游仆虫肽链释放因子eRF1对编程性翻译移码的影响

编程性翻译移码是mRNA翻译为多肽链时核糖体沿mRNA正向或反向滑动1个碱基才能表达出1个完整多肽链的现象. 人的肽链释放因子eRF1对HIV-1病毒的编程性-1移码有直接的影响. 而且在频繁发生编程性+1移码的单细胞真核生物游仆虫中,肽链释放因子eRF1对编程性移码也有明显的影响. 为进一步研究eRF1中影响编程性翻译移码的关键序列及调控机理,本研究将含有不同终止密码子的移码序列和已报道的游仆虫移码基因Ndr2分别插入双荧光素酶报告基因中,成功建立了可在酵母中进行研究的编程性移码报告检测体系. 利用游仆虫肽链释放因子Eo-eRF1b的N结构域和酵母肽链释放因子Sc eRF1的MC结构域构建了杂合肽链释放因子(Eo/Sc eRF1),检测Eo-eRF1b N结构域中的不同突变位点对移码效率的影响. 结果表明,游仆虫肽链释放因子eRF1b中YCF区的突变能明显促进含终止密码UAA的移码序列的移码,推测这可能是由于eRF1突变体降低了对UAA的识别所导致. 此外,杂合肽链释放因子Eo/Sc eRF1能够有效地提高移码基因Ndr2的移码效率. eRF1b中YCF区的突变同样能明显促进 Ndr2的移码. 因此, 游仆虫肽链释放因子YCF区的特殊序列可能是这种生物中发生编程性移码频率较高的原因之一. 本研究为探讨纤毛虫编程性翻译移码调控机制提供了实验数据.     

滑动序列对游仆虫中识别+1位和+2位编程性核糖体移码具有关键作用

编程性核糖体移码(programmed ribosomal frameshifting,PRF)广泛存在于生命进化谱系的各个分支,是一种翻译水平上的基因表达调控方式。单细胞真核生物游仆虫(Euplotes)中不仅PRF基因比例高,而且移码类型有+1和+2位两种。本研究从基因组水平对八肋游仆虫(E.octocarinatus)中的+2 PRF基因进行了鉴定,比较分析+1及+2 PRF基因中可能的调控元件。为了探讨游仆虫中滑动序列对移码类型的影响,克隆了八肋游仆虫的+1 PRF基因——η微管蛋白基因,将其构建到含绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的游仆虫大核人工染色体中,转染游仆虫细胞,通过检测GFP的表达来确定不同滑动序列突变体对应的移码类型。结果表明,滑动序列的改变能使游仆虫+1 PRF转变为+2 PRF,且这种移码类型的改变与滑动序列第1个密码子编码何种氨基酸无关。本研究揭示了滑动序列对游仆虫中识别+1和+2位的编程性核糖体移码具有关键作用。     

细胞培养系中的编程性细胞死亡

简要介绍了生物反应器中细胞培养系的编程性死亡和几种可能的控制细胞编程性死亡的途径。     

植物衰老中的编程性细胞死亡

本文通过对植物衰老和动植物中编程性细胞死亡(PCD)的研究,阐述了植物衰老中PCD存在的依据,澄清了植物衰老和PCD的关系,提出了植物衰老中可能的PCD发生途径,为调控植物衰老的遗传操作提供依据.     

植物衰老中的编程性细胞死亡

本文通过对植物衰老和动植物中编程性细胞死亡(PCD)的研究,阐述了植物衰老中PCD存在的依据,澄清了植物衰老和PCD的关系,提出了植物衰老中可能的PCD发生途径,为调控植物衰老的遗传操作提供依据。     

植物的编程性细胞死亡

植物细胞在一定的生理或病理条件下,遵循自身的程序,自己结束生命。新近遗传学、生物化学及形态学证据表明,植物细胞的这种死亡是一个主动的过程,称之为编程性细胞死亡。文章综述了植物体中存在的编程性细胞死亡现象及其调控机理。     

编程性细胞死亡困境

文章： M Certo 等人 “Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members,”Cancer Cell, 9：351-65, 2006. （被引用116次）     

编程性细胞死亡及研究方法

在生物组织中,单个细胞受其内在基因编 程的调节,通过主动的生化过程而自杀死亡的 现象,称编程性细胞死亡(PCD,Programmed Ccll Death,Apoptosis)。PCD细胞单个散 在分布。早期的形态学改变为染色质固缩,常 聚集于核膜呈境界分明的颗粒块状或新月形小 体,细胞质浓缩。继后胞核和细胞外形皱折, 核裂解成质膜包统的碎片,细胞膜突出形成质 膜小泡(即细胞“出泡 blebbing”现象),脱落后 形成PCD小体,其内可保留完整的细胞器和     

