大豆的农艺性状与大豆灰斑病抗性关系的初步分析

对大豆灰斑病抗性水平不同的品种资源的农艺性状,包括结荚习性、株型、叶形、花色、茸毛色进行调查分析,结果表明,在灰斑病抗性较好的品种中,分枝型、圆叶、紫花、棕色茸毛的品种所占比率较大,这种现象可供今后灰斑病抗源筛选及抗灰斑病育种参考。     

两种葡萄孢属真菌对不同品种百合花瓣和叶片的侵染能力比较

为明确两种葡萄孢属真菌对不同百合品种叶片和花瓣的侵染能力,采用离体叶片接种法测定灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea和椭圆葡萄孢Botrytis elliptica对4个百合品种叶片和花瓣的侵染时间和病斑扩展速度。结果表明,供试百合花瓣接种灰葡萄孢病斑出现时间明显早于叶片,而不同品种花瓣接种椭圆葡萄孢病斑出现时间差异显著。此外,百合品种‘木门’叶片接种椭圆葡萄孢96 h后仍没有病斑出现,而花瓣接种后48 h病斑出现,说明‘木门’叶片对椭圆葡萄孢抗性较强,而花瓣较易感病。     

抗烟粉虱大豆种质资源筛选和抗性机制初探

烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)近年来发生日益猖獗、危害日趋严重,防治比较困难,却未被列为主要经济害虫.筛选抗性种质和选育抗性品种是防治烟粉虱的有效措施.本研究对223份大豆种质资源进行了抗烟粉虱鉴定,筛选出滑皮豆等6份抗性较强的种质资源.调查了这223份种质资源的茸毛性状,测定了部分抗感烟粉虱品种的籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量.结果表明,大豆品种对烟粉虱的抗性与叶片的茸毛性状有密切关系,无茸毛型抗性最强,茸毛紧贴型次之,茸毛直立型较差,茸毛斜立型抗性最差.大豆受烟粉虱危害程度与籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量有密切关系,蛋白质含量越高受害越严重,脂肪含量越高受害越轻.根据鉴定结果,本研究提出了单叶平均感染烟粉虱0头为免疫,0.1～3.0头为高抗,3.1～10.0头为中抗,10.1～20.0头为中感,20头以上为高感的抗性鉴定标准.     

大豆抗灰斑病主基因的发现与遗传研究

利用高抗品种东农9674与感病品种杂交,在田间多个生理小种共存条件下研究大豆灰斑病抗性的遗传规律,发现杂交后代的抗性表现具有明显的质量性状遗传特征,F1代表现完全显性,F2代的抗感分离比例在个别组合接近3:1。采用数量性状的主要基因-多基因混合遗传模型对抗性的遗传进行模型的判别与遗传参数的估计,发现抗性遗传存在明显的主要因效应,分别符合一个主基因 多基因加显性模型及两个基因独立遗传模型。主基因的加性、显性以及主基因之间的相互作用普遍存在,对抗病性的遗传起很大作用。     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素的分离与提取

用不同极性的有机溶剂均未萃取到具有致病组分的化合物。但用甲醇、乙醇、丙醇和硫酸铵等两种沉淀大分子物质的方法,却提取到了使大豆叶片产生典型病斑和致萎的化合物。该粗提物能引起大豆感病品种产生典型的蛙眼形病斑,由此可以肯定从培养滤液中提取的粗提物含有大豆灰斑病菌所产生的毒素。以二倍体积的甲醇来提取大豆灰斑病菌毒素是最为简单、快速的方法。     

大豆抗灰斑病菌多个生理小种资源的筛选

用人工接种大豆灰斑病茼的方法对224份供试材料,在生理小种水平上进行了抗性鉴定,筛选出抗8个以上生理小种的多抗资源47份,占供试材料的20．98％,其中东北农业大学的材料最多,比例达46．81％;黑龙江省主栽品种有5份,占多抗材料的10．64％。供试材料中,有抗单个小种和抗多个甚至全部生理小种的品种,表明在现行大豆品种资源中,具有较丰富的专化抗性资源和广谱性的抗源。     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素的分离与提取*

用不同极性的有机溶剂均未萃取到具有致病组分的化合物。但用甲醇、乙醇、丙醇和硫酸铵等两种沉淀大分子物质的方法,却提取到了使大豆叶片产生典型病斑和致萎的化合物。该粗提物能引起大豆感病品种产生典型的蛙眼形病斑,由此可以肯定从培养滤液中提取的粗提物含有大豆灰斑病菌所产生的毒素。以二倍体积的甲醇来提取大豆灰斑病菌毒素是最为简单、快速的方法。     

玉米灰斑病的抗性机理研究进展

玉米灰斑病(gray leaf spot of maize, GLS)是重要的玉米叶部病害,严重时可导致整株玉米枯死,已成为玉米生产上的主要病害之一。本文在前人研究的基础上系统地阐述了国内外对玉米抗灰斑病抗性生理及遗传QTL定位的最新的研究进展,并且对如何加快玉米灰斑病的研究和抗病品种的选育进行了探讨。     

