A Study on the Triglyceride Composition in Apricot Kernel Oil,Peach Kernel Oil and Plum Kernel Oil

The triglyceride composition of kernel oils from apricot, peach and plum was separated and analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that their oils predominantly contained OOO and OLO among 11 triglycerides.     

The Effect of Temperature on Growth, Oil Yield and Oil Quality of Japanese Mint

Field studies of factors affecting yield and composition ofJapanese mint oil are confounded by interacting environmentalagencies. The effect of temperature, separated from other influences,was examined on Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascensHolmes) in the naturally lit controlled environment Phytotron,Canberra, Australia. The So Wo I variety of Japanese mint wasgrown under 12 treatments consisting of four day and three nighttemperatures. Maximum leaf, stem and root dry matter was producedunder 30 °C day temperatures, regardless of night temperature,but maximum stolon growth occurred at 20 °C temperatures.Generally, oil yield could be estimated by determining dry matterof above ground parts, but number of oil glands on the leavesdid not provide a reliable indication of oil yield. Differenttemperature treatments did not appear to affect greatly thepercentage of menthol, an important component of the oil. Underfield conditions, maximum yield of Japanese mint oil has beenfound to occur during flowering. This close relationship betweenoil yield and flowering did not occur under extremes of temperature.Although 30 °C was found to be the optimum day temperaturefor oil yield in this experiment where only one harvest wasmade, it is possible that where multiple harvests are conducted,a lower optimum temperature might be found, since the highertemperature was detrimental to dry matter reserves in the stolons. Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Holmes, Japanese mint, temperature, controlled environment, menthol, methone, essential oil, flowering     

Thermal Behavior, Microstructure, Polymorphism, and Crystallization Properties of Zero Trans Fats from Soybean Oil and Fully Hydrogenated Soybean Oil

Blends of soybean oil (SO) and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO), with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% (w/w) FHSBO content were interesterified under the following conditions: 20 min reaction time, 0.4% sodium methoxide catalyst, and 500 rpm stirring speed, at 100 °C. The original and interesterified blends were examined for triacylglycerol composition, thermal behavior, microstructure, crystallization kinetics, and polymorphism. Interesterification produced substantial rearrangement of the triacylglycerol species in all the blends, reduction of trisaturated triacylglycerol content and increase in monounsaturated–disaturated and diunsaturated–monosaturated triacylglycerols. Evaluation of thermal behavior parameters showed linear relations with FHSBO content in the original blends. Blend melting and crystallization thermograms were significantly modified by the randomization. Interesterification caused significant reductions in maximum crystal diameter in all blends, in addition to modifying crystal morphology. Characterization of crystallization kinetics revealed that crystal formation induction period (τ _SFC) and maximum solid fat content (SFC_máx) were altered according to FHSBO content in the original blends and as a result of the random rearrangement. Changes in Avrami constant (k) and exponent (n) indicated, respectively, that—as compared with the original blends—interesterification decreased crystallization velocities and modified crystallization processes, altering crystalline morphology and nucleation mechanism. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that interesterification altered crystalline polymorphism. The interesterified blends showed a predominance of the β′ polymorph, which is of more interest for food applications.     

Effects of No. 2 Fuel Oil, Nigerian Crude Oil, and Used Crankcase Oil on Attached Algal Communities: Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Water-Soluble Constituents

Water extracts of a no. 2 fuel oil, a Nigerian crude oil, and used crankcase oil were examined for their effects on algal communities in experiments lasting several weeks conducted under near-natural conditions. No. 2 fuel oil extracts depressed algal biomass (chlorophyll a) and resulted in blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) dominance and decreased diatom occurrence. Changes in concentrations of chlorophyll c, which was specific for diatoms in this work, and phycocyanin, which was specific for blue-green algae, confirmed the observations. Used crankcase oil extracts also depressed biomass, but Nigerian crude extracts did not, and both these extracts had less effect on community composition than did no. 2 fuel oil extracts. Photosynthetic ¹⁴C incorporation was both stimulated and depressed by exposure to extracts with hydrocarbon concentrations 0.038 to 0.124 mg/liter. Short-term exposure to higher concentrations (1.17 to 15.30 mg of hydrocarbons per liter) of no. 2 fuel oil extracts depressed photosynthetic ¹⁴C incorporation by Vaucheria-dominated communities in all tests but one. Toxicity was greater from extracts prepared in the light than from extracts prepared in the dark.     

