低浓度SO2污染与桃蚜的生长和繁殖

用40或80ppb SO_2熏气处理过的油菜饲养桃蚜(Myzus persicae),研究低浓度SO_2污染对这种蚜虫的影响。与对照组相比,两个处理组若蚜的发育速率显著加快,5天内的平均相对生长速率(MRGR)分别增加22.3％和31.5％。成蚜的繁殖力提高40—90％,导致桃蚜种群的内禀增长率(r_m)分别升高17％和27％。比较了桃蚜和其它3种蚜虫对SO_2污染的反应强度,讨论了SO_2污染促进某些植食性昆虫生长的可能原因。     

温度对桃蚜和萝卜蚜种群增长的影响

测定了桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)、萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)非全周期孤雌胎生型在13个恒温、3组自然变温下的发育、存活和生殖情况.结果表明:(1)温度对两种蚜虫的发育速率(以及桃蚜的翅型分化)、寿命和存活率;生殖力和生殖率都有直接的影响;(2)两种蚜虫能生存繁衍的温度广度基本一致,恒温下限到上限约相距23℃,但所对应的具体温度范围桃蚜的比萝卜蚜的约低3—4℃;(3)在较低的温度下,桃蚜的发育速率、若虫期存活率、生殖力和生殖率都比萝卜蚜的高,而在较高温度下则是萝卜蚜的比桃蚜的高;(4)两种蚜虫的内禀增长能力r_m均随温度升高呈二次抛物线变化,在16—24℃范围内两种蚜虫的r_m基本一致,低于16℃桃蚜的比萝卜蚜的高,高于24℃则萝卜蚜的比桃蚜的高;(5)在变温下两种蚜虫能适应的低温范围都比在恒温下明显要低.     

SO_2污染油菜对桃蚜的影响(英文)

用含20－160nl／lSO2的空气熏气处理过的油菜在25℃下饲养桃蚜MyzusPersicae,研究SO2污染对这种蚜虫的影响。结果表明,蚜虫的反应与SO2剂量有关：低、中浓度的SO2处理显著促进了桃蚜的生长和繁殖;SO2浓度约为80nl／l时,它们的反应最敏感,若蚜的平均相对生长速率（MRGR）、成蚜的繁殖力和种群的内禀增长力（rm）分别比对照组增加31．5％、89．8％和42．7％;高浓度SO2污染的油菜严重抑制桃蚜的生长和繁殖。对被处理植物营养成分的分析表明,SO2污染引起的蛋氨酸相对含量变化可能是造成这种剂量—反应关系的主要原因。     

噻虫胺对桃蚜的毒力及其亚致死剂量对桃蚜解毒酶系活力的影响

为明确噻虫胺对桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)的毒力和桃蚜的代谢解毒机制, 本研究采用点滴法、 叶片浸渍法和叶柄内吸法分别测定了噻虫胺对桃蚜的毒力, 以及胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、 磷酸三苯酯（TPP）和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）对噻虫胺毒力的影响; 检测了噻虫胺在亚致死剂量LC₆, LC₁₅和LC₃₀下对桃蚜体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、 羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活力的影响。结果表明: 噻虫胺对桃蚜点滴、 浸渍和内吸LC₅₀分别为1.891, 2.341和1.303 mg/L; 3种酶抑制剂分别与噻虫胺按1∶1混用, PBO对噻虫胺增效达2.41倍, 增效作用显著; TPP对噻虫胺增效达1.52倍, 增效作用也较明显; DEM对噻虫胺无增效作用。以噻虫胺LC₃₀浓度处理桃蚜, 处理后24 h其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力受到显著抑制, 抑制率达41.2%; 以LC₁₅和LC₃₀浓度的噻虫胺处理桃蚜, 处理后24 h其体内羧酸酯酶比活力分别是对照的1.29和1.36倍, 有显著诱导激活作用; 以噻虫胺LC6, LC₁₅和LC₃₀浓度处理的桃蚜, 对其体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制率分别达7.9%, 11.9%和22.7%。结果说明噻虫胺对桃蚜具有较高毒力, 羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶可能是桃蚜体内代谢噻虫胺的主要酶系。     

