Evaluation of breeding strategies for drought tolerance in potato by means of crop growth simulation

Breeding strategies for drought tolerance in potato were evaluated by means of a crop growth model, in which seasonal courses of crop dry matter accumulation and soil moisture availability were simulated in dependence of plant characteristics and weather and soil data.Several plant characteristics substantially influenced the simulated instantaneous water consumption of the genotype. However, effects of genotypic differences on final tuber yield were much smaller because of the close relationship between transpiration and growth. Hence, a lower water consumption not only saved water for later use, but was also at the expense of the actual growth rate. Selection for low-transpiration types, at unchanged water use efficiency, would result in lower yields under optimum conditions.Short periods of drought, in general, reduced tuber yield of late genotypes less than that of early genotypes. Late genotypes had a surplus of leaf area for full light interception giving a lower impact of leaf area reduction. Late drought affected early genotypes less because of escape.The simulation results emphasized the complexity of selection for drought tranrance caused by the many plant processes involved, the contrast between instantaneous and cumulative reactions and the strong genotype × environment interaction for drought tolerance.     

三种冬青属树种的耐涝性和耐旱性评价

通过致死性干旱和致死性水涝处理,用生理生态方法,对冬青(Ilexchinensis)、绿冬青(I.viridis)和无刺枸骨(I.cornatavar.fortunei)进行抗逆性研究。耐涝性结果表明随淹水时间延长,3种受淹冬青体内的游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,净光合速率下降;比较而言,绿冬青上述受淹反应出现早,无刺枸骨出现迟,而冬青介于二者之间;绿冬青耐涝约1周,无刺枸骨耐涝2周以上,冬青耐涝介于二者之间,在江南水乡推广利用,耐涝方面不会成为限制因素。耐旱结果表明随干旱的逐渐加重,3种冬青体内的游离脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势,比较而言,绿冬青上升的峰值出现早,冬青和无刺枸骨的上升峰值出现迟;绿冬青耐旱约15d,无刺枸骨耐旱约25d,冬青介于二者之间。3种冬青均有一定的抗逆性,其中无刺枸骨对水胁迫的适应能力最强,冬青次之,而绿冬青相对较弱。     

Differences in drought tolerance between cultivars of field bean and field pea. Morphological characteristics, germination and seedling growth

Different responses among legume species were observed, but the morphological and physiological differences that confer drought resistance or susceptibility are not well explained. The objective of this study was the determination of variation of morphological characteristics within 7 field bean and 4 field pea cultivars as related to drought tolerance. Also differences in the effect of drought on seed germination and seedling growth in 2 field bean and 2 field pea cultivars of different drought tolerances were investigated. The examined cultivars were characterized by variation of certain morphological characteristics regarded as xeromorphic features associated with the ability of plant to survive under drought. The drought resistant cultivars (field bean Gobo and field pea Solara) in comparison with the sensitive ones (field bean Victor and field pea Bareness) were characterized by more favourable relations between the size of the above—ground parts and the size of root, as well as the frequency and size of stomata. Moreover, in the resistant cultivars there was observed, a smaller influence of simulated drought (ψ=−0.6 MPa) on the increase of dry matter of the above-ground parts and of the roots. Also there was smaller influence on the height of seedlings and on the length of lateral roots. The correlation coefficients between the measured characteristics and the values of the drought susceptibility index (DSI) were in most cases statistically not significant, although, on the whole, they were very high. This may be an indication of a relatively high participation of the measured characteristics in the total variation of the drought tolerance in the cultivars. In cultivars regarded as belonging to the group of sensitive ones, a more disadvantageous effect of simulated drought (ψ=−0.6 MPa) on seed germination was observed, especially in the determination of the promptness index (PI).     

