种群的河岸葡萄和沙地葡萄,具有更高的结构抗性基础。     

Comparison of a retrotransposon-based marker with microsatellite markers for discriminating accessions of Vitis vinifera

Identification and knowledge concerning genetic diversity are fundamental for efficient management and use of grapevine germplasm. Recently, new types of molecular markers have been developed, such as retrotransposon-based markers. Because of their multilocus pattern, retrotransposon-based markers might be able to differentiate grapevine accessions with just one pair of primers. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this type of marker, we compared retrotransposon marker Tvv1 with seven microsatellite markers frequently used for genotyping of the genus Vitis (VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD5, VVMD27, VVMD31, VVS2, and VZAG62). The reference population that we used consisted of 26 accessions of Vitis, including seven European varieties of Vitis vinifera, four North American varieties and hybrids of Vitis labrusca, and 15 rootstock hybrids obtained from crosses of several Vitis species. Individually, the Tvv1 and the group of seven SSR markers were capable of distinguishing all accessions except 'White Niagara' compared to 'Red Niagara'. Using the Structure software, the retrotransposon marker Tvv1 generated two clusters: one with V. vinifera plus North American varieties and the other comprising rootstocks. The seven SSR markers generated five clusters: V. vinifera, the North American varieties, and three groups of rootstock hybrids. The percentages of variation explained by the first two components in the principal coordinate analysis were 65.21 (Tvv1) and 50.42 (SSR markers) while the Mantel correlation between the distance matrixes generated by the two types of markers was 42.5%. We conclude that the Tvv1 marker is useful for DNA fingerprinting, but it lacks efficiency for discrimination of structured groups.     

Genetic Diversity in Wild Grapes Native to China Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis

The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty-two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower-type clones in one species.