4种蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确桃蚜、萝卜蚜、胡萝卜微管蚜、瓜蚜对异色瓢虫种群扩繁的适宜性,在实验室条件下,以4种蚜为食料构建异色瓢虫两性生命表,研究不同蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明: 取食不同蚜虫,异色瓢虫未成熟期由长到短依次为萝卜蚜(18.18 d)、瓜蚜(17.48 d)、胡萝卜微管蚜(16.23 d)、桃蚜(15.77 d);成虫前期存活率由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(88.3%)、桃蚜(86.7%)、萝卜蚜(55.0%)、瓜蚜(55.0%);成虫繁殖力由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(1750.5粒)、桃蚜(1441.5粒)、瓜蚜(1006.3粒)、萝卜蚜(965.2粒);成虫寿命由长到短依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(78.8 d)、桃蚜(63.1 d)、瓜蚜(54.3 d)、萝卜蚜(48.4 d);异色瓢虫种群内禀增长率r_m由高到低依次为桃蚜(0.19)、胡萝卜微管蚜(0.18)、萝卜蚜(0.14)、棉蚜(0.14);净增值率R₀由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(895.83)、桃蚜(600.62)、萝卜蚜(273.47)、棉蚜(268.33)。4种蚜虫中,胡萝卜微管蚜和桃蚜更有利于异色瓢虫种群扩繁。     

二氧化硫衍生物对蚕豆幼苗生长和细胞周期的影响

研究SO₂体内衍生物NaHSO₃与Na₂SO₃(1:3,mmol/L)对蚕豆幼苗生长和细胞分裂的影响。结果表明:SO₂衍生物(浓度在0~30mmol/L)对幼苗生长的抑制作用具有剂量效应和时间效应关系,短时间处理效应不明显,处理48h后蚕豆幼根生长抑制,168h后幼苗根上部分长度(芽长)表现生长抑制,根长和芽长与处理浓度间呈负线性相关。SO₂衍生物处理12~36h,导致根尖细胞分裂指数下降,根尖中前期细胞减少,间期、后期和末期细胞增多,表明SO₂衍生物能够阻止细胞进入分裂态,延长分裂过程,这可能是SO₂衍生物处理组根尖细胞分裂指数降低,幼苗生长抑制的主要原因。     

六种常用杀虫剂对八种蚜虫的选择毒性

作者自1982年开始研究了乐果、氧化乐果、抗蚜威、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯等6种杀虫剂对8种蚜虫的选择毒性.以桃粉大尾蚜Hyalopterus amygdali Blanchard为标准,氧化乐果对桃粉大尾蚜和瓜蚜Aphis gossypii Glover之间的选择毒性指数最高为163.77,乐果和抗蚜威分别是373.24和34.70,而氰戊菊酯仅为1.37.氰戊菊酯最高的选择毒性指数是在桃粉大尾蚜和麦长管蚜Sitobionavenae(F.)之间,也只有6.86,有机磷和氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂对不同蚜虫的选择毒性与乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)对巯基试剂(DTNB)的敏感度有明显的相关性,说明其选择毒性与AChE的巯基结合部位有关.同时还发现,抗蚜威对洋槐蚜Aphis robiniae Macchiati和瓜蚜AChE的1₅₀值与其LC₅₀值表现一致.这些都说明了这两类杀虫剂对不同种蚜虫的选择毒性与AChE有关.氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯对蚜虫的选择毒性与α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶的活性具有明显的相关性,而与β-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶的活性则无任何关系.氯氰菊酯的选择毒性与上述两种酯酶的活性没有任何相关性.     