土壤干旱对转基因甘薯光合曲线的响应

采用盆栽试验的方法,设置适宜水分、中度干旱和重度干旱(土壤田间持水量的75%—80%、60%—65%和35%—40%)等3个土壤水分条件,以叶片同时转入Cu/Zn SOD和APX基因的甘薯和未转基因对照植株为材料,研究它们在不同水分条件下的光合响应特性。结果表明:在不同的土壤水分条件下,转基因(TS)和未转基因(NS)植株光响应曲线的变化趋势均基本一致,但转基因甘薯叶片的光合速率都高于未转基因植株,尤其是在严重的干旱胁迫下两者的差异最为显著,表明同时转入的Cu/Zn SOD和APX抗氧化酶基因有利于甘薯在干旱逆境下维持较高的光合能力。正常的水分水平及中度干旱胁迫下,TS和NS植株叶片的Pmax无明显差别,但在严重干旱条件下TS叶片的Pmax显著高于NS。在本试验中,与适宜水分处理相比,NS植株叶片的表观量子效率(φ)在中度干旱胁迫下就开始显著下降,而TS植株只是轻微下降,到严重干旱时,两者都显著下降,但是TS仍略高于NS植株。随着土壤干旱程度增加,甘薯叶片光补偿点(LCP)增高,光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(φ)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)下降,表明干旱胁迫使气孔关闭,光能利用率降低,同时利用CO2的能力降低,光合产物消耗增加,不利于同化产物的积累,在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因甘薯叶片光补偿点(LCP)、光呼吸增高以及光饱和点下降的幅度均明显小于未转基因植株,这可能是因为转入的抗氧化酶基因提高干旱胁迫下叶片中酶促防御系统的活性,适度缓解了干旱逆境引起的膜脂过氧化伤害。     

丛枝菌根真菌对植物耐旱性的影响研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能与植物根系形成互惠共生体,对植物的生长发育和抗逆性有积极的影响,在改善植物水分代谢和提高植物耐旱性中发挥了重要作用.本文综述了近年来AMF与植物水分代谢关系的研究进展,从植物的光合作用、蒸腾与气孔导度、水分利用效率、水力导度、渗透调节、内源激素和抗氧化系统等方面说明AMF对植物水分代谢的影响.从4个方面介绍了AMF提高植物耐旱性的机理:1)菌丝网络增加植物根系吸收范围;2)增强植物保水能力和抗氧化能力;3)稳定和改善土壤团聚体;4)促进植物养分吸收.并提出今后研究需注意的问题和建议.     

Heterologous expression of the AtDREB1A gene in chrysanthemum increases drought and salt stress tolerance

DNA cassette containing an AtDREB1A cDNA and a nos terminator,driven by a cauli- flower mosaic 35S promoter,or a stress-inducible rd29A promoter,was transformed into the ground cover chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflorum)'Fall Color'genome.Compared with wild type plants,severe growth retardation was observed in 35S:DREB1A plants,but not in rd29A:DREB1A plants.RT-PCR analysis revealed that,under stress conditions,the DREB1A gene was over-expressed constitutively in 35S:DREB1A plants,but was over-expressed inductively in rd29A:DREB1A plants.The transgenic plants exhibited tolerance to drought and salt stress,and the tolerance was significantly stronger in rd29A:DREB1A plants than in 35S:DREB1A plants.Proline content and SOD activity were increased inductively in rd29A:DREB1A plants than in 35S:DREB1A plants under stress conditions.These results indicate that heterologous AtDREB1A can confer drought and salt tolerance in transgenic chrysanthemum,and improvement of the stress tolerance may be related to enhancement of proline content and SOD activity.     

Heterologous expression of the AtDREB1A gene in chrysanthemum increases drought and salt stress tolerance

DNA cassette containing an AtDREB1A cDNA and a nos terminator, driven by a cauliflower mosaic 35S promoter, or a stress-inducible rd29A promoter, was transformed into the ground cover chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) ‘Fall Color’ genome. Compared with wild type plants, severe growth retardation was observed in 35S:DREB1A plants, but not in rd29A:DREB1A plants. RT-PCR analysis revealed that, under stress conditions, the DREB1A gene was over-expressed constitutively in 35S:DREB1A plants, but was over-expressed inductively in rd29A:DREB1A plants. The transgenic plants exhibited tolerance to drought and salt stress, and the tolerance was significantly stronger in rd29A:DREB1A plants than in 35S:DREB1A plants. Proline content and SOD activity were increased inductively in rd29A:DREB1A plants than in 35S:DREB1A plants under stress conditions. These results indicate that heterologous AtDREB1A can confer drought and salt tolerance in transgenic chrysanthemum, and improvement of the stress tolerance may be related to enhancement of proline content and SOD activity.     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫下马铃薯茎段转录组分析

