宁夏兽类两新纪录——川西缺齿鼩和小纹背鼩鼱

<正>川西缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa hypsibia)(De Winton andStyan,1899)和小纹背鼩鼱(Sorexbedfordiae)(Thomas, 1911)同属于劳亚食虫目(Eulipotyphla)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)。缺齿鼩鼱属(Chodsigoa,Kastschenko, 1907)全世界目前已知10个物种(Wilson and Mittermeier, 2018; Chen et al., 2022)，其中川西缺齿鼩为中国特有，     

我国东北地区发现姬鼩鼱分布

2014年在黑龙江省横道河子地区(44°48′44″N,129°02′04″E,海拔约740 m)采集到1只鼩鼱(标本编号为CH5)。2015年在内蒙古自治区达赉湖地区(48°37′20″N,117°53′17″E,海拔约720 m)采集2只鼩鼱(标本编号为DE7和DE12)。这些新获标本经鉴定为姬鼩鼱(Sorex minutissimus)。《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的标本(080910,090920)经重新鉴定也为姬鼩鼱。利用mt DNA的Cyt b基因全序列构建系统进化树,结果揭示,小鼩鼱聚为一支,姬鼩鼱聚为另一支,新获标本(CH5、DE7、DE12)和待厘定标本(080910、090920)都聚在姬鼩鼱一支,进一步支持形态学鉴定结果。2015年采集的姬鼩鼱为内蒙古自治区新纪录,而《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的小鼩鼱(Sorex minutus)(标本号:080910,090920)更正为辽宁省姬鼩鼱新纪录。     

黑龙江省横道河子地区发现细鼩鼱（食虫目：鼩鼱科）

在整理采自黑龙江省横道河子地区(44°48′44″N,129°02′04″E,海拔740 m)鼩鼱属(Sorex)标本时,1号雌性标本经过形态学和分子生物学鉴定为细鼩鼱(Sorex gracillimus Thomas,1907),其为黑龙江省正式记录。主要特征为颅骨近圆形;吻十分狭长;上颌门齿后尖大于前尖;上颌单尖齿逐一渐小。下颌门齿向前延伸甚长,其上切缘有4个尖齿,3个深缺刻,犬齿小,是前臼齿1/2高。对其头骨指标进行测量,颅基长为13.29 mm,颅高为4.25 mm,眶间距为2.31 mm,脑颅宽为7.84 mm,上齿列长为6.23 mm。标本的1 140 bp的Cyt b全序列与已知细鼩鼱样本的相似度为96%,与中鼩鼱(S.caecutiens)和小鼩鼱(S.minutus)的相似度分别为91%和89%。     

西藏林芝发现烟黑缺齿鼩

2018年11月,在西藏自治区林芝地区波密县扎木镇（29°48′25″ N,95°41′56″ E）海拔3 400 m处捕获1只缺齿鼩属动物。该个体背毛深灰色,腹面毛色稍淡,呈苍灰色;尾长明显大于头体长,背腹异色不明显,尾部末端缺少簇毛;头骨坚固,头盖骨隆起明显,颧骨板很窄,齿式3.1.1.3/2.0.1.3 = 28,这些特征与烟黑缺齿鼩（Chodsigoa furva）的鉴别特征一致。通过测定其Cyt b基因全序列,并结合从GenBank下载的缺齿鼩属已有同源序列构建的最大似然树显示,该个体与烟黑缺齿鼩聚为一支（支持率BS为100）,与云南地区烟黑缺齿鼩的遗传距离在2.25% ~ 2.34%之间。基于以上形态和分子结果确认该个体为烟黑缺齿鼩,是该物种在西藏的首次分布记录。     

山西省兽类一新纪录——川西缺齿鼩鼱

川西缺齿鼩鼱Chodsigoa hypsibia又称川西长尾鼩,隶属于鼩形目Soricomorpha鼩鼱科Soricidae缺齿鼩鼱属Chodsigoa,主要分布于我国中部和西南部(Smith & Xie,2008)。缺齿鼩鼱属全世界共有8种(Wilson & Reeder,2005),我国分布有7种(Wilson & Reeder,2005;Smith & Xie,2008)。相较于鼩鼱属Sorex和川鼩属Blarinella上颌有5枚单尖齿,     

