Genetic demographic study of Shors in Tashtagolskiĭ district of the Kemerovo region: changes in the marriage migration structure

The changes in the marriage structure with respect to the age at marriage, ethnicity, and spouses' birthplaces during the period of time corresponding to two generations have been analyzed in the rural population of Shors of Tashtagolskii raion of Kemerovo oblast. In general, the Shor population had a high assortative marriage rate with respect to these parameters in the period studied, although there was a temporary tendency towards its decrease. The ages of marriage for both the male and the female Shor populations in the years 2000-2005 were significantly older than in 1940-1945 and 1970-1975. The age-assortative marriage rate was r = = 0.60 in 1940-1945, r = 0.73 in 1970-1975, and r = 0.66 in 2000-2005. The birthplace-assortative marriage rate decreased from 79.63% in 1970-1975 to 70.64% in 2000-2005. The ethnic assortative marriage rate of Shors steadily decreased during the time interval studied; it was 96.92, 89.95, and 80.98% in 1940-1945, 1970-1975, and 2000-2005, respectively, for the total rural population of Tashtagolskii raion.     

The marriage migration characteristics of the Rostov oblast population

Marriage records have been used to study the marriage migration structure of five raions of the Rostov oblast. The mean ethnic marriage assortativeness in the Russian and Ukrainian rural populations are 1.16 and 1.6, respectively. The endogamy index of the urban population varies from 0.19 to 0.34; and that of the rural population, from 0.21 to 0.54. Malecot's isolation by distance parameters have been calculated. Genetic landscapes have been constructed.     

Population demographic structure of the city of Ulan Ude: Ethnic composition and age at marriage

The marriage structure of the population of Ulan Ude, the capital of Buryat Republic, which is characterized by a mixed ethnic composition, has been studied. Differences between Ulan Ude districts in a number of genetic demographic parameters have been found. In ethnic terms, the city district populations differ from one another in the number of ethnic groups and the proportions of the largest groups (Russians and Buryats). In the total Ulan Ude population, the proportions of Russian men and women among persons contracting marriages are 71.44 and 73.79%, respectively; those of Buryat men and women are 23.36 and 22.79%, respectively. The total proportion of all other ethnic groups among both men and women contracting marriages is no more than 5.2%. The mean ages at first marriage in both indigenous and immigrant populations of Ulan Ude are relatively old; these values are 25.9 and 24.72 years for Buryat men and women and 24.86 and 22.69 for non-indigenous men and women, respectively.     

Burden of monogenic hereditary pathologies of the residents of Ashkhabad in the Turkmen SSR]

The results of medico-genetic investigation of population of Ashkhabad city are presented involving 229 thousand individuals (118230 Turkomans, 94050 Russians and 16720 subjects of other nationalities). Aggravation values the ethnic groups studied are as follows: Turkomen--AD (autosome-dominant = 0.86 per 1000 subjects, AR (autosome-recessive) = 2.31 per 1000 subjects, attached X chromosomes = 0.52 per 1000 males; Russians--AD = 0.93 per 1000 subjects, AR = 0.84, attached X chromosomes = 0.17 per 1000 males; other nationalities AD = 0.81, AR = 1.43, attached X chromosomes = 0.27. Aggravation of the urban Turkomen population is more valid than that of rural people. Relationship between non-accidental inbreeding rate and aggravation with autosome-recessive pathology is shown for several ethnic subdivisions of the population studied.     

云南九个民族中的近亲结婚调查

对云南9个民族[傣、哈尼、彝、布朗、基诺、拉祐、苦聪(人)、回、汉]共11,589起婚姻作了调查。发现:(1)城、乡之间,各民族与地区之间,近婚率差异极显著。(2)许多民族的近婚率均较国内发达地区同一民族高。(3)姑舅亲、倒姑舅、两姨亲及3/2表亲占9个民族近婚总数的84.7％。(4〕9个民族的平均近交系数同样较国内发达地区同一民族高,其中苦聪人的平均近交系数(0.018579)是目前国内最高数值之一,即使平均近交系数最低的汉族(0.001935)也明显高于北京、湖北宜昌和上海市区的汉族的平均近交系数。     

Dynamics of the Genetic Demographic Structure of the Kursk Oblast Population: Migration Processes

