流感病毒亚单位疫苗中间体中沙门菌快速检测方法的建立

目的：建立一种能够快速、准确地检测流感病毒亚单位疫苗中间体样品中沙门菌污染的方法。方法：首先利用选择性增菌培养基对样品进行增菌培养,然后提取样品中的细菌基因组DNA,通过沙门茵特异性引物对基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳实现对目的片段的检测。结果：该PCR反应体系的扩增检测灵敏度可达1pg的沙门菌DNA,利用选择性增菌培养配合该PCR体系可在最快24h内实现对沙门菌的准确检测,测定结果与传统方法相符。结论：此方法应用于流感病毒亚单位疫苗中间体的沙门菌检查,较之传统的培养法结合生化鉴定的方法,大大缩短了检测周期,降低了结果判读的难度,在实际生产中有很好的应用前景。     

基于血凝素关键序列的流感病毒疫苗

流感病毒的血凝素(HA)位于流感病毒包膜上,在流感病毒吸附和穿入宿主细胞的过程中起着重要作用.血凝素以三聚体的形式镶嵌在病毒包膜上,每个单体糖蛋白是由两个经二硫键连接的蛋白亚单位组成,即HA1和HA2.血凝素属Ⅰ型膜蛋白,其一级结构含有4个结构域:信号肽(前导序列)、胞浆域、跨膜域和胞外域. 血凝素是流感病毒最主要的表面抗原,它能够诱导机体产生相应的中和抗体以中和病毒.血凝素一般含有5 个抗原决定簇,流感病毒的流行与其抗原结构的变化密切相关.主要就血凝素的结构和功能、流感病毒疫苗以及以血凝素基因关键序列为基础的流感病毒疫苗进行阐述.     

流感病毒表面抗原血凝素基因在枯草杆菌中的克隆和表达

前言 流行性感冒仍然是全世界最严重的流行病之一。其病原主要是甲型流感病毒,分为甲_1、甲_2、甲_3三个亚型。当前流行的是甲_1和甲_3型。能有效预防流感的措施是用疫苗免疫。血凝素(HA)是流感病毒表面最重要的抗原,能诱导产生流感病毒中和抗体。从纯化的流感病毒颗粒中提取的血凝素,其免疫性与灭活的流感疫苗相似,但作为亚单位疫苗使用,因生产成本过高,并未广泛推广。     

流行性感冒病毒血凝素亚单位疫苗在小鼠体内免疫效果观察

流感病毒表面抗原——血凝素(HA)亚单位,在人工合成的胞壁酰二肽(MDP)佐剂配合下,注射小白鼠所产生的免疫效果与常用的Al(OH)_3及福氏佐剂相似。含MDP佐剂的流感病毒HA亚单位疫苗腹腔注射小白鼠,能产生与福尔马林灭活的流感疫苗相似的免疫反应,而皮下注射,前者的免疫效果比后者明显为佳。     

四价流感病毒裂解疫苗B型血凝素含量的检测方法

目的建立能准确测定四价流感病毒裂解疫苗中B型血凝素含量(单向免疫扩散法,SRD)的检测方法。方法采用双价抗原参考品SRD法对四价流感病毒裂解疫苗中两种B型血凝素含量进行测定。将B1与B2抗原参考品按质量浓度1∶1混合制备为双价抗原参考品,双价抗原和待检样品与10%裂解剂按9∶1比例裂解30 min,分别加入到含有抗血清参考品的1.5%琼脂糖凝胶板上,每孔10μL,置20~25℃放置18~24 h,经干燥、染色、脱色,测量结果。验证双价抗原SRD法的重复性和准确性。结果双价抗原SRD法测定的血凝素含量平均值比单价抗原SRD法更接近理论配制值,故双价抗原SRD法比单价抗原SRD法能更能准确检测QIV中两种B型血凝素含量,经验证双价抗原SRD法的重复性及准确性良好。结论双价抗原SRD法提高了四价流感病毒裂解疫苗B型血凝素含量检测的准确性,为精确测定四价流感病毒裂解疫苗中B型血凝素含量提供了有效的方法和数据支持。     

