乙型肝炎病毒全S基因疫苗诱导小鼠的特异性免疫应答

乙型肝炎病毒 (ＨＢＶ)感染是我国常见病及多发病。ＨＢＶ难以清除的原因之一就是机体的免疫功能障碍。目前虽然基因重组ＨＢＶ表面抗原 (ＨＢｓＡｇ)疫苗预防ＨＢＶ感染取得了较好的效果 ,但基因重组ＨＢｓＡｇ疫苗主要能诱导特异性体液免疫 ,不能刺激机体的细胞免疫应答。近年来发现基因疫苗可诱导机体产生细胞及体液免疫反应 ,特别是诱导细胞免疫反应的能力优于蛋白、多肽类疫苗 ,更适应于慢性病毒感染的预防与治疗[1,2 ] 。为了探讨应用ＨＢＶ基因疫苗预防ＨＢＶ感染的可能性 ,本文构建了ＨＢＶ全Ｓ基因和ＨＢｓＡｇ基因疫苗 ,观察和比…     

免疫应答——乙型肝炎病毒治疗中的双刃剑

人体对乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染的免疫应答是一个非常复杂的病理过程,一方面免疫反应能有效清除HBV病毒和被病毒感染的肝细胞,对HBV诱发的肝类疾病有较好的治疗作用;另一方面,免疫反应在清除被感染肝细胞的同时,也引起局部炎症反应,从而损伤正常的肝细胞和组织.其中,特异性免疫T细胞及其产生的细胞因子是这一免疫应答过程的重要参与者.侧重总结了在HBV感染治疗中的关键细胞和分子及激活人体免疫应答治疗中的两面性,为调节自身免疫应答治疗HBV,避免应答不当而引发的肝损伤提供理论基础.     

佐剂CpG-ODN与重组HBsAg疫苗联合免疫乙型肝炎病毒转基因小鼠的免疫应答研究

目的 以CpG-ODN为佐剂与重组HBsAg(rHBsAg)疫苗合用,研究其对乙型肝炎病毒转基因(HBV Tg)小鼠模型的免疫应答效果.方法 40只HBV Tg小鼠随机分为4组,每组小鼠分别注射rHBsAg疫苗(单用rHBsAg组)、rHBsAg疫苗+CpG-ODN(试验组)、rIFNα-2b(IFN组)、生理盐水(对照组).经多次免疫HBV转基因小鼠,于免疫前、后不同时间采血,动态观察各组小鼠血清中HBsAg量、抗-HBs阳性率和HBV DNA的变化,检测肝组织中HBsAg的表达.检测免疫小鼠的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL-12(p70)以及γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的含量,分别检测免疫小鼠的脾细胞增殖和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)杀伤功能并计算各组小鼠肝组织活性指数(HAI).结果 rHBsAg组和rHBsAg+CpG组在免疫小鼠后2周100%诱导抗-HBs;rHBsAg+CpG组能显著降低血清中的HBsAg量或使HBsAg转阴,rHBsAg+CpG组肝组织中HBsAg的表达量与血清中一样降低,并降低血清中HBV DNA的拷贝数.rHBsAg组的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+细胞在T细胞中所占百分比,IL-2、IL-12(p70)和IFN-γ的含量以及淋巴细胞特异性增殖和杀伤效应均明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).rHBsAg+CpG组与rHBsAg组比较,免疫小鼠产生更强的HBV特异性细胞应答(P＜0.05),且以Th1型细胞免疫应答为主.在rHBsAg+CpG组肝组织中出现大量淋巴细胞,肝脏的HAI在4个组中最高.结论 CpG-ODN作为佐剂可以增强重组HBsAg疫苗诱导HBV转基因小鼠产生抗病毒免疫应答,重组HBsAg疫苗辅以CpG ODN可作为免疫治疗慢性HBV感染的可行性途经.     

乙型肝炎病毒全S基因疫苗诱导小鼠的特异性免疫应答

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是我国常见病及多发病.HBV难以清除的原因之一就是机体的免疫功能障碍.目前虽然基因重组HBV表面抗原(HBsAg)疫苗预防HBV感染取得了较好的效果,但基因重组HBsAg疫苗主要能诱导特异性体液免疫,不能刺激机体的细胞免疫应答.近年来发现基因疫苗可诱导机体产生细胞及体液免疫反应,特别是诱导细胞免疫反应的能力优于蛋白、多肽类疫苗,更适应于慢性病毒感染的预防与治疗[1,2].为了探讨应用HBV基因疫苗预防HBV感染的可能性,本文构建了HBV全S基因和HBsAg基因疫苗,观察和比较了这两种疫苗经肌肉注射接种到Balb/C小鼠体内后的细胞及体液免疫功能的变化.     