温度对桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜实验种群生命表参数的影响

【目的】桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)和马铃薯长管蚜Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)是2种主要的马铃薯害虫。本研究旨在明确温度对这两种马铃薯蚜虫生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长的影响。【方法】在室内测定了5个温度（10, 15, 20, 25和30℃）下桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜的生长发育、存活和繁殖指标,并组建了4个恒温条件下（10,15,20和25℃）的实验种群生命表。【结果】在10~25℃范围内,2种蚜虫的若蚜期、世代历期、成蚜寿命和产蚜期等均随温度的升高而缩短,而30℃高温抑制了其发育、存活和繁殖。2种蚜虫的平均世代历期（T）随温度的升高而缩短,桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜分别从10℃的30.08 d和35.35 d缩短至25℃的14.28 d和12.95 d。桃蚜的净增殖率（R₀）在15℃时最高（86.00）,其次为20℃（73.75）,再次为25℃（62.49）,最低为10℃（51.00）;马铃薯长管蚜的R0在15℃最高（58.97）,其次为10℃（51.98）,再次为20℃（48.94）,最低为25℃（12.36）。桃蚜的内禀增长率（r_m）随温度的升高而增大,从最小10℃的0.1307增大到25℃的0.2896;马铃薯长管蚜的r_m在20℃时最大（0.2182）,其次为25℃（0.1942）,再次为15℃（0.1485）,最小为10℃（0.1118）。在相同的温度下,桃蚜的发育速率、净增殖率和内禀增长率均高于马铃薯长管蚜。【结论】温度对2种马铃薯蚜虫的生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长有显著的影响,桃蚜在马铃薯上的种群增长能力强于马铃薯长管蚜。这一结果为马铃薯蚜虫预测模型的建立奠定了必要的基础,并解释了桃蚜在马铃薯上发生数量多于马铃薯长管蚜的原因。     

低浓度SO2对云杉幼苗中碳水化合物代谢的影响研究

研究了低浓度SO₂对云杉幼苗的光合作用速率及碳水化合物代谢的生理生化过程的影响,测定了CO₂摄取速率、幼苗蔗糖含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶和转化酶活性及ATP/ADP值.结果表明,低浓度的SO₂(200μg·m^-3)能瞬时刺激幼苗对CO₂的吸收.与对照组相比,幼苗中的蔗糖含量及蔗糖磷酸酶活性明显下降,ATP/ADP处于低水平.因此,在受到SO₂污染形成可见伤害前,幼苗的生理生化过程可能已受到干扰.     

兰州市西固区大气污染对呼吸系统的健康效应

大气污染极易诱发各类呼吸系统疾病,对人体健康造成严重损害。运用Poisson回归的时间序列广义相加模型(GAM)和人群分层的分析方法,探究了2014—2018年兰州市西固区大气污染对呼吸系统的健康效应。结果表明：(1)PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、O₃8h和CO对呼吸系统疾病的发生存在滞后效应,其浓度每升高10μg/m~3(CO升高1 mg/m~3),在最佳滞后天数,疾病住院量分别增加1.06%、1.04%、1.10%、1.07%、0.97%和3.83%,气态污染物(SO₂和NO₂)暴露是诱发呼吸系统疾病的重要风险因素;(2)PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂对肺炎的影响最大,且对女性健康的危害稍高于男性,O₃8h对慢性阻塞性肺病的影响最大,且对男性患病的影响稍高于女性;(3)0—14岁儿童是呼吸系统疾病的易感人群,...     