Microbiology of the Oil Fly, Helaeomyia petrolei

Helaeomyia petrolei larvae isolated from the asphalt seeps of Rancho La Brea in Los Angeles, Calif., were examined for microbial gut contents. Standard counts on Luria-Bertani, MacConkey, and blood agar plates indicated ca. 2 × 10⁵ heterotrophic bacteria per larva. The culturable bacteria represented 15 to 20% of the total population as determined by acridine orange staining. The gut itself contained large amounts of the oil, had no observable ceca, and maintained a slightly acidic pH of 6.3 to 6.5. Despite the ingestion of large amounts of potentially toxic asphalt by the larvae, their guts sustained the growth of 100 to 1,000 times more bacteria than did free oil. All of the bacteria isolated were nonsporeformers and gram negative. Fourteen isolates were chosen based on representative colony morphologies and were identified by using the Enterotube II and API 20E systems and fatty acid analysis. Of the 14 isolates, 9 were identified as Providencia rettgeri and 3 were likely Acinetobacter isolates. No evidence was found that the isolates grew on or derived nutrients from the asphalt itself or that they played an essential role in insect development. Regardless, any bacteria found in the oil fly larval gut are likely to exhibit pronounced solvent tolerance and may be a future source of industrially useful, solvent-tolerant enzymes.     

木本油料树木--翅果油树

本文对我国独有油料树木翅果油树进行了介绍分析,以期有利于该树种的开发利用.     

The Effects of Solar Radiation on Plant Growth, Oil Yield and Oil Quality of Japanese Mint

Plants of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. subsp. haplocalyxBriquet var. piperascens Holmes) were grown under 100, 64, 49and 28% conditions of prevailing radiation for 10 weeks, withharvests at 4, 6.8 and 10 weeks. Measurements were made on plantgrowth, yields of essential oil and chemical composition ofoil. The greatest morphological responses to increased shading intensitywere increases in stem length and leaf area. Little responseto shading was shown by mean relative growth rate (RGR) or meannet assimilation rate (NAR) while that of mean leaf area ratio(LAR) was marked. No significant differences in oil yield werefound among different treatments at the final harvest nor werethere great differences in amounts of menthol and menthone,two important constituents of Japanese mint oil. The experiments indicate that, within the experimental limitsimposed, Japanese mint tends to compensate in growth and oilproduction for shading effects. This work may also explain thedifferent and sometimes contradictory results reported in theliterature on the effects of shading on mint oil production     

广东帽峰山油脂植物资源调查

广东帽峰山共有油脂植物40科71种。各种油脂植物分布、数量相差甚大,有着广阔的引种、开发前景。本文对帽峰山油脂植物资源的保护、发展和综合利用提出建议。     

Remediation of Gulf War Oil Spill Contaminated Soil by a Subcritical Water Extraction Process: Oil Removal,Recovery, and Degradation

Due to the unique properties of subcritical water (marked change in water's dielectric constant and viscosity), the extraction by subcritical water offers a great opportunity to remediate soil contaminated with organic pollutants as an alternative and green remediation method. In this study, subcritical water extraction is proposed as an efficient remediation technique for the Gulf War oil spill contaminated soil. The subcritical water extraction experiment was carried out in a lab-scale continuous flow apparatus. The three major operating factors, temperature, time and water flow rate, were evaluated in terms of optimum removal efficiency. The results show that crude oil removal depended largely on water temperature, whereas an extraction run time higher than 1 h and a water flow rate higher than 1.5 mL/min marginally or negatively affected removal efficiency. During subcritical water treatment at 300°C for 1 h at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, removal efficiency was almost 95%. Under these operating conditions, the subcritical water treatment demonstrated a similar removal efficiency to those of organic solvents like acetone. In contrast, the efficiency of oil recovery decreased with an increase in extraction temperature, due to degradation by a water self-oxidizing agent. Several degradation products identified in the treated soil and in the effluent sample (which initially were absent in the contaminated soil) were oxygen-containing aromatic compounds, confirming the oxidation-degradation.     