安徽黄山和宣城发现台湾灰麝鼩

2018年11月在安徽省黄山市太平湖国家湿地公园(30°34′42″N,118°41′47″E)和宣城市旌德县蔡家桥镇(30°21′26″N,118°30′11″E)的针阔混交林采集到3只麝鼩属小型兽类。3只个体体型较小,体重11～14 g;背毛灰褐色,腹部毛色稍淡;尾短而粗壮,上下异色,基部2/3散生稀疏的长刚毛,这些特征与台湾灰麝鼩(Crocidura tanakae)描述一致。基于Cyt b全序列构建的最大似然树显示,这3号标本与从GenBank下载的台湾灰麝鼩(GenBank登录号KX946002～KX946006、AB175080、AB175081)构成单系群(支持率为100%)。这3号标本Cyt b全序列与台湾灰麝鼩地模标本(GenBank登录号AB175080、AB175081)的遗传距离在0.76%～0.85%之间。基于以上结果,确定这3号标本为台湾灰麝鼩,这是该物种在安徽省的首次发现,也是其在华东地区的首个分布记录。     

宁夏六盘山发现乌鸫

正2011年5月6日,在甘肃省平凉市崆峒区柳湖公园(35°32′46″N,106°40′10″E,海拔1 294 m)内发现乌鸫(Turdusmerula)繁殖巢一个,巢营于一高大柳树上,巢距地面高4.2m,巢中4只雏鸟即将出飞。2016年5月15日,在宁夏回族自治区隆德县十八里铺村(35°61′02″N,106°06′91″E,海拔1 987 m)发现并记录到乌鸫雄性个体1只,生活环境为村庄。2018年5月25日,在该县黄家峡村(35°63′48″N,106°19′86″E,海拔223 0 m),     

云南开远发现剑鸻

2019年10月20日上午,在云南省红河州开远市三角海(23°34′01″N,103°18′11″E,海拔1273 m)观察到1只剑鸻(Charadrius hiaticula,图1)与数只环颈鸻(C.alexandrinus)、金眶鸻(C.dubius)组成混合群体在湖边泥滩上活动.该剑鸻个体额部黄白色,眼先至耳羽为...     

浙江省望东垟高山湿地发现橙脊瘰螈（有尾目：蝾螈科）

2017年2月14日,在浙江省丽水市景宁畲族自治县望东垟高山湿地省级自然保护区(28°11′51.72″N,119°49′2.28″E,1 100 m)采集到瘰螈标本5号,通过形态特征测量和描述初步鉴定为橙脊蝾螈(Paramesotriton aurantius),并利用线粒体COⅠ基因序列进行分子鉴定,所采标本鉴定为蝾螈科(Salamandridae)瘰螈属橙脊蝾螈。该物种为浙江省两栖纲新记录种。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游发现黄斑褶[鱼兆]

正2016年4月,在西藏雅鲁藏布江中游干流下段的派镇段(29°31′9″N,94°52′12″E,海拔2 897 m),6月在米林段(29°12′1″N,94°5′16″E,海拔2 947 m),2017年7月在里龙段(29°8′32″N,93°54′34″E,海拔2 960 m),使用定置刺网共捕获到15尾疑似黄斑褶(Pseudecheneis sulcatus)的鱼类标本(图1a,b)。2017年4月在雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱段(29°18′10″N,95°16′52″E,海拔682 m)采集到一批黄斑褶标本(图1c,d),并与中游的黄斑褶进行了形态学比较鉴定。     

贵州毕节发现霍氏缺齿鼩

在贵州省毕节市七星关区野角乡,利用陷阱法捕捉到3号缺齿鼩.标本体形中等,头体长(64.8±3.0) mm,尾长(76.6±1.9)mm,大于头体长,尾尖有一簇白毛,后足长(16.8±0.1)mm.颅骨呈钝圆形,吻突较短,在上颌前部区域逐渐变细.颅全长(19.22±0.19)mm,脑颅宽(9.31±0.09)mm,第2上...     