基于混池测序的抗玉米灰斑病QTL定位

玉米灰斑病是由玉米尾孢菌(Cercospora zeine)和玉蜀黍尾孢菌(Cercospora zeae-maydis)引起的真菌性病害,是世界范围内重要的玉米叶部病害之一。以玉米灰斑病抗病自交系Suwan1和感病自交系HM01构建的BC1F1群体为研究材料,在自然发病条件下通过对BC1F1群体中玉米灰斑病的抗性鉴定,选择30株抗病材料和30株感病材料分别构建DNA抗、感混池。在对两个混池进行高通量测序后,通过质量控制和数据分析得到两个极端混池中的变异信息。利用高质量SNP标记对应的两个混池中测序深度差异进行统计检验,成功鉴定了29个玉米灰斑病抗性QTL (quantitative trait loci)。利用MaizeGDB网站在29个抗病QTL内共搜索到2 768个基因,通过Phytozome网站与拟南芥和水稻基因组进行同源比对,在1号、5号和10号染色体上分别确定了1个基因作为抗玉米灰斑病的候选基因。     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素产生条件的研究

大豆灰斑病作为一种世界性的真菌病害,受到国内外植物病理学家与遗传育种界的普遍关注并开展了大量的研究（李海英等,１９９８;杨庆凯等,１９８８）,而有关大豆灰斑病菌毒素的研究国内外报道极少。我所曾利用固体培养基提取毒素（陈绍江等,１９９８）,但由于固体培养基的成分、ＰＨ值、菌丝生长量等难以控制和测定,增加了毒素提纯过程的难度。本试验对大豆灰斑病在液体培养基中毒素产生条件进行了研究,旨在为进一步深人研究该毒素理化特性、致病组分,揭示大豆灰斑病菌的致病机理并利用毒素进行抗原筛选等打下基础。１材料与方法１…     

The biocontrol agent Bacillus sp. CHEP5 primes the defense response against Cercospora sojina

Glycine max (soybean) production can be dramatically affected by frogeye leaf spot (FLS) caused by Cercospora sojina Hara. The inoculation of biocontrol agents may be an alternative strategy for C. sojina control. The native biocontrol bacterium Bacillus sp. CHEP5 reduced the severity of FLS in soybean by inducing systemic resistance. We suggest that the defense response was primed since the expression of the defense related gene GmAOS was enhanced in induced plants treated with both methyl jasmonate and C. sojina. Furthermore, as GmAOS is related to jasmonic acid biosynthesis, we assume that this phytohormone is involved in induced systemic resistance signaling defense pathway in soybean against C. sojina.     

Components of resistance to Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum in groundnuts*

The reactions of four groundnut cultivars to inoculation with two leaf spot pathogens (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercospodirium personatum) were investigated. Resistant cultivars showed longer latent periods, reduced sporulation and less defoliation; however, none of the cultivars was resistant to both pathogens. Numbers of lesions, time to leaflet loss and the percentage of spores which produced lesions were influenced by the concentration of C. personatum inoculum applied to the leaves and there were significant cultivar differences in lesion numbers at the lowest inoculum level. Only the first two characters were affected by applied spore concentration in the study with C. arachidicola. Generally it was found that lower inoculum levels gave a better separation of cultivars. The level of resistance was similar to that found in the slow resting reaction of cereal crops and should be useful in a groundnut breeding programme.     

Variation in pathogenicity of isolates of Cercospora spp. attacking Heliotropium spp.

The pathogenicity of a set of 13 Cercospora samples collected in France, Turkey and Australia from four Heliotropium species has been evaluated with a detached leaf technique. All of five Euro-Asian Heliotropium species tested were susceptible to all Cercospora species isolates. However, variation in the degree of partial resistance to different isolates was observed and showed some similarity for isolates from the same region of origin. Further studies are required to clarify the taxonomy of Cercospora blight strains, but the consequences of the noted differences in pathogenicity are discussed in relation to the biological control ofH. europaeum L. in Australia.     