山东省甲型H1N1流感病毒病原学及基因特性研究

在2009~2010年监测年度开展甲型H1N1流感病毒学监测并进行病原学分离鉴定,以及对血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)特性分析,研究其基因变异情况。采集了17 126份发热患者的鼻、咽拭子标本,采用逆转录实时荧光定量RT-PCR(Real-Time RT-PCR)进行核酸检测,其中甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测阳性4004份,总阳性率为23.38%。对阳性标本开展病毒分离,并对分离的甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA、NA基因序列进行测序。利用DNAStar软件对序列进行同源性分析发现与WHO推荐的疫苗株相比,山东省甲型H1N1流感流行株HA、NA基因同源性分别为96.9%~99.3%和99.1%~99.6%;利用Mega 4.0软件进行基因进化分析和氨基酸进化分析发现,与WHO推荐的疫苗株相比,山东省甲型H1N1流感流行株有21个血凝素基因的氨基酸发生替换,其中11个氨基酸位点位于抗原决定簇区,一个糖基化位点发生改变;有16个神经氨酸酶基因的氨基酸发生了替换,一个糖基化位点发生改变;未发生神经氨酸酶蛋白275位H→Y的替换。结果显示山东省甲型H1N1流感暴发流行株HA基因和NA基因均具有高度同源性,HA蛋白和NA蛋白均存在不同程度的氨基酸替换,部分流行株抗原决定簇和糖基化位点发生改变,所有病毒均对达菲类药物敏感。     

H7N2禽流感病毒HA的分离纯化及其糖链谱研究

血凝素(HA)是位于流感病毒囊膜表面的一种Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,是流感病毒结合宿主细胞表面受体,介导病毒入胞的关键分子,也是中和抗体以及疫苗研制的重要靶标.HA表面糖基化与病毒毒力、感染宿主范围等密切相关,且其表面糖链变化会影响其结构与功能.然而目前关于流感病毒HA糖基化的研究主要集中在其糖基化位点上,而对于HA上详细的糖链结构知之甚少.本文应用禽流感病毒特异识别的唾液酸糖链(SAα2-3Gal)受体,制备特异的糖链磁性微粒复合物,进而从H7N2禽流感病毒中分离纯化HA,并采用SDS-PAGE及质谱技术进行鉴定.确定提取物系HA后,进一步利用凝集素芯片联合质谱技术研究禽流感病毒H7N2的HA表面糖型,结果显示H7N2禽流感病毒HA表面主要含有岩藻糖、半乳糖、N-乙酰半乳糖胺、甘露糖、N-乙酰葡糖胺等糖链结构,共获得16个糖链结构较为准确的寡糖,这些糖链可能与HA生物学功能相关.本研究有助于揭示禽流感病毒感染宿主的糖链作用机制,有助于设计制备针对HA相关的糖链疫苗.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体轻链和重链可变区基因的巢式PCR扩增及序列分析

目的：采用巢式PCR对甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链基因进行扩增,对获得的基因进行序列分析,并找出克隆鼠Igκ轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法。方法：设计22对扩增鼠Igκ轻链可变区和重链可变区基因的引物,对6株鼠抗人甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链可变区基因进行克隆并测序,与NCBI公布的鼠免疫球蛋白序列比对分析。结果：巢式PCR方法可以有效避免单克隆抗体克隆过程的假基因,并且得到的单克隆抗体的氨基酸序列均符合鼠免疫球蛋白可变区特征。结论：建立了克隆鼠免疫球蛋白轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法,为后期克隆鼠源性单克隆抗体的可变区基因提供了基础,并为研究甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素与抗体的结合位点提供了实验数据。     

抗流感病毒单克隆抗体CR6261在糖基工程酵母中的表达及分析

目的:在糖基工程酵母中表达抗流感病毒单克隆抗体CR6261,并对其进行结构分析和活性测定。方法:从GenBank获得CR6261抗体的全基因序列,构建轻重链表达载体pPICZα-CR6261-H-L,电转入糖基工程酵母,利用甲醇诱导型启动子AOX1表达CR6261抗体蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE、Western印迹筛选表达菌株,用Protein A亲和层析、Superdex200凝胶过滤柱分离纯化抗体蛋白,应用ELISA方法对纯化后的蛋白进行活性鉴定。结果:CR6261抗体蛋白分泌在培养上清中,且纯化后的蛋白与糖基工程酵母表达的流感病毒血凝素蛋白HA5、HA7有结合活性,与商业化三价流感病毒裂解疫苗亦有结合活性。结论:实现了抗流感病毒单克隆抗体CR6261在糖基工程酵母中的表达,并初步检测了其广谱活性,可为酵母表达抗体蛋白药物制备提供参考,ELISA初步评价还显示了其在诊断上的应用前景。     