Marriage records from parish books of the second half of the 19th century and marriage records of 1967–1970 and 1993–1995 obtained from registry offices were used to analyze the dynamics of genetically significant parameters of migration and marriage structure with respect to spouses' birthplaces in populations of different hierarchical levels in the Kursk oblast. It was found that, among the persons contracting marriage (both males and females), the proportions of those who were born in the same population and those who were born in any population of the Kursk oblast decreased by about one third and one fifth, respectively, for the 130-year period. In rural and small urban populations, the coefficients of marriage migration in the 19th century were an order of magnitude lower than in the 20th century. The immigration to urban populations was maximum in the late 1960s (m = 0.745 in small towns and m = 0.680 in Kursk), and that to rural populations, in the 1990s (m = 0.344). In both urban and rural populations, the mean distance between the spouses" birthplaces has increased by several times for the period studied. The endogamy level has decreased approximately twofold: from 0.797 to 0.380 in Kursk, from 0.897 to 0.419 in small towns, and from 0.958 to 0.440 in rural districts. The marriage assortativeness with respect to birthplace was maximum in the late 19th century (K = 0.393–0.491) and minimum in the 1960s (K= 0.155–0.246). The increase in genetic diversity of the urban population of the Kursk oblast due to migration has been slowing down since the late 20th century, whereas the outbreeding level is still increasing in rural populations.     

Genetic demographic study of Shors in Tashtagolskii raion of Kemerovo oblast: Changes in the marriage migration structure

The changes in the marriage structure with respect to the age at marriage, ethnicity, and spouses’ birthplaces during the period of time corresponding to two generations have been analyzed in the rural population of Shors of Tashtagolskii raion of Kemerovo oblast. In general, the Shor population had a high assortative marriage rate with respect to these parameters in the period studied, although there was a temporary tendency to wards its decrease. The ages of marriage for both the male and the female Shor populations in the years 2000–2005 were significantly older than in 1940–1945 and 1970–1975. The age-assortative marriage rate was r = 0.60 in 1940-1945, r = 0.73 in 1970–1975, and r = 0.66 in 2000–2005. The birthplace-assortative marriage rate decreased from 79.63% in 1970–1975 to 70.64% in 2000–2005. The ethnic assortative marriage rate of Shors steadily decreased during the time interval studied; it was 96.92, 89.95, and 80.98% in 1940–1945, 1970–1975, and 2000–2005, respectively, for the total rural population of Tashtagolskii raion.     

Dynamics of the genetic demographic structure of the Kursk province population: migration processes

Marriage records from parish books of the second half of the 19th century and marriage records of 1967-1970 and 1993-1995 obtained from registry offices were used to analyze the dynamics of genetically significant parameters of migration and marriage structure with respect to spouses' birthplaces in populations of different hierarchical levels in the Kursk oblast. It was found that, among the persons contracting marriage (both males and females), the proportions of those who were born in the same population and those who were born in any population of the Kursk oblast decreased by about one third and one fifth, respectively, for the 130-year period. In rural and small urban populations, the coefficients of marriage migration in the 19th century were an order of magnitude lower than in the 20th century. The immigration to urban populations was maximum in the late 1960s (m = 0.745 in small towns and m = 0.680 in Kursk), and that to rural populations, in the 1990s (m = 0.344). In both urban and rural populations, the mean distance between the spouses' birthplaces has increased by several times for the period studied. The endogamy level has decreased approximately twofold: from 0.797 to 0.380 in Kursk, from 0.897 to 0.419 in small towns, and from 0.958 to 0.440 in rural districts. The marriage assortativeness with respect to birthplace was maximum in the late 19th century (K = 0.393-0.491) and minimum in the 1960s (K = 0.155-0.246). The increase in genetic diversity of the urban population of the Kursk oblast due to migration has been slowing down since the late 20th century, whereas the outbreeding level is still increasing in rural populations.     

Genetic demographic characteristics of the rural population of the Tuva Republic: marriage structure and inbreeding]

Marriage structure was studied in three rural populations of the Tuva Republic: the Shinaan population and the populations of Todzhinskii and Bai-Taiginskii raions (districts). The Shinaan and Bai-Taiginskii populations had high levels of endogamy (0.6704 and 0.6050, respectively). In the Todzhinskii population, which was characterized by a mixed ethnic composition, endogamy was 0.3779 for the total population and 0.4626 for Tuvinians; interethnic marriages in this population were rare. The values of marriage assortativeness with respect to birthplace were 19.38, 40.75, 75.87, and 41.87% in the Shinaan, Bai-Taiginskii, all the Todzhinskii populations, and Tuvinian monoethnic marriages in the Todzhinskii raion, respectively. High marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity was found. Its values (A') were 91.85 and 93.49% in Tuvinians and Russians, respectively. Tuvinian populations were characterized by high inbreeding. The total (F(it)), random (Fst), and nonrandom inbreeding (Fis) estimated by isonymy were 0.004237, 0.002298, and 0.001944 in the Shinaan population, 0.007292, 0.009448, and -0.002177 in the Bai-Taiginskii population, and 0.003846, 0.004152, and -0.000307 in the Todzhinskii population, respectively (in the latter populations, the F(it), Fst, and Fis values for Tuvinian marriages alone were 0.005000, 0.007222, and -0.002238, respectively). The results obtained indicate that individual territorial groups of Tuvinians retain a high degree of genetic isolation from one another.     