硫污染对9种园林植物叶片硫含量与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

对深圳市9种园林植物叶片硫含量,以及硫处理对叶片光合作用参数的影响进行了初步研究。这9种植物分别为红背桂(Excoccaria cochinchinensis)、黄脉爵床(Sanchezia nobilis)、大叶变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)、基及树(Saruma henryi)、短穗鱼尾葵(Caryota mitis)、小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa var.pusillifolia)、高山榕(Ficus altissima)、海桐(Pittosporum tobira)和黄叶假连翘(Duranta repenscv.\'Dwarf Yellow\')。在温度25℃条件下分别在光照和黑暗条件,用NaHSO₃和蒸馏水浸泡各植物叶圆片24h,共形成4种处理。采用PAM-2100荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数。在自然状况下采集的黄脉爵床叶片含硫量最高,远高于其他植物,具有较高的富集能力,含量最低的是大叶变叶木。用蒸馏水浸泡后,9种植物叶片的硫含量的变化很少。在NaHSO₃处理下,有7种植物叶片的硫含量显著提高,增加最多的是自然条件下富集能力最低的大叶变叶木。[0]取自不同大气SO₂污染环境的被测试植物显示,除海桐外,小南山的其它8种植物叶片含硫量都大于世博园植物叶片的含硫量。小南山9种植物的F_v/F_m值也都低于世博园,说明在污染较严重的情况下可以通过测定植物叶片的F_v/F_m值来进行现场监测。     

Effect of eggplant transformed with oryzacystatin gene on Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Abstract:  The effect of a genetically modified eggplant line expressing oryzacystatin on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) was examined. The transgenic eggplant reduced the net reproductive rate ( R ₀), the instantaneous rate of population increase ( r ), and the finite rate of population increase ( λ ) of both aphids species compared with a control eggplant line. The mean generation time ( T ) of the aphids was unaffected by the transgenic plants. Age-specific mortality rates of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae were higher on transgenic plants. These results indicate that expression of oryzacystatin in eggplant has a negative impact on population growth and mortality rates of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae and could be a source of plant resistance for pest management of these aphids.     

深圳7种园林植物叶绿素荧光特性及其对大气SO2浓度的响应

叶绿素荧光信号能快速灵敏地反映植物生理状态及其与环境的关系,是一种理想光系统探针。测定了深圳市7种园林植物叶片的叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量,并对这些生理参数与大气污染物SO₂的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,7种植物叶片的叶绿素含量具有明显的种间差别,生境的差别远小于种间差别。所测定的7种园林植物的F_v/F_m相差不大,平均为0.78,低于理想条件下的最大值,说明存在一定的生长胁迫。叶绿素荧光的光化学淬灭qP的种间差别不明显。非光化学猝灭系数qN的种类差别较大,白兰Michelia alba和短穗鱼尾葵Caryota mitis具有较高的非光化学淬灭能力,说明这两个种具有一定的光保护能力。7种植物中,白兰的ΦpsⅡ要明显地较低于其它植物。深圳大气污染对城区植物的生理生化特性尚未构成不良影响,在深圳市区的环境中,短穗鱼尾葵、勒杜鹃Bougainvillea spectabilis和阴香Cinnamomum burmanii的叶绿素荧光参数可以作为大气污染物的指示指标;大红花Hibiscus rosa-sinensis、九里香Murraga paniculata、白兰和黄叶假连翘Duranta cv Golden Leaves具有相对较高抗污染物的能力。植物的叶绿素荧光参数也在一定程度上受到叶绿素的影响,阴香、短穗鱼尾葵、大红花和九里香的部分叶绿素荧光参数与植物叶片叶绿素含量呈正相关。     

树木气孔浸润级与SO2伤害及ABA的防护作用

以常见绿化树种为材料,通过实地测定和熏烟实验,探讨了气孔浸润级与树木SO₂伤害的关系及ABA的防护效应.结果表明,在特定环境下,相同树种的气孔浸润级较为稳定,不同树种的气孔浸润级差异较大;浸润级与叶绿素结合度呈负相关变化,但不明显;与K⁺渗出量呈正相关(r=0.92,α＜0.01),并按95%的置信度绘制了伤害预测图.不同SO₂浓度条件下,对同一树种的气孔浸润级的影响甚小,不超过一个等级,K⁺渗出量则依大气SO₂浓度和树木吸S量的增加而增多.气孔浸润级依ABA溶液处理浓度增大而降低,K⁺渗出量也相应减少,经2.5mol·L^-1×4h剂量的SO₂熏烟,预涂30mol·L^-1ABA者,降低了1.5～3个浸润级,K⁺渗出量减少36.5%～54.8%,其测定值与自然对照值相近,防护作用显著.     