Lipids,Proteins, and Structure of Seed Oil Bodies from Diverse Species

Oil bodies isolated from the mature seeds of rape (Brassica napus L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), flax (Linus usitatis simum), maize (Zea mays L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) had average diameters that were different but within a narrow range (0.6-2.0 [mu]m), as measured from electron micrographs of serial sections. Their contents of triacylglycerols (TAG), phospholipids, and proteins (oleosins) were correlated with their sizes. The correlation fits a formula that describes a spherical particle surrounded by a shell of a monolayer of phospholipids embedded with oleosins. Oil bodies from the various species contained substantial amounts of the uncommon negatively charged phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, as well as small amounts of free fatty acids. These acidic lipids are assumed to interact with the basic amino acid residues of the oleosins on the surface of the phospholipid layer. Isoelectrofocusing revealed that the oil bodies from the various species had an isoelectric point of 5.7 to 6.6 and thus possessed a negatively charged surface at neutral pH. We conclude that seed oil bodies from diverse species are very similar in structure. In rapeseed during maturation, TAG and oleosins accumulated concomitantly. TAG-synthesizing acyltransferase activities appeared at an earlier stage and peaked during the active period of TAG accumulation. The concomitant accumulation of TAG and oleosins is similar to that reported earlier for maize and soybean, and the finding has an implication for the mode of oil body synthesis during seed maturation.     

Spores and Pollen from Crude Oil of Kashi Depression,Xinjiang

Forty-six species of fossil spores and pollen referred to 30 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Kashi Depression of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang were recorded . Based on the investigations of the palynomorphs in crude oil. the petroleum source of the petroliferous region was traced and the petroleum migration mechanism is discussed. The fossil spores and pollen found from crude oil of the Neogene reservoir of the Kelatuo Oilfield of the Kashi Depression comprised mainly Deltoidospora lineata, Cyathidites australis, C. minor, Gleicheniidites rousei, Dictyophyllidites harrisii, Cibothtmspora paradoxa, Todisporites major, Granulatisporites minor, Leptolepidites major, Klukisporites variegatus, Murospora jurassica, M. minor, Paleoconiferus asaccatus, Vi!reisporites jurassicus, V. shouldicei, V. jansonii, Alisporites thomasii, A. lowoodensis, Podocarpidites florinii, P. langii, P. multicinus, P. multesimus. Quadraeculina limbata, Protopinus scanicus. Protopicea exiliolides, Piceites expositus. P. latens, Pinuspollenites labdacus. Piceaepollenites alatus, Cedripites minor, Chasmatosporites major, C. elegans, C. canadensis, Cycadopites nitidus, C. typicus, Ephedripites tertiarius, CerebropoUenites carlylensis, Classopollis classoides, C. annulatus, Caryapollenites simplex, Chenopodipollis multiplex, Artemisiaepollenes sellularis, etc. According to the characteristics of the petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage, the Lower Jurassic Kangsu Formation and the Middle Jurassic Yangye and Taerga Formations should be the petroleum source rock series of the Kashi Depression. Judging from the palynomorphs of the source rocks found in crude oil. It might be concluded that the fossil spores and pollen together with oil beads must have been expelled from the source rocks along microfissure avenuses during the primary migration along fissures, joints faults, and unconformity planes during the secondary migration.     

