芽殖酵母细胞周期的检查点调控

芽殖酵母是研究真核细胞的模式菌。细胞周期检查点是确保细胞周期正常运行的一种调控机制。就芽殖酵母细胞周期检查点调控加以介绍。     

基因表达与mRNA结构的关系

基因的转录调控和转录后水平的调控在基因表达过程中起着重要作用。mRNA的结构与基因表达调控的关系非常密切。目前对于mRNA结构对表达的影响因素,主要集中于起始密码子和S-D序列的结构和间隔长度、基因和基因间的间隔区序列和长度,5’末端与3’末端非翻译区、多聚（A）尾、内含子序列对翻译起始效率、发夹结构对mRNA的稳定性的影响和mRNA翻译起始区等对基因表达影响。     

mRNA定位的主动运输机制

mRNA定位的意义在于使特定的蛋白质定位于细胞内特定的区域,特别是在胚胎发育过程中和在极性细胞中,mRNA的定位具有极其重要的作用,顺式作用元件和反式作用因子参与介导mRNA的定位,有多种机制调控其定位,其中主动运输机制是最主要的定位机制,需要细胞骨架系统和蛋白马达的参与。mRNA定位机制与其它水平上的表达调控机制,特别是mRNA转录后加工,核转运和翻译调控机制紧密偶联。     

芽殖酵母和裂殖酵母中异染色质形成机制

芽殖酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)是用来研究异染色质形成、细胞周期、DNA复制等重要细胞功能的理想单细胞真核生物.本文主要介绍这2种酵母中异染色质形成的机制.异染色质是一种抑制基因转录和DNA重组的特殊染色质结构.尽管在芽殖酵母和裂殖酵母中异染色质形成都需要组蛋白修饰,但异染色质建立的机制不同.在芽殖酵母中参与异染色质形成的主要蛋白是Sir1-4蛋白（其中Sir2为组蛋白H3去乙酰化酶）,而组蛋白H3赖氨酸9甲基化酶Clr4和异染色质蛋白Swi6在裂殖酵母异染色质形成中起关键的作用.在这两个酵母中,参与异染色质形成的组蛋白修饰蛋白由DNA结合蛋白招募到异染色质.此外,裂殖酵母也利用RNA干扰系统招募组蛋白修饰蛋白.     

组蛋白甲基转移酶ASH2的研究进展

表观遗传修饰通过改变染色质空间构象和基因表达调控胚胎发育、细胞分化、器官发生和癌症形成,其调控形式包括组蛋白甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化、DNA甲基化、基因印迹和X染色体失活等。缺失的、小的、同源异形2(absent, small,homologous 2,ASH2)是组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶复合物的核心成分,其属于三胸腔结构蛋白家族;在哺乳动物中ASH2可特异性甲基化H3K4,激活基因转录。在介绍组蛋白甲基化和三胸腔结构蛋白的基础上,综述了ASH2甲基酶对基因转录、HOX基因表达、癌症发生发展和细胞分化的调控功能,以期为其在动物繁育和人类疾病治疗中的应用提供思路。     

真核mRNA的3‘非翻译区转录后水平调控作用研究进展

真核mRNA的3‘非翻译区（3‘－UTR）在基因表达的转录后调控中起着重要作用：3‘－UTR内存在末端加工信号以指导mRNA3‘末端的加工;3‘－UTR不但控制mRNA的稳定性及降解速率、协助辨认特殊密码子,而且还控制着mRNA的翻译时间、位点及控制其翻译起始及效率等。     

转录因子YY1的作用机制

转录因子Ｙｉｎ Ｙａｎｇ 1 (ＹＹ1 ,又称ＮＦ Ｅ1、δ、ＵＣＲＢＰ、ＣＦ1 )是锌指类转录因子ＧＬ1 Ｋｒ櫣ｐｐｌ家族中的一员 ,广泛地存在于人、鼠、非洲爪蟾中[1、2 ] 。ＹＹ1蛋白含有 41 4个氨基酸残基 ,分子量为 6 5ｋＤ。在靠近Ｎ 末端处有一个酸性区域 ,紧接着是连续 1 2个组氨酸的序列和一段富含Ｇｌｙ和Ａｌａ的区域 ,在Ｃ 末端含有与ＲＥＸ 1蛋白相似序列的Ｃ2 Ｈ2 锌指结构。ＹＹ1因子最初是作为腺伴随病毒(ＡＡＶ)的Ｐ5 启动子和免疫球蛋白 (Ｉｇ)ｋ3′增强子的阻抑因子分离到的 ,后来又相继证实ｃ ｆｏｓ、ｃ ｍｙｃ、ｓｕｒ…     

白假丝酵母CFL1基因通过转录调控参与氧化压力应答

【背景】CFL1基因是白假丝酵母高铁还原酶基因,介导胞外铁离子的还原,在白假丝酵母胞内铁稳态的维持方面发挥着重要作用。【目的】研究CFL1基因调节氧化压力应答的分子机制。【方法】采用液体培养及巨噬细胞模型,测定CFL1缺失对氧化压力耐受性和杀伤巨噬细胞能力的影响;使用羟基自由基清除剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)分析其对缓解氧化压力敏感性的影响;采用实时荧光定量PCR分析CFL1缺失对氧化压力应答基因表达的影响;采用过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定方法研究CFL1缺失对CAT1基因表达的影响;通过构建WT-CAT1-GFP和cfl1Δ/Δ-CAT1-GFP菌株分析过氧化氢酶基因过表达对cfl1Δ/Δ氧化压力敏感性的影响。【结果】白假丝酵母CFL1基因的缺失会造成杀伤巨噬细胞能力的减弱,氧化压力应答基因表达的下降。过氧化氢酶基因的过表达则能恢复与野生型几乎一致的氧化压力水平。【结论】CFL1基因通过转录调控参与白假丝酵母氧化压力应答过程。     

