植物抗病基因工程的研究进展及前景展望

近年来,随着植物抗病基因(尤其是抗病毒基因)的分离,植物抗病机制的分子生物学和植物抗病基因工程的研究轰轰烈烈地展开并取得重大突破。本文针对植物抗病基因工程的原理、抗病基因、转化方法等方面的进展进行了综述,并对抗病基因工程的应用前景做了展望。     

作物抗病基因工程研究进展

控制植物病害的关键,取决于对植物与病原菌相互作用的分子机理的了解。将抗病基因、信号传导／调控基因、抗菌蛋白基因等导入拟改良的作物、选育抗病新品系,是当前作物抗病基因工程研究的主要策略。本文介绍利用植物抗病反应中系列重要基因进行作物抗病基因工程的研究进展,讨论了目前作物抗病基因工程中存在的问题及其解决的方法。     

林木抗病基因工程研究进展

植物抗病性是当前植物病理学中研究的热点和难点之一。着重讨论植物抗病机制、抗病基因的转化方法及其在林木抗病基因工程中的应用情况,并对现阶段林木抗病基因工程中存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

林木抗病基因工程研究进展(综述)

林木抗病基因工程研究的关键是建立高效的遗传转化体系和选择优良的抗病目的基因。本文就近年来林木抗病基因工程中有关遗传转化体系的建立及抗病目的基因的应用进行简要综述。     

植物抗病基因克隆与功能研究进展

植物抗病基因（R基因）是分子植物病理学和植物基因工程研究的热点之一,R基因的克隆及其在抗病反应中的功能研究为揭示植物抗病机制和有效－控制植物病害奠定了基础,本文介绍了R基因的成功克隆方法和克隆新策略,对R基因编码产物的功能进行了分类分析,并对通过遗传工程途径发展R基因介导的抗病植物新品种进行了展望。     

SGTl在植物抗病反应中的功能研究进展

SGTl是多种植物抗病基因介导的抗病信号途径的必要组件。SGTl基因的突变或沉默会导致多种植物R基因介导抗病性的丧失。另外,SGTl还参与调控植物的非宿主抗性（non-host resistance）。SGTl主要作为分子伴侣或调控泛素化对植物抗病反应进行调控。本文综述了SGTl蛋白结构、SGTl在不同植物抗病反应中的重要性与作用机制,并对SGTl在植物抗病基因工程中的应用潜力进行讨论。     

农作物抗病基因探索的回顾和展望

农作物抗病基因的研究对植物抗病机理和抗病基因工程都是很重要的,在理论上和应用前景上都引人兴趣。在抗病基因尚未分离和证实之前,人们对这方面的看法颇有分歧。如抗病性是由单基因或多基因决定的?它是组成型的或是诱导型的等等。在许多基因被分离并克隆出来的令天,为何农作物抗病基因迟迟未被分离出来,甚至连抗病基因的产物是什么也无所知。本文对这些问题作了简要的评述。     

水稻条纹病毒研究进展

水稻条纹病毒引起的水稻条纹叶枯病在水稻种植区造成巨大的经济损失,有关病毒本身及抗病基因一直是近年研究的热点。根据近年的研究成果,综述在病毒的核酸、蛋白质、抗病基因及应用基因工程控制病害等方面的研究进展,并对利用抗病基因工程策略控制病害的应用前景进行了展望。     

SGT1在植物抗病反应中的功能研究进展

SGT1是多种植物抗病基因介导的抗病信号途径的必要组件.SGT1基因的突变或沉默会导致多种植物R基因介导抗病性的丧失.另外,SGT1还参与调控植物的非宿主抗性(non-host resistance).SGT1主要作为分子伴侣或调控泛素化对植物抗病反应进行调控.本文综述了SGT1蛋白结构、SGT1在不同植物抗病反应中的重要性与作用机制,并对SGT1在植物抗病基因工程中的应用潜力进行讨论.     

植物抗病基因克隆研究进展

随着分子生物学及其相关技术的飞速发展,人们对植物与病原微生物相互作用的分子机制了解得越来越透彻。本文对植物过敏性反应和系统获得抗性作了简要概述,并着重讨论了植物抗病基因克隆的进展,涉及到转座子标签技术、定位克隆技术、染色体步行、染色体登陆等方法和策略,归纳了克隆到的植物抗病基因及其产物结构,概述了这些基因产物所共有的特点,并简要介绍了植物抗病基因工程的进展。     

基因捕捉及其在植物基因分离和功能基因组学上的应用

基因捕捉是一种报告基因的随机整合技术。基因捕捉系统已成为分离基因、鉴定基因功能的重要手段。基因捕捉(gene traps)包括增强子捕捉(enhancer trap)、启动子捕捉(promoter trap)和基因捕捉(gene trap),通称为基因捕捉(gcne traps)。在增强子捕捉中,报告基因与一个基本启动子融合,这个启动子不能使报告基因表达,但可被临近的增强子激活。在启动子捕捉和基因捕捉中,报告基因的启动子被去除,融合基因只有以正确的方向插入到转录单元内才能表达。对基因捕捉系统的结构特征、构建方法、应用范围、研究现状和应用前景等作了系统论述,并对有关问题进行了讨论。     

Pinaceae show elevated rates of gene turnover that are robust to incomplete gene annotation