乙型肝炎病毒重组腺病毒载体疫苗的免疫研究进展

以人类腺病毒（Ａｄ）为表达载体发展多价展组口服活疫苗,尤其在乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）疫苗研制上成效显著,表达ＨＢｃＡｇ,ＨＢｅＡｇ和ＨＢｓＡｇ的重组人类Ａｄ７型（ｄ７）活载体疫苗在实验动物免疫上取得良好效果。在重组Ａｄ活载体疫苗研制方面是一项重大进展,表达ＨＢｓＡｇ的重组Ａｄ７活载体口服疫苗已有人体初次免疫试验的报道。     

丙型肝炎的免疫应答及其疫苗研究

丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）是引起输血后肝炎和非甲非乙型肝炎的主要病原,它在世界范围内广泛流行,是慢性肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌的主要诱因。预防ＨＣＶ感染的关键是研制出有广泛反应性的疫苗,这就必须以ＨＣＶ在宿主体内引起的保护性免疫反应研究为基础。本文就近来对ＨＣＶ感染宿主后能否引起保护性免疫的实验证据及其对ＨＣＶ疫苗研究的意义等方面进行综述。     

基因枪接种乙型肝炎表面抗原促进DNA疫苗诱生的免疫应答转换

目的 为了克服基因枪接种乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)DNA疫苗诱生的免疫应答以Th2为主的缺点,在基因枪接种质粒HBsAg DNA疫苗的同时共导入或共表达乙型肝炎病毒壳(HBV core)基因作为佐剂,以促进其所诱生的HBsAg特异性的Th2型免疫应答向Tn1型转换。方法 构建可单独或共同表达HBsAg或核心抗原(HBcAg)的DNA免疫用载体pIRKS／core、pIRES／C149、pIRES／S、pIRES／S／Core和pIRES／S／C149,并在真核细胞进行表达验证。对BALB／c雌鼠进行免疫并检测小鼠免疫后的特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫指标。结果 共导入或共表达HBV core基因能增强基因枪接种HBsAg DNA疫苗诱生的Th1型免疫应答水平,包括HBsAg特异的IgG2a应答、CTL活性、IFN-γ产生能力等。结论 以HBV core基因为佐剂能促进基因枪接种HBsAg DNA疫苗诱生的Th2型免疫应答向Th1型免疫应答转换。     

携带HBV包膜大蛋白DNA疫苗的减毒沙门菌在小鼠诱导免疫应答

探索一种简便、有效的乙型肝炎病毒DNA疫苗免疫方法。将编码绿色荧光蛋白的真核表达质粒pEGFPN1转化到减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌SL7207,灌胃饲服BALB/c小鼠,流式细胞术检测出小鼠脾细胞内表达的绿色荧光蛋白;构建编码HBV包膜大蛋白的DNA疫苗pCIS1S2S,分别以SL7207为载体的口服途径或直接肌肉注射途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测小鼠的血清抗体、T细胞增殖和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞反应,结果表明两种免疫途径均能在小鼠体内诱生细胞和体液免疫应答,但口服途径诱导免疫应答的强度明显强于肌肉注射途径。口服携带HBV DNA疫苗的减毒伤寒沙门菌可能代表一种简便、有效的治疗乙型肝炎的新方法。      

HCV/HBV复合抗原基因的克隆、表达及免疫应答研究

为探讨ＨＣＶ／ＨＢＶ 复合疫苗的可行性,将合成的丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）复合多表位抗原基因ＰＣＸ与ＨＢｓＡｇ 基因连接成ＰＣＸＳ基因,与β－半乳糖苷酶（ＧＺ）基因融合后在大肠杆菌及减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中获得表达．目的蛋白ＧＺ－ＰＣＸＳ可被抗－ＨＢｓ 及抗－ＨＣＶ 抗体所特异识别．ＧＺ－ＰＣＸＳ抗原皮下注射免疫ＩＣＲ小鼠后,诱发了较高水平的抗－ＧＺ－ＰＣＸＳＩｇＧ反应．构建的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ＳＬ３２６１（ｐＷＲ／ＰＣＸＳ）口服免疫小鼠后,诱发了高水平的ＣＤ８＋ Ｔ细胞增殖反应及抗ＧＺ－ＰＣＸＳＩｇＧ反应．所有免疫小鼠均未见明显的毒副作用．该研究揭示,ＨＣＶ／ＨＢＶ 复合抗原可诱发特异性体液免疫及细胞免疫应答,而活菌苗口服可能是理想的免疫途径,为ＨＣＶ／ＨＢＶ 双价疫苗研究提供了一定的理论及实验依据．     

应用双向荧光差异凝胶技术解析干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang驯化菌株耐酸胁迫机制

