Removal of oil by walnut shell media

Studies were conducted to evaluate the oil sorption capacities of walnut shell media. Sorption capacity is the weight of oil picked up by unit weight of a sorbent. Initial oil pick-up by walnut shell media on pure oil and oil on aqueous medium was evaluated. Batch kinetic studies were conducted to evaluate the equilibrium time required by walnut shell media for sorbing oil. For pure oil medium, sorption capacities of 0.30g/g, 0.51g/g and 0.58g/g were obtained for standard mineral oil, vegetable oil and DoALL Bright-Edge oil, respectively. The results showed sorption capacities of 0.56g/g, 0.58g/g and 0.74g/g for standard mineral oil, vegetable oil and DoALL Bright-Edge oil, respectively, for oil on aqueous medium. It was found that sorbed oil could be recovered from walnut shell media by applying pressure. The study showed that walnut shell media can be used as a sorbent for oil removal.     

中草药精油对蜜蜂狄斯瓦螨的熏杀效果

在实验室条件下测定10种中草药精油对蜜蜂狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor Anderson&Trueman的熏蒸效果,通过测定中草药精油对蜜蜂和螨的毒性,筛选出具有杀螨活性而对蜜蜂较安全的中草药精油。结果表明:中草药精油对蜜蜂都有一定的毒害;而在对蜜蜂无毒性的剂量下,48h时茴香油、丁香油、肉桂油分别能引起92.5%、54%和12%的螨死亡,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);根据初步筛选结果,选择茴香油和丁香油进行进一步毒力测定,结果表明48h时茴香油对螨的LD50为0.949μL,蜜蜂的LD50为4.033μL;丁香油对螨的LD50为0.795μL,蜜蜂的LD50为1.965μL。茴香油在48h时有着较高的选择比(蜜蜂的LD50/螨的LD50=4.250);GC-MS鉴定茴香油最主要成分是茴香脑(占总成分的88.72%),丁香油的主要成分是丁香酚(68.28%)和石竹烯(20.79%)。可见,茴香油和丁香油在控制狄斯瓦螨的应用上具有很大潜力。     

4 种不同脂肪源对太平洋鲑生长和体组成的影响

在日粮中添加11.5%的4 种不同来源脂肪饲养180 尾初始重约为110g 的太平洋鲑(Oncorhynchus spp.)于水泥池中56d。实验分4 组,每组3个平行池,每池15尾鱼。研究日粮中4 种不同来源脂肪对淡水养殖太平洋鲑生长性能、体组成与品质的影响。4 组脂肪源分别为鱼油(实验1 组)、大豆油(实验2 组)、大豆磷脂(实验3 组)和玉米油(实验4 组)。实验表明:(1) 实验各组太平洋鲑存活率相似,但大豆磷脂组的特定生长率显著好于鱼油组、大豆油组和玉米油组(P0.05)。大豆磷脂组、大豆油组和玉米油组的饲料效益显著好于鱼油组(P< 0.05); (2) 大豆油组、大豆磷脂组和玉米油组太平洋鲑肠系膜脂肪与肝脏脂肪含量不同程度低于鱼油组,而肌肉中脂肪含量不同程度低于鱼油组; (3) 实验各组太平洋鲑肝脏脂肪、肌肉脂肪和肠脂中总多不饱和脂肪酸组成基本相似,但玉米油组、大豆磷脂组和大豆油组太平洋鲑总n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸比例较鱼油组显著下降,而总n-6 系多不饱和脂肪酸比例显著提高(P<0.05);(4) 玉米油组、大豆磷脂组和大豆油组太平洋鲑血浆中脂肪分解酶、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白指标较鱼油组不同程度上升;(5) 实验各组太平洋鲑解剖组织学检查未见异常病理变化。实验结果表明,淡水养殖条件下,太平洋鲑日粮中脂肪以添加大豆磷脂的生长性能最好,大豆油、玉米油和鱼油效果相似,添加玉米油、大豆磷脂和大豆油均不影响太平洋鲑健康状况和品质。       

几种典型植物精油的化学成分与其抗菌活性

【目的】植物精油萃取自天然植物, 因具有抗菌活性, 近年来受到广泛关注。论文的目的是分析植物精油的化学成分, 测试其抗菌活性, 并研究其化学成分与抗菌活性之间的联系。【方法】实验选取了肉桂、山苍子、丁香、香茅、迷迭香和大蒜精油等6种典型植物精油, 通过气质联用分析方法研究了其化学组分, 并通过污染食物技术研究了其对黑曲霉和绳状青霉的抗真菌活性, 以及对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗细菌活性。【结果】气质联用分析结果表明, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种植物精油的化学成分主要是醛类和醇类, 丁香精油的主要化学成分是丁香油酚, 大蒜精油化学成分基本上都是含硫的醚类, 其中二烯丙基三硫醚(大蒜素)含量最高。抗菌活性结果显示, 不同植物精油的抗菌活性不同, 6种植物精油的抗真菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>大蒜>丁香>山苍子=香茅>迷迭香, 抗细菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>山苍子>丁香>香茅=迷迭香>大蒜。【结论】植物精油的抗真菌、细菌活性与其化学组分密切相关, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种精油的抗菌活性可能主要与其化学成分中的醛类和醇类有关, 丁香精油较高的抗菌活性可能主要源于丁香油酚; 大蒜精油具有高效的抗真菌活性主要源于其化学成分中的含硫醚。不同植物精油化学成分不同, 抗真菌、细菌活性也不同, 表明其可能有不同的抗真菌与抗细菌机制。     