母型mRNA的定位和翻译机制

在卵或早期胚胎细胞内,有些RNA,包括mRNA,呈定位分布,其分布因RNA种类而异。定位分布的RNA一般具备如下生理功能:决定子细胞的命运,或阻止子细胞被纳入其它命运的轨道,或为子细胞建立、维持某特定的极性功能所需,或仅仅参与某特定结构的组成,显示一定的结构功能。     

酵母PHO2蛋白的磷酸化研究

本文报道了ＰＨＯ２蛋白能被一种未知的蛋白激酶磷酸化。ＰＨＯ２蛋白的第２３０－２３３位氨基酸残基因组成一个可能ｐ３４＾ｃｄｃ３／ＣＤＣ２８相关的蛋白激酶识别的一致序列,用点突变的方法将Ｓｅｒ－２３０变成Ａｌａ可导致ＰＨＯ２蛋白激活ＰＨＯ５表达能力的完全丧失。     

An exclusively nuclear RNA-binding protein affects asymmetric localization of ASH1 mRNA and Ash1p in yeast

The localization of ASH1 mRNA to the distal tip of budding yeast cells is essential for the proper regulation of mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A localization element that is predominantly in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) can direct this mRNA to the bud. Using this element in the three-hybrid in vivo RNA-binding assay, we identified a protein, Loc1p, that binds in vitro directly to the wild-type ASH1 3'-UTR RNA, but not to a mutant RNA incapable of localizing to the bud nor to several other mRNAs. LOC1 codes for a novel protein that recognizes double-stranded RNA structures and is required for efficient localization of ASH1 mRNA. Accordingly, Ash1p gets symmetrically distributed between daughter and mother cells in a loc1 strain. Surprisingly, Loc1p was found to be strictly nuclear, unlike other known RNA-binding proteins involved in mRNA localization which shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We propose that efficient cytoplasmic ASH1 mRNA localization requires a previous interaction with specific nuclear factors.     

Co-regulation of polar mRNA transport and lifespan in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Recent studies have uncovered the links between aging, rejuvenation and polar protein transport in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we examined a still unexplored possibility for co-regulation of polar mRNA transport and lifespan. To monitor the amount and distribution of mRNA-containing granules in mother and daughter cells, we used a fluorescent mRNA-labeling system, with MFA2 as a reporter gene. The results obtained showed that deletion of the selected longevity regulators in budding yeast had a significant impact on the polar mRNA transport. This included changes in the amount of mRNA-containing granules in cytoplasm, their aggregation and distribution between the mother and daughter cells. A significant negative correlation was found between strain-specific longevity, amount of granules and total fluorescent intensity both in mother and daughter cells. As indicated by the coefficient of determination, approximately 50–75% of variation in yeast lifespan could be attributed to the differences in polar mRNA transport.     

Co-regulation of polar mRNA transport and lifespan in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Recent studies have uncovered the links between aging, rejuvenation and polar protein transport in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we examined a still unexplored possibility for co-regulation of polar mRNA transport and lifespan. To monitor the amount and distribution of mRNA-containing granules in mother and daughter cells, we used a fluorescent mRNA-labeling system, with MFA2 as a reporter gene. The results obtained showed that deletion of the selected longevity regulators in budding yeast had a significant impact on the polar mRNA transport. This included changes in the amount of mRNA-containing granules in cytoplasm, their aggregation and distribution between the mother and daughter cells. A significant negative correlation was found between strain-specific longevity, amount of granules and total fluorescent intensity both in mother and daughter cells. As indicated by the coefficient of determination, approximately 50–75% of variation in yeast lifespan could be attributed to the differences in polar mRNA transport.     

Dss1 associating with the proteasome functions in selective nuclear mRNA export in yeast

Dss1p is an evolutionarily conserved small protein that interacts with BRCA2, a tumor suppressor protein, in humans. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain lacking the dss1⁺ gene (Δdss1) shows a temperature-sensitive growth defect and accumulation of bulk poly(A)⁺ RNA in the nucleus at a nonpermissive temperature. In situ hybridization using probes for several specific mRNAs, however, revealed that the analyzed mRNAs were exported normally to the cytoplasm in Δdss1, suggesting that Dss1p is required for export of some subsets of mRNAs. We identified the pad1⁺ gene, which encodes a component of the 26S proteasome, as a suppressor for the ts⁻ phenotype of Δdss1. Unexpectedly, overexpression of Pad1p could suppress neither the defect in nuclear mRNA export nor a defect in proteasome function. In addition, loss of proteasome functions does not cause defective nuclear mRNA export. Dss1p seems to be a multifunctional protein involved in nuclear export of specific sets of mRNAs and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in fission yeast.     

mRNA localization: motile RNA, asymmetric anchors

Techniques to label mRNA with green fluorescent protein (GFP) have provided the first real-time images of RNA motility in live yeast cells. Genetic screens for factors responsible for mRNA asymmetry (e. g. SHE genes) in yeast identified type V myosin among other proteins. Analysis of mRNA movement in various she mutants revealed the role of motor proteins in long-range transport, factors for particle formation, and cortical anchors for docking the mRNA.