Significance of indices of potential selection for residents of the USSR

Crow's indices of the opportunity for selection and their components connected with differential mortality (Im) and differential fertility (If) were estimated for populations of Soviet Union republics and for a number of USSR ethnic groups on the basis of demographic statistics. More than 10-fold decrease in the Im value was revealed in the total population of the USSR during 1926-1987. At present, the Im values in republics vary from 0.020 to 0.094 for urban population and from 0.030 to 0.121 in rural population, the ratio of perinatal mortality in the whole structure of prereproductive mortality being higher in the republics with lower values of the Im. The range of the If values for different peoples (0.148-0.643) is wider than for the populations of the republics (0.326-0.578). Interethnic differences contribute 47% of the variance in fertility. The structure of Crow's indices is given for urban and rural populations of the republics. Genetic implications of the data presented are discussed with respect to possible manifestation of the effects of inter-group selection.     

Inbreeding in Finland

We have compiled data on the frequency of first-cousin marriages in Finland using royal dispensation records for the time period 1810-1872 and national population statistics for the time period 1878-1920. For the earlier period, 0.315% of Finland's marriages were contracted between first cousins (2,331 of 739,387). During the second time period, 0.174% of Finland's marriages took place between first cousins (1,325 of 761,976). These figures, which yield average kinship coefficients of 0.00020 and 0.00011, respectively, show that the level of inbreeding in Finland due to first-cousin marriage has been quite low. An analysis of individual parishes shows that first-cousin marriages are, on average, substantially less frequent than predicted by a random-mating model. In order to evaluate determinants of first-cousin marriage, several predictive variables have been examined: parish ethnic composition (proportion of Swedish and Finnish speakers), husband's occupation (graded into 6 socioeconomic levels), geographic distance between spouses' premarital residences, population density, parish endogamy, and urban vs. rural residence. Various logistic and linear regression models were analyzed in which consanguinity was the dependent variable. The best predictors of consanguinity were ethnic composition and occupation. The other variables were not in general significant predictors. These results show that many of the "mate availability" factors that would be predicted theoretically to account for consanguinity variation (population density, geographic isolation, urban vs. rural residence) do not. Instead, the best predictors of consanguinity at the first-cousin level are cultural factors such as ethnicity and occupation. Evaluation of cultural variables can provide a greatly enriched interpretation of complex biosocial phenomena such as inbreeding.     

Genetic structure of the Udmurt population

Integrated study of the genetic structure of the Udmurt population with respect to different genetic systems has been performed. Data on the genes of genetic diseases, abiotic parameters analyzed by population statistic methods, and DNA polymorphism are summarized. The populations of six raions (districts) of Udmurt Republic (the Mozhga, Malaya Purga, Sharkan, Debesy, Igra, and Glazov raions) have been studied. The total population studied was 267 655 people (an urban population of 150 119 people and a rural population of 117 536 people), including 155 346 Udmurts. The population structure has been studied in six districts on the basis of the vital statistics, Crow’s indices, Malecot’s isolation by distance parameters, ethnically assortative marriage parameters, endogamy indices, inbreeding-endogamy (ie) indices, and frequencies of the genotype and allele frequencies of four DNA markers (17 alleles). The prevalences of hereditary diseases have been calculated for different population groups: urban and rural populations, Udmurts and other ethnic groups. These groups, especially the urban and rural populations, substantially differed from one another in the prevalences of autosomal dominant (AD) and autosomal recessive (AR) diseases. The correlation between the prevalence of AD and AR diseases and the ie index is positive and significant. The spectrum of hereditary diseases detected in six districts of Udmurtia comprises 149 diseases (80, 57, and 12 AD, AR, and X-linked diseases, respectively). Accumulation of individual diseases in districts of Udmurtia and accumulation of diseases in Udmurtia as compared to regions studied earlier has been found. Cluster analysis of the frequencies of genes of AD and AR diseases and DNA markers has determined the gene geographic position of Udmurts.     