以干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang为出发菌株,通过适应性进化获得了干酪乳杆菌酸胁迫抗性驯化菌株.对细胞内微环境的检测发现,驯化菌株在酸胁迫过程中能够维持较高的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-糖转移酶系统活力,并具有较高的H+ -ATPase活性以及胞内ATP浓度.蛋白质组学分析结果表明,酸胁迫引发了细胞蛋白表达的变化,与原始菌株相比,驯化菌株保持了更高的代谢活性;同时,驯化菌株通过大量诱导应激蛋白如分子伴侣GroEL、GrpE,冷/热应激蛋白CspC、DnaK等维持了细胞的生理活性,有效提高了细胞对酸胁迫的抵御能力.本研究为进一步揭示酸胁迫下乳酸菌细胞的生理应答机制,探寻促进乳酸菌酸胁迫性能提升的最优策略,进而改善其在生产中的应用性能提供了可借鉴的思路.     

Proteomic study of malignant pleural mesothelioma by laser microdissection and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis identified cathepsin D as a novel candidate for a differential diagnosis biomarker

To investigate the proteomic background of malignancies of the pleura, we examined and compared the proteomic profile of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)(10 cases), lung adenocarcinoma (11 cases), squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (13 cases), pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung (3 cases) and synovial sarcoma (6 cases). Cellular proteins were extracted from specific populations of tumor cells recovered by laser microdissection. The extracted proteins were labeled with CyDye DIGE Fluor saturation dyes and subjected to two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) using a large format electrophoresis device. Among 3875 protein spots observed, the intensity of 332 was significantly different (Wilcoxon p value less than 0.05) and with more than two-fold inter-sample-group average difference between the different histology groups. Among these 332, 282 were annotated by LC-MS/MS and included known biomarker proteins for MPM, such as calretinin, as well as proteins previously uncharacterized in MPM. Tissue microarray immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of cathepsin D was lower in MPM than in lung adenocarcinoma (15% vs. 44% of cases respectively in immunohistochemistry). In conclusion, we examined the protein expression profile of MPM and other lung malignancies, and identified cathepsin D to distinguish MPM from most popular lung cancer such as lung adenocarcinoma.     

Buffer optimization for high resolution of human lung cancer tissue proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

A problem in proteomic analysis of lung cancer tissue is the presence of complex components of different histological backgrounds (squamous cell carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma). The efficient solubilization of protein components before two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is a very critical. Poor solubilization has been associated with a failure to detect proteins and diffuse, streaked and/or trailing protein spots. Here, we have optimized the solubilization of human lung cancer tissue to increase protein resolution. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) rehydration buffer containing a thiourea–urea mixture provided superior resolution, whereas a buffer without thiourea yielded consistently poor results. In addition, IEF rehydration buffers containing CHAPS and DTT gave superior resolution, whereas buffers containing Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) and/or Triton X-100 did not. A tributylphosphine-containing buffer gave consistently poor results. Using optimized conditions, we used 2-D gel analysis of human lung cancer tissue to identify 11 differentially-expressed protein spots by MALDI-mass spectrometry. This study provides a methodological tool to study the complex mammalian proteomes.     

Comparative proteomic analysis of de-N-glycosylated serum from hepatitis B carriers reveals polypeptides that correlate with disease status

Analysis of the polypeptide profile in tissues, cells, and sera by high-resolution two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis offers promise in the identification of biomarkers that correlate with disease. However, sera contain many polypeptides bearing N-linked glycosylation that can complicate interpretation. Therefore, we tested the possibility that de-N-glycosylation of the polypeptides present in human serum would result in a simplification of serum proteome profiles. Briefly, polypeptides present in human serum were left untreated or subjected to de-N-glycosylation by incubation with PNGase F and resolved by high-resolution 2-D gel electrophoresis. De-N-glycosylation reduced the number of glycoform variants, enhanced the resolution of many polypeptides and allowed other polypeptides to become visible. As an initial test of concept, clinically relevant serum samples from individuals with or without diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma were compared. Several polypeptides, apparent only after de-N-glycosylation, were shown to correlate with disease. Although the results are preliminary and the identities of all the putative biomarkers not yet known, the data suggest that de-N-glycosylation offers a method to enhance the resolution of serum polypeptide profiles and has value in comparative proteomic studies.     