季节性和大流行性H1N1流感血凝素DNA疫苗电穿孔免疫小鼠及攻毒保护实验

在流感病毒疫苗中,DNA疫苗有望成为常规疫苗的替代品.研究构建了两个分别编码A/New Caledonia/20/99（H1N1）和A/California/04/2009（H1N1）流感病毒株血凝素抗原的DNA疫苗pV1A5和pVEH1,目的抗原经验证能够正确表达后,利用小鼠模型通过电穿孔方法肌肉注射免疫进行疫苗免疫效力评价.采用血凝抑制实验和酶联免疫吸附实验对免疫小鼠的血清进行血凝素特异性抗体检测,对血凝素特异性的T淋巴细胞经IFN-γ酶联免疫斑点实验进行检测.然后选择小鼠适应株A/NewCaledonia/20/99（H1N1）100个半数致死剂量对候选疫苗免疫的小鼠攻毒并监测生存率和体重变化率,以此评价疫苗保护效力.两疫苗组免疫小鼠T淋巴细胞和体液免疫水平显著高于pVAX1空载体对照组（P〈0.05）.此外,pV1A5组能够100%保护免疫小鼠抵抗100致死剂量同源病毒小鼠适应株的攻毒,而同种病毒下pVEH1组只有40%的保护率.结果表明,本实验构建的季节性流感DNA疫苗能够对同源病毒攻毒提供完全保护,而大流行流感株DNA疫苗只能部分抵抗季节性流感病毒.     

Application of deglycosylation to SDS PAGE analysis improves calibration of influenza antigen standards

Each year the production of seasonal influenza vaccines requires antigen standards to be available for the potency assessment of vaccine batches. These are calibrated and assigned a value for haemagglutinin (HA) content. The calibration of an antigen standard is carried out in a collaborative study amongst a small number of national regulatory laboratories which are designated by WHO as Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs) for the purposes of influenza vaccine standardisation. The calibration involves two steps; first the determination of HA protein in a primary liquid standard by measurement of total protein in a purified influenza virus preparation followed by determination of the proportion of HA as determined by PAGE analysis of the sample; and second, the calibration of the freeze-dried reference antigen against the primary standard by single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) assay. Here we describe a collaborative study to assess the effect of adding a deglycosylation step prior to the SDS-PAGE analysis for the assessment of relative HA content. We found that while the final agreed HA value of the samples tested was not significantly different with or without deglycosylation, the deglycosylation step greatly improved between-laboratory agreement.     

通用流感疫苗研究进展

流感是一种对人类危害极大的传染病,接种疫苗被认为是预防流感的最有效手段。目前所用的流感疫苗主要是根据现行流行株的减毒或灭活病毒疫苗及基于流感血凝素和神经氨酸酶设计的重组蛋白质疫苗。但流感病毒变异大,易逃逸机体免疫监视,有效的疫苗须不断分离新流行株和不断更新疫苗免疫原。为解决这一问题,很多科学家一直在研究基于病毒高度保守性蛋白质、能够预防所有流感病毒毒株、可诱导持久保护性免疫的通用流感疫苗。我们对基于基质蛋白M2、核蛋白等的通用流感疫苗做一简要综述。     

Effect of adjuvants on responses to skin immunization by microneedles coated with influenza subunit vaccine

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccine delivery to the skin by vaccine-coated microneedles; however there is little information on the effects of adjuvants using this approach for vaccination. Here we investigate the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants with skin-based delivery of influenza subunit vaccine. BALB/c mice received 1 μg of monovalent H1N1 subunit vaccine alone or with 1 μg of imiquimod or poly(I:C) individually or in combination via coated microneedle patches inserted into the skin. Poly(I:C) adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccine induced similar antigen-specific immune responses compared to vaccine alone when delivered to the skin by microneedles. However, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine elicited higher levels of serum IgG2a antibodies and increased hemagglutination inhibition titers compared to vaccine alone, suggesting enhanced induction of functional antibodies. In addition, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine induced a robust IFN-γ cellular response. These responses correlated with improved protection compared to influenza subunit vaccine alone, as well as reduced viral replication and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. The finding that microneedle delivery of imiquimod with influenza subunit vaccine induces improved immune responses compared to vaccine alone supports the use of TLR7 ligands as adjuvants for skin-based influenza vaccines.     

Free haemagglutinin in inactivated whole virus influenza vaccines

While studying the haemagglutinin content of whole virus inactivated influenza vaccines by the single radial diffusion test and quantitative electron microscopy, it was found that not all haemagglutinin measured by single radial diffusion was bound to virions, a part of it being in a free state. The influence of unbound haemagglutinin on the immunogenicity of whole virus inactivated influenza vaccine is discussed. In addition, the use of single radial diffusion for the assessment of unbound haemagglutinin is suggested.     