安徽黄山发现孟闻琴蛙

琴蛙属(Nidirana)是广泛分布于东洋界的两栖动物，目前安徽省琴蛙属仅记录了弹琴蛙 (N. adenopleura)1种。2022年7月在安徽省黄山地区(九龙峰自然保护区和马金岭自然保护区)采集到9号两栖动物标本，其形态特征与孟闻琴蛙(N. mangveni)相似；此外，基于线粒体COI基因片段的分子系统发育分析显示，此次采集到的琴蛙标本与孟闻琴蛙聚为一支，且具有高的支持率(贝叶斯后验概率/最大似然支持率为1.00/98%)，而且和孟闻琴蛙遗传距离最近，与模式产地的孟闻琴蛙遗传距离仅有0.04%。因此，结合形态比较和分子系统学分析，鉴定此次采集的琴蛙属标本为孟闻琴蛙，为安徽省两栖动物分布新记录种。这一发现将孟闻琴蛙的分布范围扩展至皖南地区，为琴蛙属和皖南地区的生物地理学和地史研究提供了重要数据。     

中华鳖阴茎头的组织学观察

2021年8月,在安徽省合肥市庐江县牛王寨采集到东亚腹链蛇属(Hebius)蛇类标本1号。经形态比较发现,该蛇明显不同于大别山地区已有的东亚腹链蛇属物种——棕黑腹链蛇(H. sauteri)和绣链腹链蛇(H. craspedogaster)。分子系统学分析显示,该标本与东亚腹链蛇(H. vibakari)遗传关系最近,且形态上符合东亚腹链蛇特征,提示该标本应为东亚腹链蛇。东亚腹链蛇是安徽省和大别山地区爬行动物分布新记录种,这也是该物种在中国东北地区之外首次被报道。该分布新记录扩大了对东亚腹链蛇的分布范围的认知,对东亚腹链蛇的种群分化和生物地理学研究具有重要意义。     

安徽庐江发现东亚腹链蛇

2021年8月,在安徽省合肥市庐江县牛王寨采集到东亚腹链蛇属(Hebius)蛇类标本1号。经形态比较发现,该蛇明显不同于大别山地区已有的东亚腹链蛇属物种——棕黑腹链蛇(H. sauteri)和绣链腹链蛇(H. craspedogaster)。分子系统学分析显示,该标本与东亚腹链蛇(H. vibakari)遗传关系最近,且形态上符合东亚腹链蛇特征,提示该标本应为东亚腹链蛇。东亚腹链蛇是安徽省和大别山地区爬行动物分布新记录种,这也是该物种在中国东北地区之外首次被报道。该分布新记录扩大了对东亚腹链蛇的分布范围的认知,对东亚腹链蛇的种群分化和生物地理学研究具有重要意义。     