The Marriage Migration Characteristics of the Rostov Oblast Population

Marriage records have been used to study the marriage migration structure of five raions of the Rostov oblast. The mean ethnic marriage assortativeness in the Russian and Ukrainian rural populations are 1.16 and 1.6, respectively. The endogamy index of the urban population varies from 0.19 to 0.34; and that of the rural population, from 0.21 to 0.54. Malecot’s isolation by distance parameters have been calculated. Genetic landscapes have been constructed.__________Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2005, pp. 981–985.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kriventsova, El’chinova, Amelina, Zinchenko.     

Dynamic of marriage structure in three cities of Ukraine from 1960 to 1992

Marriage structure was studied in the city of Kiev and in two cities of the Sumy oblast, Shostka and Trostyanets. Ethnic affiliations and birthplaces of persons contracting marriage were analyzed as the main characteristics of population genetic diversity. The ethnic composition of persons contracting marriage and the proportions of mono- and interethnic marriages remained almost unchanged during one generation. The majority of the persons contracting marriage were Ukrainians (66-91%); among other ethnic groups, only Russians considerably contributed to ethnic diversity (up to 26%). During the period studied, coefficients of marital migration substantially decreased in Kiev (from 0.66-0.82 to 0.34) and Shostka (from 0.72 to 0.52) and changed only insignificantly in Trostyanets. Outbreeding was estimated based on the migration parameters, exogamy level, and marital migration distances. The outbreeding level in the Shostka population (100,000 people) was comparable with that for the considerably larger Kiev population (two million people); however, it was significantly higher than that for the Trostyanets population, the size of which was close to the size of the Shostka population. It is supposed that "migration stress" may unfavorably affect the adaptive genetic structure of the Shostka population.     

Social life factors affecting the mortality, longevity, and birth rate of total Japanese population: effects of rapid industrialization and urbanization

To expand upon the findings that lower mortality was found in Japanese urban areas in contrast to the Western model where in the US and Britain the risk of death was higher in metropolitan areas and conurbations, 22 social life indicators are examined among 46 prefectures in Japan in terms of their effect on age specific mortality, life expectancy, and age adjusted marriage, divorce, and birth rates. The effects of these factors on age adjusted mortality for 8 major working and nonworking male populations, where also analyzed. The 22 social life factors were selected from among 227 indicators in the system of Statistical Indicators on Life. Factor analysis was used to classify the indicators into 8 groups of factors for 1970 and 7 for 1975. Factors 1-3 for both years were rural or urban residence, low income and unemployment, and prefectural age distribution. The 4th for 1970 was home help for the elderly and for 1975, social mobility. The social life indicators were classified form 1 to 8 as rural residence in 1970 and 1975, urban residence, low income, high employment, old age, young age, social mobility, and home help for the elderly which moved from 8th place in 1970 to 1st in 1975. Between 1960-75, rapid urbanization took place with the proportion of farmers, fishermen, and workers declining from 43% in 1960 to 19% in 1975. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicate a positive relationship of urban residence with mortality of men and women except school-aged and middle-aged women, and the working populations, as well as life expectancy at birth for males and females and ages 20 and 40 years for males. Rural residence was positively associated with the male marriage rate, whereas the marriage rate for females was affected by industrialization and urbanization. High employment and social mobility were positively related to the female marriage rate. Low income was positively related to the divorce rate for males and females. Rural residence and high employment were positively related to the birth rate. The birth rate is higher in rural areas. Mortality of professional, engineering, and administrative workers was slightly lower than the total working population, while sales workers, those in farming, fishing, and forestry, and in personal and domestic service had significantly higher mortality. The mortality of the nonworking population was 6-8 times higher than sales, transportation, and communication, and personal and domestic service as well as the total population.     

Genetic Demographic Structure of the Lugansk (Ukraine) Population: Age,Ethnicity, Education,and Occupation

Data from marriage records from registry office archives of 1960, 1985, 1990, and 2000 have been used to calculate the genetic demographic parameters of the Lugansk city population. The population is mostly Ukrainian and Russian. In the years studied, Ukrainians accounted for 49.4, 44.0, 44.6, and 48.7% of the population and Russians, for 46.3, 52.1, 50.7, and 45.6%, respectively. The total proportion of the two ethnic groups decreased from 97.3 to 94.6% for 40 years. The marriage contingency coefficient (K) with respect to ethnicity decreased from 0.16 to 0.07 in the period between 1960 and 1985 and increased from 0.10 to 0.24 between 1990 and 2000. The frequency of interethnic marriages (48.4, 50.9, 52.0, and 60.0%, respectively, in the years studied) indicate that the outbreeding component has been constantly increasing in the Lugansk population. The marriage assortativeness indices (A′) for Ukrainians were 0.2, 4.8, 2.1, and 6.0% in 1960, 1985, 1990, and 2000, respectively. For pooled minor ethnic groups, A′ values in these years were 25.6, 12.4, 18.9, and 6.6%, respectively. The marriage contingency coefficient (K) with respect to occupation increased in the period between 1960 and 1990 (0.14, 0.16, and 0.19 in 1960, 1985, and 1990, respectively), and K with respect to education decreased (0.35, 0.30, and 0.26, respectively).     

