热激对水稻幼苗耐冷性及热激蛋白合成的诱导

萌发的水稻种子经42℃热激处理后其幼苗的耐冷性明显增强,膜伤害程度降低,脯氨酸含量增加,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和抗氧化物质抗坏血酸含量增加,而膜脂过氧化的关键酶脂氧合酶(LOX)活性及其产物丙二醛(MDA)含量下降.并且热激诱导萌发的水稻胚合成78、70、64、60、46、38、24、17、16kD的热激蛋白(HSP),其中属于HSP70的内质网结合蛋白(BiP)的合成与水稻幼苗耐寒性的提高有关.     

水稻资源开花期耐热性的全基因组关联分析

水稻在开花期对高温非常敏感,挖掘耐热种质并解析耐热性的遗传机制,有助于水稻的耐热性遗传改良.本研究选取205份国内外种质资源,在抽穗开花期对遇高温的稻穗进行标记,以高温下标记穗的结实率作为耐热指标,结合高密度SNP标记进行全基因组关联分析并初步预测候选基因.结果 表明:不同水稻种质的耐热性差异明显,高温下的结实率最低为...     

复合外源物质对玉米幼苗抗寒性的影响

该研究采用不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)、脱落酸(ABA)、磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)以及抗坏血酸(VC)进行正交组合获得不同浓度组合的复合外源物质,同时以蒸馏水处理作为对照,将其喷施于玉米幼苗后进行低温胁迫处理,在胁迫结束后使幼苗恢复生长,并测定叶片相关生长指标及生理生化指标的变化。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,9种复合外源物质处理均可显著提高玉米幼苗的相对生长速率、干物质积累速率及脯氨酸含量,降低相对电导率,总体上提高了玉米幼苗的素质。(2)在4℃低温胁迫下,9种复合外源物质处理下幼苗相对生长速率、干物质积累速率、根系活力、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量及可溶性糖含量,均显著高于对照,并减缓了丙二醛的积累和相应的膜脂过氧化,降低了相对电导率,提高了玉米幼苗的耐冷性。低温胁迫条件下,水杨酸、脱落酸、磷酸二氢钾和抗坏血酸四种物质组成的复合物可以提高玉米幼苗的耐冷性,其中以SA0.14 g·L~(-1)+ABA 0.015 g·L~(-1)+KH_2PO_4 3.0 g·L~(-1)+V_C 3.0 g·L~(-1)的复合物效果最好。该研究结果为新型复合抗寒剂的应用推广提供了技术支持。     

Rapid responses to high temperature and desiccation but not to low temperature in the freeze tolerant sub-Antarctic caterpillar Pringleophaga marioni (Lepidoptera,Tineidae)

A broad definition of rapid cold hardening (RCH) is that it is the process whereby insects increase their survival of a sub-zero temperature after a brief (h) pre-exposure to a less severe low temperature. The effects of various pre-treatments on survival of two h at -7.9 degrees C were investigated in the freeze tolerant sub-Antarctic caterpillar Pringleophaga marioni (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), the first time RCH has been investigated in a freeze tolerant arthropod. All caterpillars froze when exposed to -7.9 degrees C, and none of the low temperature pre-treatments (-5, 0, 5 and 15 degrees C, as well as -5 degrees C and 0 degrees C with a delay before freezing) nor slow cooling (0.1 degrees C/min) elicited any improvement in survival of -7.9 degrees C as compared to controls. However, high temperature treatments (25, 30 and 35 degrees C), desiccation and acclimation for 5 days at 0 degrees C did result in significant increases in survival of the test temperature, possibly as a result of heat shock protein production. Haemolymph osmolality was elevated only by the 35 degrees C pre-treatment. It is suggested that the unpredictable environment of Marion Island means that P. marioni must always be physiologically prepared to survive cold snaps, and that this year-round cold hardiness therefore supersedes a rapid cold hardening response.     