该研究以‘青薯9号’马铃薯无菌苗为材料,采用转录组测序技术分析模拟干旱胁迫下马铃薯茎段的差异表达,探究茎段在干旱胁迫下的分子机制。结果表明:(1)不同程度干旱胁迫下,马铃薯叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖以及可溶性蛋白含量明显增加;马铃薯茎段差异表达基因下调的数量均多于上调,其中3种处理条件下共有的差异表达基因有657个。(2)GO富集分析表明,马铃薯茎段差异表达基因主要集中在氧化还原过程、激素响应、氧化还原酶活性以及糖基水解酶活性;Pathway富集分析表明,马铃薯茎段差异表达基因主要集中在植物激素信号转导、苯丙酸生物合成、玉米素生物合成、苯丙氨酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢以及次生代谢产物的生物合成。(3)实时荧光定量PCR验证结果表明,6个差异表达基因在不同程度干旱胁迫中的差异表达与转录组分析的结果基本一致,证明转录组数据的可靠性。该结果对进一步研究马铃薯干旱胁迫响应机制有一定参考价值,也丰富了马铃薯抗旱育种的基因资源。     

The genetics and genomics of the drought response in Populus

The genetic nature of tree adaptation to drought stress was examined by utilizing variation in the drought response of a full-sib second generation (F(2)) mapping population from a cross between Populus trichocarpa (93-968) and P. deltoides Bart (ILL-129) and known to be highly divergent for a vast range of phenotypic traits. We combined phenotyping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and microarray experiments to demonstrate that 'genetical genomics' can be used to provide information on adaptation at the species level. The grandparents and F(2) population were subjected to soil drying, and contrasting responses to drought across genotypes, including leaf coloration, expansion and abscission, were observed, and QTL for these traits mapped. A subset of extreme genotypes exhibiting extreme sensitivity and insensitivity to drought on the basis of leaf abscission were defined, and microarray experiments conducted on these genotypes and the grandparent species. The extreme genotype groups induced a different set of genes: 215 and 125 genes differed in their expression response between groups in control and drought, respectively, suggesting species adaptation at the gene expression level. Co-location of differentially expressed genes with drought-specific and drought-responsive QTLs was examined, and these may represent candidate genes contributing to the variation in drought response.     

甘薯愈伤组织对干旱胁迫和盐胁迫的生理反应对比

研究干旱胁迫和盐胁迫对“芦选一号”。日‘薯愈伤组织可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性等的影响,从而在细胞水平上探讨甘薯抵御渗透胁迫的生理机制。并分析甘薯细胞对干旱处理（PEG-6000）和盐处理（NaCl）的反应差异。结果表明,可溶性蛋白质含量在干旱胁迫下缓慢升高,在轻度和中度盐胁迫的生长前期和中期有较大幅度的上升。但后期下降,表明短时间盐胁迫下,Na^＋可能促进可溶性蛋白的合成;MDA在重度干旱胁迫下的含量显著低于重度盐胁迫,而SOD活性显著高于盐胁迫。表明在盐胁迫下细胞膜透性增加的主要原网是膜脂过氧化作用。干旱处理则是PEG-6000脱水的直接结果;重度干旱胁迫下,可溶性糖含量在短期内迅速升高,然后下降,而脯氨酸含量则在胁迫中后期迅速上升。脯氨酸可能有补偿可溶性糖含量降低的作用。     

Heterologous expression of the AtDREB1A gene in chrysanthemum increases drought and salt stress tolerance

DNA cassette containing an AtDREB1A cDNA and a nos terminator, driven by a cauliflower mosaic 35S promoter, or a stress-inducible rd29A promoter, was transformed into the ground cover chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) ‘Fall Color’ genome. Compared with wild type plants, severe growth retardation was observed in 35S:DREB1A plants, but not in rd29A:DREB1A plants. RT-PCR analysis revealed that, under stress conditions, the DREB1A gene was over-expressed constitutively in 35S:DREB1A plants, but was over-expressed inductively in rd29A:DREB1A plants. The transgenic plants exhibited tolerance to drought and salt stress, and the tolerance was significantly stronger in rd29A:DREB1A plants than in 35S:DREB1A plants. Proline content and SOD activity were increased inductively in rd29A:DREB1A plants than in 35S:DREB1A plants under stress conditions. These results indicate that heterologous AtDREB1A can confer drought and salt tolerance in transgenic chrysanthemum, and improvement of the stress tolerance may be related to enhancement of proline content and SOD activity.     