山东省12个主栽小麦品种(系)抗叶锈性分析

本研究旨在明确山东省12个小麦主栽品种(系)抗叶锈性及抗叶锈基因,为小麦品种推广与合理布局、叶锈病防治及抗病育种提供依据。利用2015年采自山东省的5个小麦叶锈菌流行小种的混合小种对这些材料进行苗期抗性鉴定,然后选用15个小麦叶锈菌生理小种对这些品种(系)进行苗期基因推导,并利用与24个小麦抗叶锈基因紧密连锁(或共分离)的30个分子标记对其进行抗叶锈基因分子检测。结果显示,山东省12个主栽小麦品种(系)苗期对该省2015年的5个小麦叶锈菌混合流行小种均表现高度感病。通过基因推导与分子检测发现,济南17含有Lr16,矮抗58和山农20含有Lr26,其余济麦系列、烟农系列、良星系列等9个品种(系)均未检测到所供试标记片段。此外,本研究还对山东省3个非主栽品种进行了检测,结果发现,中麦175含有抗叶锈基因Lr1和Lr37,含有成株抗性基因;皖麦38只检测到Lr26,济麦20未检测到所供试标记片段。综合以上结果,山东省主栽小麦品种(系)所含抗叶锈基因丰富度较低,尤其不含有对我国小麦叶锈菌流行小种有效的抗锈基因,应该引起高度重视,今后育种工作应注重引入其他抗叶锈基因,提高抗叶锈性。     

河南省16个主栽小麦品种抗叶锈基因分析

为了明确河南省小麦品种的抗叶锈性及抗叶锈基因的分布,为小麦品种推广与合理布局、叶锈病防治及抗病育种提供依据,本研究利用2015年采自河南省的5个小麦叶锈菌流行小种混合菌株,对近几年河南省16个主栽小麦品种进行了苗期抗性鉴定,然后选用12个小麦叶锈菌生理小种对这些品种进行苗期基因推导,同时利用与24个小麦抗叶锈基因紧密连锁(或共分离)的30个分子标记对该16个品种进行了抗叶锈基因分子检测。结果显示,供试品种苗期对小麦叶锈菌混合流行小种均表现高度感病;基因推导与分子检测结果表明,供试品种可能含有Lr1、Lr16、Lr26和Lr30这4个抗叶锈基因,其中先麦8号含有Lr1和Lr26;郑麦366和郑麦9023含有Lr1;西农979和怀川916含有Lr16;中麦895、偃展4110、郑麦7698、平安8号、众麦1号、周麦16、衡观35和矮抗58含有Lr26;周麦22中含有Lr26,还可能含有Lr1和Lr30;豫麦49-198和洛麦23可能含有本研究中检测以外的其他抗叶锈基因。因此,河南省主栽小麦品种的抗叶锈基因丰富度较低,今后育种工作应注重引入其他抗叶锈性基因,提高抗叶锈性,有效控制小麦叶锈病。     

Analysis of β-tubulin Gene Fragments from Benzimidazole-sensitive and -tolerant Cercospora beticola

Cercospora leaf spot of sugar beet, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is a major foliar pathogen on sugar beet. Fungicide sprays have been used extensively to manage Cercospora leaf spot, including the benzimidazole fungicides. Resistance to benzimidazoles has been observed in isolates of C. beticola. The precise genetics of this resistance is not known in this fungus. We tested benzimidazole‐tolerant and ‐sensitive isolates and found a single mutation in the β‐tubulin gene of benzimidazole‐tolerant isolates that corresponds to a mutation known to confer benzimidazole tolerance in other ascomycetes. This mutation is predicted to cause a change from glutamic acid to alanine in the protein product. Isolates containing this mutation further show an increased sensitivity to an N‐phenylcarbamate, as would be predicted based on the mutant phenotype found in other filamentous fungi. Only a single mutation was found in isolates from different regions of the United States, isolated in different growing seasons.     

Glyceollin, a soybean phytoalexin with medicinal properties

This review covers the biosynthesis of glyceollin and its biological activities including antiproliferative/antitumor action (toward B16 melanoma cells, LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and BG-1 ovarian cancer cells), anti-estrogenic action (through estrogen receptors ??- and ??-), antibacterial action (toward Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Sinorhizobium fredii ), antinematode activity, and antifungal activity (toward Fusarium solani, Phakospora pachyrhizi, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotina sclerotiorum, Phytophthora sojae, Cercospora sojina, Phialophora gregata, and Rhizoctonia solani). Other activities include insulinotropic action and attenuation of vascular contractions in rat aorta.     

Response of sugar beet plants to ultraviolet-B (280–320 nm) radiation and Cercospom leaf spot disease

Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) plants injected with Cercospora beticota Sace. as well as non-infected plants were grown under visible light with or without ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–320 nm) radiation for 40 days. An interaction between UV-B radiation and Cercospora leaf spot disease was observed, resulting in a large reduction in leaf chlorophyll content, dry weight of leaf laminae, petioles and storage roots. Lipid peraxidation in leaves also increased the most under the combined treatments. This was also true for ultraweak luminescence from both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. However, no correlation between lipid peroxidation and ultraweak luminescence was observed. Ultraviolet-B radiation given alone appeared to have either a stimulating effect, giving an increase in dry weight of laminae and reducing lipid peroxidation, or no effect. This lack of effect was seen in the absence of change in dry weight of storage roots and chlorophyll content relative to controls. The :study demonstrated a harmful interaction between UV-B radiation and Cercospom leaf spot disease on sugar beet.