Use of transgenic plants and mutants to study the regulation and function of lipid composition

Mutants and transgenic plants with altered expression of genes implicated in lipid metabolism are providing fresh insights into the regulation and function of lipid composition. To date, several genes encoding fatty acid desaturases, acyltransferases, a thioesterase, a lipid transfer protein and an isoform of acyl-carrier protein have been introduced into transgenic plants. Despite the fact that some of these transgenic plants had large alterations in lipid composition, they showed surprisingly little phenotypic variation from wild-type plants. Although detailed analyses of these plants are just beginning, several theories regarding the roles of particular genes in various plant processes, such as cold tolerance and transfer of lipids between membranes, have been either substantiated or discarded on the basis of the data already obtained. In addition, constructs that contain the promoter regions of genes implicated in lipid metabolism fused to reporter genes have been introduced into transgenic plants and are providing some clues as to how lipid composition is regulated.     

水稻剑叶气孔性状与孕穗期耐冷性的关系研究

以人工气候室鉴定的孕穗期耐冷性不同的10个水稻品种为材料,采用扫描电子显微镜观测其剑叶的气孔密度、气孔大小和单位面积气孔周长等性状特点,以探讨水稻剑叶气孔性状与孕穗期耐冷性的关系.结果表明:耐冷性强品种'培杂软香'、'天优688'、'冈优825' 的气孔密度和单位叶面积气孔总周长较小,分别为380～410个/mm2和29.8～32.6 cm;耐冷性弱的品种'粤杂763'气孔密度和单位叶面积气孔总周长较大,分别为618个/mm~2和46.9 cm; 耐冷性中等的品种'培杂泰丰'等介于二者之间,分别为460～510个/mm~2和35.1～39.3 cm.气孔密度相近时,气孔较大的品种耐冷性较弱;单位叶面积气孔总周长相近时,气孔密度大的品种耐冷性较弱.研究发现,水稻品种剑叶的气孔密度和单位叶面积气孔总周长与其孕穗期耐冷性均呈极显著正相关,可以作为水稻孕穗期耐冷性的鉴定指标.     

抗寒类蛋白与冷驯化诱发昆虫耐寒性研究进展

昆虫是变温动物,温度对其生长发育、基本行为及进化途径都会产生很大的影响,种群的繁衍面临如何安全度过漫长而寒冷的冬季的挑战。通过长时间的进化,昆虫获得一系列完整的耐寒策略。绝大多数的昆虫都是耐寒昆虫,在陆地寒冷温度刺激下,昆虫受抗寒基因的调控,体内产生大量抗寒物质,如海藻糖、甘油、山梨醇、抗冻蛋白、热激蛋白等,提高昆虫的耐寒能力,使其得以在低温寒冷的条件下成功越冬。同样,经过冷驯化后的昆虫能显著提高昆虫的耐寒力。近年来,关于昆虫耐寒性、抗寒类蛋白的研究不断开展,研究内容涉及昆虫的耐寒性、抗寒基因HSPs和AFPs的调控、冷驯化诱导抗寒等方面。本文综述了昆虫耐寒性、主要耐寒策略及冷驯化诱发昆虫耐寒性增强等研究内容。有助于全面认识昆虫耐寒性及其作用机制,为天敌昆虫低温储存和提高生物防治等应用打下坚实的基础。     

Temperature and chemical shocks induce chilling tolerance in germinating Cucumis sativus (cv. Poinsett 76) seeds