1982-2020年安徽省净生态系统生产力时空格局变化及其成因

净生态系统生产力（NEP）是定量描述陆地生态系统与大气之间碳交换的重要指标。明确区域尺度NEP的时空格局及主导因子,有助于增强对区域碳循环变化机制的认知。基于BEPS （Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator）模型模拟结果,评估了安徽省1982-2020年NEP时空格局,分析了安徽省NEP对主要环境植被因子的敏感性,并借助通径分析和贡献率分析探究了影响安徽省NEP时空变化的驱动因子。结果表明：（1）1982-2020年,安徽省多年年均NEP为651.14 gC/m²,线性趋势变化率为1.10 gC m^-2 a^-1,总体呈显著增加趋势（P<0.01）。在空间上,NEP表现为"南北部较高、中部较低"的分布,显著增加（P<0.05）的区域占52.77%,主要分布在北部和南部,显著减小（P<0.05）的区域占7.11%,主要分布在西部和东南部。NEP重心有显著的北移趋势（P<0.01）。（2） NEP对大气CO₂浓度变化最为敏感,对降水变化最不敏感。时间上,NEP对叶面积指数（LAI）（P<0.01）、CO₂（P<0.01）和饱和水汽压差（VPD）（P<0.05）的敏感性变化显著增强,对总辐射的敏感性变化显著减弱（P<0.01）,对气温和降水的敏感性变化不显著（P>0.05）。空间上,NEP对各因子的敏感性有地区差异性。（3）所选环境植被因子综合解释了NEP 79%的时空变化。LAI与CO₂是安徽省NEP时空变化的主导因子,为正贡献,气候因子为次主导因子,为负贡献。空间上,LAI为主导因子的地区主要分布在安徽省北部、中西部的大部分地区,占49.65%,CO₂为主导因子的地区主要分布在安徽省西北部与东南部的大部分地区,占44.54%。     

安徽省植被净初级生产力估算——基于改进的CASA模型

定量估算植被净初级生产力(NPP)对预测陆地碳循环趋势具有重要意义,目前广泛应用于NPP估算的CASA模型其精度仍有待提高。在已有CASA模型优化的基础上,考虑最大光能利用率(LUE_max)的动态变化来改进CASA模型,对改进前后的模拟结果进行比较,并利用改进后的模型估算2001—2020年安徽省植被NPP。结论如下：(1)改进的CASA模型可应用于研究区的植被NPP估算,NPP模拟值与实测值之间的相关性达到显著水平(R²=0.736,P<0.01)。(2)改进后模拟的安徽省植被NPP在空间表达上能够呈现更多细节,时间上较改进前在生长季NPP值更高,非生长季值更低,拉大了NPP的年内变化。(3)2001—2020年安徽省植被NPP整体呈波动上升趋势,多年平均值为547.61 gC m^-2 a^-1,年均增长量达2.18 gC m^-2 a^-1,2016—2020年间NPP增长最快。年内NPP具有明显的季节差异,表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬...     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chitinophaga salinisoli</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from saline soil

A novel aerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM9153^T, was isolated from a saline soil sample collected from Lingxian County, Shandong Province, China. Cells of strain LAM9153^T were observed to be Gram-stain negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. The new isolate grew optimally at 30–35 °C, pH 7.0 and 0.5% of NaCl concentration (w/v). According to the phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain LAM9153^T shares high similarity with Chitinophaga terrae Gsoil 238^T (96.9%) and Chitinophaga niabensis JS 13-10^T (95.9%), forming a subcluster with C. terrae Gsoil 238^T, Chitinophaga cymbidii R156-2^T, C. niabensis JS 13-10^T and Chitinophaga soli Gsoil 219^T in the phylogenetic tree. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and summed features 3 (C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c). The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, three unidentified aminolipids and five unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 53.2 ± 1.6 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain LAM9153^T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga salinisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM9153^T (= ACCC 19960^T = JCM 30847^T).     

Macroevolution of thermal tolerance in intertidal crabs from Neotropical provinces: A phylogenetic comparative evaluation of critical limits