Proteomic analysis of melanoma-derived exosomes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

Exosomes are 40-100 nm vesicles released by numerous cell types and are thought to have a variety of roles depending on their origin. Exosomes derived from antigen presenting cells have been shown to be capable of initiating immune responses in vivo and eradicating established tumours in murine models. Tumour-derived exosomes can be utilised as a source of tumour antigen for cross-priming to T-cells and are thus of interest for use in anti-tumour immunotherapy. Further exploration into the protein composition of exosomes may increase our understanding of their potential roles in vivo and this study has examined the proteome of exosomes purified from cell supernatants of the melanoma cell lines MeWo and SK-MEL-28. The vesicular nature and size (30-100 nm) of the purified exosomes was confirmed by electron microscopy and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Western blotting demonstrated the absence of calnexin and cytochrome c, verifying the purity of the exosome preparations, as well as enrichment of MHC class I and the tumour-associated antigens Mart-1 and Mel-CAM. The two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) protein profiles of exosomes from the two cell lines were highly comparable and strikingly different from the profiles of the total cell lysates. Mass spectrometric sequencing identified proteins present in 49 protein spots in the exosome lysates. Several of these have been identified previously in exosomes but some are novel, including p120 catenin, radixin, and immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 (PGRL). Proteins present in whole-cell lysates that were significantly reduced or excluded from exosomes were also identified and included several mitochondrial and lysosomal proteins, again confirming the proposed endosomal origin of exosomes. This study presents a starting point for future more in-depth protein studies of tumour-derived exosomes which will aid the understanding of their biogenesis and targeting for use in anti-tumour immunotherapy protocols.     

Congenital disorder of glycosylation Ia: New differentially expressed proteins identified by 2-DE

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a family of inherited multisystemic disorders resulting from the deficiency of glycosylation pathways. N-glycosylation defects are classified as two biochemical and genetic established types, of which CDG-Ia is the most frequent. We performed 2-DE proteomic analysis on serum from two functional hemizygous CDG-Ia patients bearing T237M and D65Y missense changes. Comparative analysis of control/patient serum proteome allowed us to identify differential expression of 14 proteins. The most remarkable groups included proteins involved in immune response, coagulation mechanism and tissue protection against oxidative stress. The patient bearing D65Y mutation had less favourable clinical outcome and showed more abnormalities in the spot patterns, suggesting that the proteomic results might also be correlated with the phenotype of CDG patients. This study describes for the first time the differential expression of α₂-macroglobulin, afamin, fibrin and fibrinogen in CDG disorder and shows how the proteomic approach might be useful for understanding its physiopathology.     

Extensive analysis of the human platelet proteome by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

Platelets play a key role in the control of bleeding and wound healing, contributing to the formation of vascular plugs. Under pathologic circumstances, they are involved in thrombotic disorders, including heart disease. Since platelets do not have a nucleus, proteomics offers a powerful alternative approach to provide data on protein expression in these cells, helping to address their biology. In this publication we extend the previously reported analysis of the pI 4-5 region of the human platelet proteome to the pI 5-11 region. By using narrow pI range two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) for protein separation followed by high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for protein identification, we were able to identify 760 protein features, corresponding to 311 different genes, resulting in the annotation of 54% of the pI 5-11 range 2-DE proteome map. We evaluated the physicochemical properties and functions of the identified platelet proteome. Importantly, the main group of proteins identified is involved in intracellular signalling and regulation of the cytoskeleton. In addition, 11 hypothetical proteins are reported. In conclusion, this study provides a unique inventory of the platelet proteome, contributing to our understanding of platelet function and building the basis for the identification of new drug targets.     

Detection of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins by combination of immunoaffinity enrichment, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and fluorescent Western blotting

We describe fluorescence-based 2-D gel electrophoresis methods for visualization of low abundant, cancer relevant tyrosine phosphorylated (pTyr) proteins. The methods investigated were fluorescent Western blotting and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) for detection of non-enriched and immunoaffinity enriched pTyr protein patterns. The same anti-phosphotyrosine specific antibody, 4G10, was used for both approaches. The results from fluorescent Western blotting of total proteins and from enriched CyDye DIGE pre-labeled pTyr proteins showed similar down regulation of phosphorylation upon treating of cells from a cancer model system (K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells) with imatinib. This treatment introduced a known perturbation of phosphorylation that enabled testing of these new approaches to analyze variations in tyrosine phosphorylation levels. Enrichment of pTyr proteins was found highly advantageous for the outcome. Out of a simplified 2-D DIGE experiment of immunoaffinity enriched control and treated pTyr proteins, differential analysis as well as protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS) was possible.     

Optimization of the first dimension for separation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of basic proteins from human brain tissue

A major cause of poor resolution in the alkaline pH range of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels is unsatisfactory separation of basic proteins in the first dimension. We have compared methods for the separation of basic proteins in the isoelectric focusing dimension of human brain proteins. The combined use of anodic cup-loading and the hydroxyethyldisulphide containing solution (DeStreak) produced better resolution in both analytical and micropreparative protein loaded 2-DE gels than the other methods investigated.