The quantification of the haemagglutinin content of influenza whole virus and Tween-ether split vaccines

Monovalent whole virus and Tween-ether split vaccines prepared from influenza A/Bangkok, A/Brazil and B/Singapore were assayed for haemagglutinin content using single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), quantitative sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunization of guinea pigs. When SRID was performed with split vaccines, haemagglutinin values were consistently recorded which were in the range of 50 to 25% of the values obtained before disruption of virions. When, however, disruption was conducted in the presence of excess detergent, thus preventing aggregate formation of solubilized haemagglutinin, test values comparable with those of whole virus vaccines were obtained. In agreement with these results, immunization experiments revealed that whole virus and corresponding split vaccines exhibited comparable immunogenicity in guinea pigs. Additionally it could be calculated from SDS-PAGE and densitometer tracings, obtained by scanning the gels after staining with either Coomassie blue or FITC-Con A, that 90 to 95% of whole virus HA2 was recovered in Tween-ether split vaccines. On the basis of these findings we conclude that precise quantification of Tween-ether split vaccines is not possible by the SRID test alone. As aggregate formation of solubilized haemagglutinin occurs, we suggest that either a physico-chemical method including a disaggregation procedure, such as SDS treatment, or immunological evaluation of the original whole virus preparation before disruption of virions should be applied as an additional criterion for quantification of influenza Tween-ether split vaccines.     

Evaluation of antibody response in mice against avian influenza A (H5N1) strain neuraminidase expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris

Avian influenza has raised many apprehension in the recent years because of its potential transmitability to humans. With the increasing emergence of drug-resistant avian influenza strains, development of potential vaccines are imperative to manage this disease. Two structural antigens, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, have been the target candidates for the development of subunit vaccine against influenza. In an effort to develop a faster and economically beneficial vaccine, the neuraminidase gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza isolate was cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant neuraminidase (rNA) antigen was purified, and its bioactivity was analysed. The rNA was found to be functional, as determined by the neuraminidase assay. Four groups of mice were immunized with different concentrations of purified rNA antigen, which were adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide. The immune response against rNA was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neuraminidase inhibition assay. The mice groups immunized with 25 μg and 10 μg of antigen had a significant immune response against rNA. This method can be utilized for faster and cost-effective development of vaccines for a circulating and newer strain of avian influenza, and would aid in combating the disease in a pandemic situation, in which production time matters greatly.     

A genetic and monoclonal analysis of high-yielding reassortants of influenza A virus used for human vaccines

This paper describes two methods of analysis using monoclonal antibodies and RNA hybridization to characterize variation in the haemagglutinins of seven high-yielding influenza virus reassortants used for inactivated vaccine production. The results show that variants' were selected in producing these genetic reassortants. The haemagglutinins of two reassortants showed both antigenic and structural differences from their wild-type (wt) parents as detected by the two methods of analysis. These variants were more closely related to other subtype strains which had previously been differentiated from the wt parent by post-infection ferret sera and which also had amino acid sequence differences in antigenically significant sites on the HA 1 polypeptide chain of the haemagglutinin molecule. The haemagglutinins of four of the seven reassortants showed antigenic differences but no apparent structural differences from their wt parents. The haemagglutinin of only on reassortant was antigenically and structurally identical to its wt parent. The variants could not be reliably distinguished with hyperimmune rabbit serum or immune ferret serum to the wt parent virus. It is therefore important to use more discriminatory tests to identify influenza strains correctly. It is also essential for vaccine strains to be as completely characterized as possible. It is considered desirable that both methods of analysis be used to characterize influenza virus reassortant strains.     

The standardization of inactivated equine influenza vaccines by single-radial immunodiffusion

Single-radial-immunodiffusion (SRD) assays were used for measuring the haemagglutinin (HA) antigen content of equine influenza vaccines containing the virus strains A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8). Three bivalent aqueous vaccines and one bivalent adjuvanted vaccine were standardized by SRD to contain graded amounts of HA antigen activity. The SRD reaction was influenza subtype specific and was not influenced by the presence of adjuvant in vaccine.     

Immunogenicity of a chromatographically concentrated influenza vaccine

The immunogenicity of the Czechoslovak-made commercial vaccine Adinvira as well as that of the chromatographically concentrated vaccine Leningrad of Soviet origin was evaluated in an immunization project. The both vaccines were well tolerated after administration, the Soviet-made Leningrad brand featuring greater efficiency in eliciting an antibody response against influenza virus haemagglutinin.