Thermal tolerance underpins most biogeographical patterns in ectothermic animals. Macroevolutionary patterns of thermal limits have been historically evaluated, but a role for the phylogenetic component in physiological variation has been neglected. Three marine zoogeographical provinces are recognized throughout the Neotropical region based on mean seawater temperature (T_m): the Brazilian (T_m = 26 °C), Argentinian (T_m = 15 °C), and Magellanic (T_m = 9 °C) provinces. Microhabitat temperature (MHT) was measured, and the upper (UL₅₀) and lower (LL₅₀) critical thermal limits were established for 12 eubrachyuran crab species from intertidal zones within these three provinces. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed by maximum likelihood using the 16S mitochondrial gene, also considering other representative species to enable comparative evaluations. We tested for: (1) phylogenetic pattern of MHT, UL₅₀, and LL₅₀; (2) effect of zoogeographical province on the evolution of both limits; and (3) evolutionary correlation between MHT and thermal limits. MHT and UL₅₀ showed strong phylogenetic signal at the species level while LL₅₀ was unrelated to phylogeny, suggesting a more plastic evolution. Province seems to have affected the evolution of thermal tolerance, and only UL₅₀ was dependent on MHT. UL₅₀ was similar between the two northern provinces compared to the southernmost while LL₅₀ differed markedly among provinces. Apparently, critical limits are subject to different environmental pressures and thus manifest unique evolutionary histories. An asymmetrical macroevolutionary scenario for eubrachyuran thermal tolerance seems likely, as the critical thermal limits are differentially inherited and environmentally driven.     

Analysis of Heterozygosity at the PI, TF, PGM1, ACP1, HP, GC, GLO1, C3, and ESDLoci in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Differing in Response to Treatment

Heterozygosity at nine genetic loci (PI, TF, PGM1, ACP1, HP, GC, GLO1, C3, and ESD) was analyzed in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with good (group 1, N= 71) and poor (group 2, N= 35) response to treatment. The observed heterozygosities were compared with the expected values, which were calculated from allele frequencies in a control sample of healthy individuals (N= 328 with all but one locus and 78 with ESD) according to Hardy–Weinberg expectations. The analysis showed that the observed heterozygosities g _l of patients significantly differed from the expected values h _lin the case of four loci (GC, PI, C3, and ACP1). The observed heterozygosity was higher than expected in three cases (PI, C3, and ACP1) and lower then expected (GC) in one case. When data on each individual locus were compared using Fisher's exact test, both groups of patients proved to significantly differ (P _F< 0.05) from the control group in the same four loci. No difference in observed heterozygosity was detected between the two groups of patients. The mean expected heterozygosity was h¯= 0.386 ± 0.00674; the mean observed heterozygosity was g¯ = 0.415 ± 0.02 in group 1, g¯ = 0.402 ± 0.026 in group 2, and g¯ = 0.371 ± 0.00955 in the control group. The ttest did not reveal a significant difference between the mean values of expected observed heterozygosities. Heterozygosity at individual loci, rather than mean heterozygosity, was proposed as an integral nonspecific indicator of the genetic control of a disease, because the former directly implicates individual marker loci in the development of a disorder, whereas effects of individual loci may eliminate each other when mean heterozygosity is computed. Based on the results obtained, a genetic control was assumed for the development of the tuberculosis process in the lungs.     

Detection of Putatively Thermophilic Anaerobic Methanotrophs in Diffuse Hydrothermal Vent Fluids

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is carried out by a globally distributed group of uncultivated Euryarchaeota, the anaerobic methanotrophic arachaea (ANME). In this work, we used G+C analysis of 16S rRNA genes to identify a putatively thermophilic ANME group and applied newly designed primers to study its distribution in low-temperature diffuse vent fluids from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. We found that the G+C content of the 16S rRNA genes (P_GC) is significantly higher in the ANME-1GBa group than in other ANME groups. Based on the positive correlation between the P_GC and optimal growth temperatures (T_opt) of archaea, we hypothesize that the ANME-1GBa group is adapted to thrive at high temperatures. We designed specific 16S rRNA gene-targeted primers for the ANME-1 cluster to detect all phylogenetic groups within this cluster, including the deeply branching ANME-1GBa group. The primers were successfully tested both in silico and in experiments with sediment samples where ANME-1 phylotypes had previously been detected. The primers were further used to screen for the ANME-1 microorganisms in diffuse vent fluid samples from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean, and sequences belonging to the ANME-1 cluster were detected in four individual vents. Phylotypes belonging to the ANME-1GBa group dominated in clone libraries from three of these vents. Our findings provide evidence of existence of a putatively extremely thermophilic group of methanotrophic archaea that occur in geographically and geologically distinct marine hydrothermal habitats.