Gene duplications and gene losses are major determinants of genome evolution and phenotypic diversity. The frequency of gene turnover (gene gains and gene losses combined) is known to vary between organisms. Comparative genomic analyses of gene families can highlight such variation; however, estimates of gene turnover may be biased when using highly fragmented genome assemblies resulting in poor gene annotations. Here, we address potential biases introduced by gene annotation errors in estimates of gene turnover frequencies in a dataset including both well‐annotated angiosperm genomes and the incomplete gene sets of four Pinaceae, including two pine species, Norway spruce and Douglas‐fir. We show that Pinaceae experienced higher gene turnover rates than angiosperm lineages lacking recent whole‐genome duplications. This finding is robust to both known major issues in Pinaceae gene sets: missing gene models and erroneous annotation of pseudogenes. A separate analysis limited to the four Pinaceae gene sets pointed to an accelerated gene turnover rate in pines compared with Norway spruce and Douglas‐fir. Our results indicate that gene turnover significantly contributes to genome variation and possibly to speciation in Pinaceae, particularly in pines. Moreover, these findings indicate that reliable estimates of gene turnover frequencies can be discerned in incomplete and potentially inaccurate gene sets. Because gymnosperms are known to exhibit low overall substitution rates compared with angiosperms, our results suggest that the rate of single‐base pair mutations is uncoupled from the rate of large DNA duplications and deletions associated with gene turnover in Pinaceae.     

肿瘤基因治疗的研究进展

肿瘤是严重影响人类身体健康的重大疾病之一,肿瘤的发生发展是一个复杂的涉及到众多基因的过程,肿瘤的基因治疗也已经成为肿瘤治疗的研究热点之一。目前,肿瘤基因治疗的策略主要包括以下几个方面:基因沉默治疗、抑癌基因治疗、免疫基因治疗、自杀基因疗法、抑制肿瘤血管生成基因治疗、肿瘤多药耐药基因治疗、抗端粒酶疗法和多基因联合疗法等。我们简要地对上述策略及相关研究进展进行综述。     

Identifying Gene Interaction Enrichment for Gene Expression Data

Gene set analysis allows the inclusion of knowledge from established gene sets, such as gene pathways, and potentially improves the power of detecting differentially expressed genes. However, conventional methods of gene set analysis focus on gene marginal effects in a gene set, and ignore gene interactions which may contribute to complex human diseases. In this study, we propose a method of gene interaction enrichment analysis, which incorporates knowledge of predefined gene sets (e.g. gene pathways) to identify enriched gene interaction effects on a phenotype of interest. In our proposed method, we also discuss the reduction of irrelevant genes and the extraction of a core set of gene interactions for an identified gene set, which contribute to the statistical variation of a phenotype of interest. The utility of our method is demonstrated through analyses on two publicly available microarray datasets. The results show that our method can identify gene sets that show strong gene interaction enrichments. The enriched gene interactions identified by our method may provide clues to new gene regulation mechanisms related to the studied phenotypes. In summary, our method offers a powerful tool for researchers to exhaustively examine the large numbers of gene interactions associated with complex human diseases, and can be a useful complement to classical gene set analyses which only considers single genes in a gene set.     

基因治疗心肌缺血的载体应用新进展

近年来,随着基因治疗技术的不断进步,为心肌缺血的治疗开辟了一条全新的途径,并取得了一些令人鼓舞的进展。基因治疗主要包括治疗基因、基因转移载体以及基因导入途径三个方面。基因转移载体又在治疗基因和基因表达之间起着桥梁作用,因此,发展安全、高效的基因转移系统是基因治疗的关键之一。目前用于基因治疗心肌缺血基因转移的载体主要有病毒载体和非病毒载体。下面将就不同载体在心肌缺血的基因治疗中的应用进展进行简要的总结。     

转基因植物中外源基因的沉默及应对策略

随着转基因技术在作物育种领域的应用,转基因植物中外源基因表达量低的现象较为普遍。导致外源基因表达量低的主要原因是基因沉默。外源基因沉默可分为转录水平的基因沉默和转录后水平的基因沉默。如何应对基因沉默,提高外源基因的表达量,是转基因技术发展亟待解决的问题。     

利用套叠PCR技术进行基因突变和拼接

利用套叠PCR技术（又称重叠区扩增基因拼接法）对hGM-CSF基因内第28位氨基酸处的糖基化位点进行突变和进行人促性腺激素基因,腺苷酸激酶短肽与胰岛素样生长因子－基因三者之间的拼接,结果表明采用该技术能在体外实行有效的基因重组和定点突变,其成功率为100％,这一技术不需要内切酶消化和连接酶处理,技术操作员简单易行,在基因拼接,基因内部突变方面具有良好的应用价值。     

转基因海带的研究现状

海带是海洋中一种极其重要的经济海藻。转基因技术在海带科研中的应用,将使海带的附加值得到进一步的提高。就海带遗传转化方法,以及转GUS基因、转lacZ基因、转CAT基因、转bar基因等报告基因和转HBsAg基因、转r-PA基因等功能基因海带的研究现状进行了综述。     

The problem of the gene

During the early 20th century the diverse practices of genetics were unified by the concept of the gene. This classical gene was simultaneously a unit of structure, function, mutation, and recombination. Starting in the 1940s, however, the classical gene began to fragment. Today when we speak of a gene for some malady, a regulatory gene, a structural gene, or a gene frequency, it is entirely possible that we are deploying different gene concepts even though we are using the same term. The problem of the gene addresses the fragmentation of the classical gene concept by asking to what extent a comprehensive and unifying gene concept is possible or desirable. Fully comprehensive gene concepts seem untenable today, but, within different disciplinary domains, unifying, but non-comprehensive, gene concepts can be epistemically worthwhile. The problem of the gene persists, however, not because of its epistemic value, but because of its political value. Using both the arguments for newly proposed gene concepts and the historical dispute over the classical gene, I argue that the desirability of gene concepts rests in part on the political ramifications of their deployment and contestation.