植物细胞编程性死亡的调控

细胞编程性死亡（PCD）在植物生长发育及植物对环境的适应性方面起重要作用。文章主要从PCD相关基因,信号转导途径,蛋白酶及核酸酶等方面介绍植物细胞编程性死亡的调控。     

Shifty ciliates: frequent programmed translational frameshifting in euplotids

Recent work suggests that there is a high frequency of programmed +1 translational frameshifting in ciliates of the Euplotes genus. Frequent frameshifting may have been potentiated by stop codon reassignment, which is also a feature of this group.     

Recombinant tagging system using ribosomal frameshifting to monitor protein expression

For rapid and accurate quantitation of recombinant proteins during expression and after purification, we introduce a new tagging strategy that expresses both target proteins and limitedly tagged target proteins together in a single cell at a constant ratio by utilizing cis‐elements of programmed ‐1 ribosomal frameshifting (‐1RFS) as an embedded device. ‐1RFS is an alternative reading mechanism that effectively controls protein expression by many viruses. When a target gene is fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene with a ‐1RFS element implanted between them, the unfused target and the target‐GFP fusion proteins are expressed at a fixed ratio. The expression ratio between these two protein products is adjustable simply by changing ‐1RFS signals. This limited‐tagging system would be valuable for the real‐time monitoring of protein expression when optimizing expression condition for a new protein, and in monitoring large‐scale bioprocesses without a large metabolic burden on host cells. Furthermore, this strategy allows for the direct measurement of the quantity of a protein on a chip surface and easy application to proteomewide study of gene products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 898–904. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The protein synthesis inhibitors,oxazolidinones and chloramphenicol,cause extensive translational inaccuracy in vivo

The oxazolidinone family is a new class of synthetic antibiotics that bind to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. Two members of the family, linezolid and XA043, were examined for their effects on translational fidelity using a lacZ reporter gene in vivo. Both promoted highly significant frameshifting and nonsense suppression. Chloramphenicol, a peptidyl transferase inhibitor, affected translational fidelity in a similar fashion. Neither the oxazolidinones nor chloramphenicol stimulated misincorporation of amino acid residues at position 461 in the lacZ gene. In contrast, the aminoglycosides gentamicin and paromomycin, which interact with the decoding region of the 30S subunit, caused significant misincorporation but only modest increases in frameshifting or stop codon readthrough of the lacZ gene. We conclude that effects on translational fidelity may play a significant role in the mechanism of action of the oxazolidinones.     

Competing pathways control host resistance to virus via tRNA modification and programmed ribosomal frameshifting

Viral infection depends on a complex interplay between host and viral factors. Here, we link host susceptibility to viral infection to a network encompassing sulfur metabolism, tRNA modification, competitive binding, and programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF). We first demonstrate that the iron‐sulfur cluster biosynthesis pathway in Escherichia coli exerts a protective effect during lambda phage infection, while a tRNA thiolation pathway enhances viral infection. We show that tRNA^Lys uridine 34 modification inhibits PRF to influence the ratio of lambda phage proteins gpG and gpGT. Computational modeling and experiments suggest that the role of the iron‐sulfur cluster biosynthesis pathway in infection is indirect, via competitive binding of the shared sulfur donor IscS. Based on the universality of many key components of this network, in both the host and the virus, we anticipate that these findings may have broad relevance to understanding other infections, including viral infection of humans.     

Programmed translational -1 frameshifting on hexanucleotide motifs and the wobble properties of tRNAs

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting, involving tRNA re-pairing from an AAG codon to an AAA codon, has been reported to occur at the sequences CGA AAG and CAA AAG. In this study, using the recoding region of insertion sequence IS3, we have investigated the influence on frameshifting in Escherichia coli of the first codon of this type of motif by changing it to all other NNA codons. Two classes of NNA codons were distinguished, depending on whether they favor or limit frameshifting. Their degree of shiftiness is correlated with wobble propensity, and base 34 modification, of their decoding tRNAs. A more flexible anticodon loop very likely makes the tRNAs with extended wobble more prone to liberate the third codon base, A, for re-pairing of tRNALys in the -1 frame.