烟蚜茧蜂寄生对烟蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】为探究烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis对烟蚜Myzus persicae寄生后烟蚜生长发育和繁殖影响及其在烟蚜防控中的作用。【方法】采用室内叶片培养皿法,测定了不同龄期烟蚜(1-4龄若蚜及成蚜)被烟蚜茧蜂寄生后烟蚜当代(F₀)及后代(F₁)的发育历期、寿命、产仔量。【结果】烟蚜1龄若蚜被烟蚜茧蜂寄生后,1龄若蚜历期受到显著影响,较未被寄生对照缩短了0.65 d (33.00%),而2-4龄若蚜期和成蚜历期未受显著影响;2龄若蚜被寄生后,4龄若蚜和成蚜历期均受到显著影响,较未被寄生的对照分别缩短了1.50 d (100.00%)和0.83 d (100.00%),而2和3龄若蚜期未受显著影响;3龄若蚜被寄生后,4龄若蚜和成蚜期均受到显著影响,较未被寄生对照分别缩短了1.50 d (100.00%)和0.83 d (100.00%),而3龄若蚜期未受显著影响。2龄若蚜被寄生后烟蚜的寿命和产仔量均受到显著影响,寿命较未被寄生对照缩短了8.39 d(54.00%),每雌产仔量较未被寄生对照减少了48.67头(100.00%)。此外,2-3龄若蚜被寄生后其后代(F₁)1龄若蚜历期受影响最大,较未被寄生烟蚜后代1龄若蚜期缩短了0.80 d(40.00%),其F₁代平均寿命较未被寄生烟蚜后代平均寿命延长了5.72 d(41.20%),但其产仔量与对照差异不显著。【结论】不同龄期烟蚜被烟蚜茧蜂寄生后,其发育历期和寿命比未被寄生的缩短,产仔量比被未寄生的少,但其F₁代平均寿命比未被寄生后代烟蚜的长且其产仔量未受显著影响。当代2龄若蚜期是控制烟蚜增长的关键时期。这些结果对确定烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜适期及认识其机理具有重要参考意义。     

Effects of sulfur dioxide on the development of powdery mildew of cucumber

Environment is a major factor that does influence host parasite relationships. Air pollution caused by SO₂ may directly alter the environment around the plant and pathogen. It is hypothesised that plants may respond differently to foliar pathogens in air polluted environments. To test this hypothesis, effects of intermittent exposures of SO₂ at 143, 286 and 571 μg m⁻³ were investigated on the development of powdery mildew of cucumber (Cucumis sativa) caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea, using pre-, post- and concomitant-inoculation exposures in closed-top chambers. Sulfur dioxide (except 143 μg m⁻³) and the fungus acting alone caused chlorosis and/or necrosis, and mildew colonies on leaves, respectively and both reduced the plant growth and yield of cucumber. Fungus colonization was relatively greater on the plants exposed to 143 μg SO₂ m⁻³, but at the higher concentrations, the colonies were greatly suppressed. Gas injury on fungus-infected plants was also less in the other treatments. Conidia of S. fuliginea collected from exposed plants varied in size. Conidial germination was considerably greater at 143 μg SO₂ m⁻³. This concentration also promoted germination of the conidia exposed on glass slides. Higher concentrations (286 and 571 μg m⁻³), however, suppressed the germination of conidia from exposed plants or exposed on glass slides. The number of fibrosin bodies declined at all the concentrations. Synergistic effects of 143 μg SO₂ m⁻³ and S. fuliginea were recorded on plant growth and yield of cucumber. Sulfur dioxide at 571 μg m⁻³ and powdery mildew infection had an antagonistic effect on plant growth.     