Roots of 24-h-old germinated cucumber ( Cucumis sativus cv. Poinsett 76) seeds were subjected to thermal and chemical stresses, equilibrated at 25°C for 2 h and chilled at 2.5°C for 96 h. The germinated seeds were then held at 25°C for 72 h after they were chilled and the elongation of the primary root was used as a measure of chilling tolerance. Control roots elongated from an initial length of 0.2 cm to a final length of 6.3 cm at the end of 72 h. while chilled roots elongated to a final length of only 0.4 to 0.6 cm. Exposure to 0.4 M ethanol for 4 h or to 40°C for 1 h induced substantial chilling tolerance and the roots had a final length of 4.1 and 3.1 cm. respectively. Exposure to 7.5°C for 3 h conferred less chilling tolerance (elongation to 1.4 cm). while exposure to other chemicals (i.e. aqueous solutions of Ca(NO₃)₂, mannitol. methanol and NaCl) produced less, though still significant increases in chilling tolerance. A more severe chilling treatment of 144 h at 2.5°C was required to consistently induce elevated rates of ion leakage. Only the heat and the ethanol shock treatments significantly reduced chilling-induced ion leakage. Inclusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide negated the protective effects of these shock treatments. It appears that de novo protein synthesis is required for induction of chilling tolerance by a variety of chemical and thermal shock treatments.     

热激处理对冷藏枇杷果实冷害的生理作用

枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)果实采后经48～52℃、10 min的热激处理,然后2～5℃贮藏,通过对贮藏期间果实冷害级别、呼吸速率、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和质膜相对透性变化的分析,研究贮前热激处理对冷藏枇杷果实冷害的生理作用.结果表明,2～5℃低温可诱导枇杷果实呼吸速率和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性异常升高,果实冷害程度与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性之间呈正相关,相关系数r=0.926.热激处理能降低冷藏条件下(2～5℃)枇杷果实呼吸速率的异常升高,减轻由于低温胁迫造成的果肉细胞膜损伤,提高枇杷果实的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,降低苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性.贮前热激处理有推迟和减轻枇杷果实冷害症状发生、降低果肉低温劣变的作用.贮前热激处理结合低温冷藏是延长枇杷果实贮藏寿命的有效措施之一.     

Monitoring chilling injury: A comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, post-chilling growth and visible symptoms of injury in Zea mays

Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence emission from maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Northern Belle) seedlings chilled at 1.5°C in the dark for 3–30 h were compared with the ability of plants to resume growth in the immediate post-chilling period and with the development of visible symptoms of injury to the leaves. During chilling, the maximal rate of increase of the induced chlorophyll fluorescence rise. F_R, was measured on secondary leaf tissue. F_R decreased exponentially, at approximately the same rate in plants grown and chilled in hydroponic pots, in leaves detached from similar plants and in plants that were removed from the hydroponic pots and laid on wet filter paper adjacent to the detached leaves. The half-fall time for F_R in the 3 treatments was 7.8 ± 1.3 h, 8.6 ± 0.6 h and 8.8 ± 1.0 h, respectively. Following seedling removal from 1.5°C and return to 25/15°C, relative growth rates were determined from daily measurements of plant fresh weight gain. Compared with non-chilled seedlings, plants chilled for 3 h and longer showed depressed rates of growth. Inhibition of growth in the immediate post-chilling period (0–27 h) was linearly related to the duration of the chilling period and had a high positive correlation with the decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence (linearly related to log F_R) sustained during the chilling exposure. Visible symptoms of chilling injury developed during the post-chilling period on seedlings chilled for longer than 3 h. The decrease in log F_R during chilling was also linearly correlated with the severity of visual symptoms of chilling injury expressed in the post-chilling period. It is concluded that the extent of chilling injury in maize can be rapidly and non-destructively assessed from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence.     

利用低温水浴鉴定水稻苗期耐寒性

高效准确鉴定苗期耐寒性是水稻(Oryza sativa)耐寒研究的前提。基于流动水浴温度均一这一特性, 建立了一种恒温水浴鉴定水稻幼苗耐寒性方法。该方法中环境温度设定为20°C, 水浴温度设定为4°C。根据对2个水稻亚种不同材料的处理结果, 总结出几种常见品种的低温处理时间与存活率参考值, 并对操作过程中的一些注意事项进行了说明。