Spores and Pollens from Crude Oil of Turpan Basin,Xinjiang

Sixty-eight species of fossil spores and pollens referred to 39 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang are recorded in this paper. Based on the investigations of fossil spores and pollens in petroleum, the questions on petroleum migration and source rocks are discussed. It is expounded and proved theoretically and practically that the phenomenon that the crude oil samples usually contain the fossil spores and pollen grains with different geological ages from reservoir rocks should result from petroleum migration, but not from resedimentation. The fossil spores and pollens in crude oil of the Middle Jurassic reservoir of the Qiktim Oil-Field of the Turpan Basin comprise mainly Leiotriletes pflugi, Deltoidospora gradata, D. magna, Cyathidites australir, C. minor, Biretisporites cf. potoniaei, Dictyophyllidites harrisii. Cibotiumspora paradoxa, C. jurienensis, Gleicheniidites rousei, G. conflexus, Undulatisporites concavus, U. pflugii, Granulatisporites arenaster, G. minor, Todisporites minor, Osmundacidites wellmanii, dpiculatisporis variabilis, Leptolepidites major, Aratrisporites scabratus Cycadopites nitidus, C. typicus, C. subgranulosus, Chasmatosporites elegans, Classopollis classoides, C. itunen- sis, C. annulatus, C. qiyangensis, Callialarporites dampieri, C. radius, lnaperturopollenites det- tmannii, Protoconiferus funarius, Paleoconiferus asaccatus, CaytonipoUenites pallidus, Vitreis- porites jurassicus, V. jansonii, Pseudowalchia ovalis, P. landesii, P. biangulina, Podocarpidites unicus, P. major, P. multicinus, P. multesimus, P. rousei, P. wapellaensis, Platysaccus lopsinensis, Ovalipollis enigmatica, O. minor, O. canadensis, Pteruchipollenites thomasii, Alisporites grandis, A. bilateralis, Pityosporites similis, P. divulgatus, Piceites expos us, P. podocarpoides, P. latens, Protopicea exilioides, Pseudopicea variabitifornus, Piceaepollenites complanatiformus, Abietineaepollenites dunrobinensis, A. microalatus, A. minimus, Cedripites minor, Eucommiidites troedssonii, etc. Some of the species are also found from the crude oil sampls taken from the Middle Jurassic reservoir of the Shengjinkou Oil-Field of the Turpan Basin. The above mentioned species of spores and pollens are widely distributed in the Lower to Middle Jurassic sediments of North America, Europe, Australia and China. They have also been found from the Lower to Middle Jurassic sediments of the Turpan Basin. Judging from the spores and pollen in petroleum, it may be concluded that the Lower Jurassic Badaowan-Sangonhe Formation and the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao-Toudenhe Formation should contain the favorable petroleum source rocks in the basin. As to petroleum migration mechanism, it is considered that petroleum must have migrated for comparatively short distances to accumulate into petroleum pools in this region.     

加快微生物油脂研究为生物柴油产业提供廉价原料

当前国内外致力于发展生物柴油,因其性能优良,成为化石柴油的替代品。由于以植物油脂生产生物柴油原料成本占总成本的70％-85％,所以亟待开发廉价油脂资源。微生物油脂主要是微生物利用碳水化合物合成的甘油脂,其脂肪酸组成和植物油相近。产油微生物具有资源丰富、油脂含量高、碳源利用谱广等特点,开发潜力大。然而,目前微生物油脂生产成本偏高,研究工作仍以富含多不饱和脂肪酸的高附加值菌油为目标。随着现代分子生物学和生物化工技术的发展,对产油微生物菌种筛选、改良、代谢调控和发酵工程的研究日趋深入,将降低微生物油脂生产成本,为未来生物柴油产业提供廉价原料。     

Tocopherol,Carotene, Phenolic Contents and Antibacterial Properties of Rose Essential Oil,Hydrosol and Absolute

The antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and total phenolic contents of Rosa damascena Mill. flower extracts (absolute, essential oil and hydrosol) were investigated. The chemical compositions of these extracts were analysed by GC-MS. Phenylethyl alcohol (78.38%) was found to be the main constituent of rose absolute, while citrenellol and geraniol were the major compounds (>55%) of rose essential oil and hydrosol. Tocopherol and carotene levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The levels of beta carotene (422.3±35.6 ppm), alpha tocopherol (2397.1±72.5 ppm) and gamma tocopherol (343.1±28.4 ppm) of rose absolute were found to be higher than that of essential oil and hydrosol. Their total phenolic contents were also evaluated. The total phenolic content of the tested extracts varied from 5.2 to 2134.3 GAE/mg L⁻¹. Rose absolute and essential oil contained high levels of phenolics and demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472) and Erwinia carotovora (ATCC 39048) strains.