Use of silicon as inductor of the resistance in potato to Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is an important pest of potato and causes direct harm, due to the quantity of sap extracted and for being vector of important phytovirus. This work was carried out to evaluate the action of silicon as a resistance inducer of potato to M. persicae. Four treatments were tried: foliar fertilization with silicon acid at 1%; soil fertilization with 250 ml silicic acid solution at 1%; foliar fertilization with silicon acid at 1% + soil fertilization with 250 ml silicic acid solution at 1%; and a control. The treatments were applied thirty days after the explants emergence. Fifteen days after the application of the treatments, feeding preference and some biological aspects of the aphids were evaluated. After, the content of tannins and lignin present in the leaves and the activity of the enzymes peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were also determined. The silicon fertilization did not affect the preference of the aphids; however it reduced fecundity and the rate of population growth of the insects. The lignin percentage increased in the leaves of plants fertilized with silicon via soil and/or foliar and the percentage of tannins increased only in the leaves fertilized via soil plus foliar. The silicon acted as a resistance inducer to M. persicae in potato.     

Surviving floods: leaf gas films improve O2 and CO2 exchange, root aeration, and growth of completely submerged rice

When completely submerged, the leaves of some species retain a surface gas film. Leaf gas films on submerged plants have recently been termed 'plant plastrons', analogous with the plastrons of aquatic insects. In aquatic insects, surface gas layers (i.e. plastrons) enlarge the gas–water interface to promote O₂ uptake when under water; however, the function of leaf gas films has rarely been considered. The present study demonstrates that gas films on leaves of completely submerged rice facilitate entry of O₂ from floodwaters when in darkness and CO₂ entry when in light. O₂ microprofiles showed that the improved gas exchange was not caused by differences in diffusive boundary layers adjacent to submerged leaves with or without gas films; instead, reduced resistance to gas exchange was probably due to the enlarged water–gas interface (cf. aquatic insects). When gas films were removed artificially, underwater net photosynthesis declined to only 20% of the rate with gas films present, such that, after 7 days of complete submergence, tissue sugar levels declined, and both shoot and root growth were reduced. Internal aeration of roots in anoxic medium, when shoots were in aerobic floodwater in darkness or when in light, was improved considerably when leaf gas films were present. Thus, leaf gas films contribute to the submergence tolerance of rice, in addition to those traits already recognized, such as the shoot-elongation response, aerenchyma and metabolic adjustments to O₂ deficiency and oxidative stress.     

The response of sweet corn to HF and SO2 under field conditions

“Marcorss” sweet corn plants grown in field plots were exposed continuously in open-top chambers for 32 days to ambient air, charcoal-filtered air or charcoal-filtered air containing HF (ca. 0.5 μgF m⁻³), SO₂ (ca. 235 μg m⁻³), or the two pollutants combined. Elliptical chlorotic leasions appeared after 23 days on leaves of plants exposed to SO₂/HF, and shortly thereafter on plants exposed to all other treatments. At harvest, the number of plants with lesions was significantly greater in chambers supplied with SO₂/HF than in chambers with SO₂, HF, or filtered air.

The different treatments had no effect on fresh or dry weights of leaves, husks, or tassels, height of plants, or number of kernels per ear. Exposure to SO₂/HF reduced the fresh and dry weights of stalks. There were fewer mature ears in the SO₂/HF and unfiltered air treatments than in the others. The reduction in yield from SO₂/HF was about the same as that ascribed to ambient photochemical oxidants in the unfiltered air treatment.

HF combined with SO₂ had no effect on accumulation of S as compared with SO₂ alone, but there was a striking reduction in accumulation of foliar F in plants exposed to SO₂/HF as compared with HF alone.