六种杜鹃花的耐旱适应性研究

通过 5 d、1 0 d和 1 5 d灌溉 1次 ,并控制浇水量对露珠杜鹃 ( R. irroratum )、大白花杜鹃 ( R.decorum)、粗柄杜鹃 ( R. pachypodum)、长蕊杜鹃 ( R. stamineum)、马缨杜鹃 ( R. delavayi)以及云锦杜鹃 ( R.fortunei)的耐旱适应性进行了实验 ,实验在昆明 1 0月份到次年 4月份的干季进行 ;灌溉量为每次 1 .5 L/每盆。在实验进行 1 0个月后 ,结果表明 :云锦杜鹃和马缨杜鹃比露珠杜鹃、长蕊杜鹃和粗柄杜鹃耐旱 ,大白花杜鹃最不耐旱     

长林无性系油茶抗旱性的综合评价

油茶产区在夏季常伴有持续干旱、高温少雨等天气,造成油茶产量不高。为了解持续干旱对油茶生理造成的影响,该研究以两年生的9个长林无性系油茶为材料,在温室内模拟自然干旱胁迫试验,并研究干旱胁迫第0、5、10、15、20和25天时其叶片生理生化指标的变化。同时以各生理指标的抗旱系数作为衡量油茶抗旱性的指标,利用主成分分析、隶属函数法及权重对其抗旱能力进行综合评价。结果表明：将14个单项指标降维成3个独立的综合指标,并通过隶属函数值和权重确定各油茶耐旱性综合评价值,进而得到长林无性系油茶的抗旱强弱依次为长林59号>长林22号>长林53号>长林4号>长林40号>长林8号>长林3号>长林27号>长林18号。     

不同生态区主要育成谷子品种芽期耐旱性鉴定

以-0.5 MPa的PEG6000作渗透介质模拟干旱条件,对不同生态区的谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)品种(系)进行种子萌发耐旱鉴定。结果表明:在PEG6000胁迫下,萌发耐旱指数与相对根芽比、芽生长抑制率呈极显著负相关;与根生长抑制率呈正相关,但相关系数小,相关不显著;与相对发芽势呈极显著正相关,且相关系数达0.939,可以反映谷子芽期耐旱性。根据萌发耐旱指数,将201份谷子品种(系)划分为极抗旱、抗旱、中度抗旱、不抗旱和极不抗旱5个等级。     

干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性玉米杂交种产量和根系生理特性的影响

通过盆栽人工模拟干旱试验,研究了全生育期中度干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性玉米杂交种（耐旱：京科628;不耐旱：农大95）产量及根系生理特性的影响.结果表明：干旱胁迫下,耐旱玉米产量比对照减少33.7%,不耐旱玉米则比对照减少62.3%.干旱胁迫下,玉米根系生物量降低且最大值出现时间提前,与对照相比,不耐旱玉米根冠比升高,耐旱玉米根冠比前期升高后期降低;根系活力降低,不耐旱玉米根系活力降低幅度大于耐旱玉米;根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性前期高于对照后期低于对照,耐旱玉米根系SOD活性开始低于对照的时间比不耐旱玉米晚;根系丙二醛（MDA）含量升高,随干旱胁迫处理时间的延长,不耐旱玉米MDA含量比对照升高的幅度大于耐旱玉米;根系可溶性蛋白含量降低,不耐旱玉米的降低幅度大于耐旱玉米.干旱胁迫下耐旱玉米杂交种根系活力﹑根系SOD活性及可溶性蛋白含量较高,减缓了根系的衰老进程,延长了根系功能期,这可能是耐旱玉米杂交种在干旱胁迫下仍能获得较高产量的重要原因之一.