压榨法制备牡丹籽油的α-亚麻酸含量检测与抗氧化研究

介绍了物理压榨法制备牡丹籽油的方法，且对制备出的牡丹籽油和市售牡丹籽调和油进行了α-亚麻酸（ALA）含量检测以及对两种牡丹籽油的抗氧化性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明，牡丹籽油的α-亚麻酸含量为43.12%，牡丹籽调和油α-亚麻酸含量为29.99%；清除DPPH自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.29倍；清除ABTS自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.51倍；对Fe²⁺还原能力牡丹籽油是调和油的3.62倍；清除-OH自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.44倍。说明牡丹籽具有更强的抗氧化能力。     

Suppression of fatty acid synthase by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids is mediated by fat itself,not by peroxidative mechanism

This study examined the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that were supplemented with vitamin E on lipid peroxidation, glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzyme system activity, and lipogenic fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression in rat liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semipurified diets containing either 1% (w/w) corn oil or 10% each of beef tallow, corn oil, perilla oil, and fish oil for 4 wk. Alpha-tocopherol was supplemented in perilla oil (0.015%) and fish oil (0.019%). Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an estimate of lipid peroxidation, were not significantly different among the dietary groups. The glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase activities were all elevated by the polyunsaturated fats, especially fish oil. The activity of FAS was reduced in the polyunsaturated fat-fed groups in the order of fish oil, perilla oil, and corn oil. The mRNA contents decreased in rats that were fed the 10% fat diets, particularly polyunsaturated fats, compared with the rats that were fed the 1% corn oil diet. Similarly, the inhibitory effect was the greatest in fish oil. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation can be minimized by vitamin E; PUFA in itself has a suppressive effect on lipogenic enzyme.     

Process optimization for extraction of carotenoids from shrimp waste with vegetable oils

Shrimp waste is an important source of natural carotenoid. Studies were carried out to determine the extraction yield of shrimp waste carotenoids in different vegetable oils. Highest yield was obtained by extraction using refined sunflower oil compared to groundnut oil, gingelly oil, mustard oil, soy oil, coconut oil and rice bran oil. The extraction yield of carotenoids in sunflower oil was significantly influenced by level of oil to waste (p < 0.05), time (p < 0.01) and temperature (p < 0.001) of heating waste with oil before centrifugation to separate pigmented oil. A regression equation was derived for carotenoid yield as a function of time of heating, temperature of heating and oil level to waste. The optimized conditions for extraction of shrimp waste carotenoids in sunflower oil were determined to be oil level to waste of 2, temperature of 70 degrees C and heating time of 150 min.     

湘西南龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源价值分析

分析了龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源特点。结果表明：（1）油料植物107科281属477种,其中精油植物131种,樟科（7属27种）、芸香科（6属21种）、唇形科（11属17种）等11个科为优势科,以木本植物为主,占73.38%。（2）以种子种皮为主要含油部位的植物占71.47%,植物含油量＞20.0%的有211种,＞50.0%的43种;油脂脂肪酸含量＞70.0%的有7科11种,亚油酸含量＞70.0%的有12科20种。（3）在精油植物中,57种植物含精油量＞1.0%,13种＞4.0%。龙底自然保护区内油料植物资源丰富,特别是富油植物资源种类较多,是油料植物富集之地,具开发利用潜力。     

Soybean Oil Supplementation Improves Growth and Prevents Docosapentaenoic Acid (22: 5n–6) Accumulation in Tissues of Rats Fed on Palm Oil Diet

Effects of soybean oil supplementation as a source of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in a palm oil diet on growth and docosapentaenoic acid (22: 5n–6) levels in tissue lipids in male Sprague–Dawley rats were studied. The rats fed for two months with the diets containing soybean oil (10–50%) in palm oil showed significantly higher weight gain than that in rats fed a diet containing only palm oil as a fat source. The highest weight gain was observed in rats fed 50% soybean oil blended in palm oil. Such performance was also better than those observed in rats received diets containing soybean oil alone or canola oil alone. Addition of soybean oil to the palm oil diet prevented 22: 5n–6 accumulation in plasma, red blood cells, liver, heart, and retinal lipids with a compensative increase of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n–3). Poly-unsaturated fatty acid profiles of brain were not affected by the addition of soybean oil. Changes in arachidonic acid contents in organs were not observed. The results indicated that soybean oil supplementation increases the weight gain and prevents the accumulation of 22: 5n–6 in the tissues which were observed in the rats fed a diet containing palm oil alone.     

花椒果实分泌囊发育过程的超微结构研究

电镜观察结果表明,花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)果实分泌囊是由裂生方式形成,由鞘细胞、上皮细胞和油腔构成。对分泌囊的原始细胞、油腔发生和扩大以及发育成熟3个时期的超微结构研究表明,其精油是在分泌囊油腔发生时开始积累,以油滴形态存在于上皮细胞的质体内及其周围的细胞质中。根据各细胞器的变化规律分析,质体是精油合成的主要场所,内质网参与精油的合成和转运,线粒体为上述活动提供能量。上皮细胞内积累的精油可能通过两种途径排出细胞,分泌至油腔内贮存。鞘细胞内也积累精油,其主要合成场所也与质体有关,以后转运至上皮细胞内。成熟分泌囊的质体由于功能改变,其内出现蛋白质结晶和淀粉粒。