Marriage-migration characteristics of the urban and rural populations of Udmurtia

Marriage records of six raions (districts) of Udmurtia and the city of Glazov (a total of 10518 records) have been used to calculate marriage-migration parameters. The endogamy indices of the rural and urban Udmurt populations are 0.59 (from 0.48 to 0.76 in individual districts) and 0.29, respectively, and those of the rural and urban Russian populations are 0.33 and 0.47, respectively. The mean ethnic assortativeness values are 1.05 and 0.89 for the rural and urban Udmurt populations, respectively, and 2.13 and 1.44 for the rural and urban Russian populations, respectively. The parameters of isolation by distance for the rural Udmurt population are the following: σ = 52.4, a = 0.00035, and b = 0.012; those for the urban Udmurt population are 54.1, 0.00020, and 0.010, respectively.     

Epidemiology of monogenic hereditary diseases in Rostov oblast: Population dynamic factors determining the differentiation of the load of hereditary diseases in eight districts

A genetic epidemiological study has been carried out in eight raions (districts) of Rostov oblast (region) of Russia: Tsimlyansk, Volgodonskoi, Tselina, Egorlykskaya, Millerovo, Tarasovskaya, Rodionovo-Nesvetaiskaya, and Matveevo-Kurgan raions. The population structure (the parameters of the isolation by distance model, ethnic assortative marriage, random inbreeding (F _ST), endogamy index, and ie) and the genetic demographic characteristics of the regional population (vital statistics, Crow’s index, and its components) have been analyzed. The total sample size was 320 925 subjects (including 114 106 and 206 816 urban and rural residents, respectively). The load of the main types of Mendelian diseases (autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), and X-linked diseases) has been calculated for the total sample from eight districts and separately for the urban and rural populations. Substantial differences between individual districts in the AD and AR genetic loads have been found, especially upon separation into urban and rural samples. The results of correlation analysis suggest that migration and genetic drift are the main factors of genetic differentiation of populations with respect to the prevalence of hereditary diseases.     

Genetic structure of the Udmurt population

Integrated study of the genetic structure of the Udmurt population with respect to different genetic systems has been performed. Data on the genes of genetic diseases, abiotic parameters analyzed by population statistic methods, and DNA polymorphism are summarized. The populations of six raions (districts) of Udmurt Republic (the Mozhga, Malaya Purga, Sharkan, Debesy, Igra, and Glazov raions) have been studied. The total population studied was 267,655 people (an urban population of 150,119 people and a rural population of 117,536 people), including 155,346 Udmurts. The population structure has been studied in six districts on the basis of the vital statistics, Crow's indices, Malecot's isolation by distance parameters, ethnically assortative marriage parameters, endogamy indices, inbreeding-endogamy (ie) indices, and frequencies of the genotype and allele frequencies of four DNA markers (17 alleles). The prevalences of hereditary diseases have been calculated for different population groups: urban and rural populations, Udmurts and other ethnic groups. These groups, especially the urban and rural populations, substantially differed from one another in the prevalences of autosomal dominant (AR) and autosomal recessive (AR) diseases. The correlation between the prevalence of AD and AR diseases and the ie index is positive and significant. The spectrum of hereditary diseases detected in six districts of Udmurtia comprises 149 diseases (80, 57, and 12 AD, AR, and X-linked diseases, respectively). Accumulation of individual diseases in districts of Udmurtia and accumulation of diseases in Udmurtia as compared to regions studied earlier has been found. Cluster analysis of the frequencies of genes of AD and AR diseases and DNA markers has determined the gene geographic position of Udmurts.     

Genetic structure of the population of Ashkhabad City of the Turkmen SSR]

Some genetical demographic characteristics of population of Ashkhabad city were studied by direct interviewing of women aged over 18 years. The influence of urbanization on the basic genetical-demographic indices was found, the indices being essentially different from those of rural population studied elsewhere. Analysis of intensity and the structure of marriage migrations showed considerable ethnic subdivision in Ashkhabad population and stability of marriage policy in an every ethnic group. The level and structure of inbreeding as well as positive marriage assortativity are of the same order as in the Turkmen rural population.