薯蓣属植物人工杂交后代的检测

以湖北武当山的盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright)为主要亲本,与重庆金佛山的盾叶薯蓣、小花盾叶薯蓣(D.parviflora C.T.Ting)及黄独(D.bulbifera L.)进行种内和种间杂交,并获得部分杂交组合的F1代植株。将F0代种子与F1代植株进行结实率及种子萌发率比较,并与亲本进行过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酯酶(EST)同工酶比较。结果表明,不同亲本及其杂交后代的结实率、种子萌发率和实生苗存活率均存在明显差异;亲本和F1代的同工酶酶谱较丰富,部分杂种与亲本的相似度较高,并出现各自的特征酶带。运用同工酶技术可以鉴别杂种的真伪。     

过表达ZmSKIP基因提高烟草抗低温胁迫的能力

以野生型和过表达ZmSKIP基因烟草为试材, 研究了低温胁迫下过表达ZmSKIP对烟草抗氧化能力的影响。测定了不同低温处理时间下过表达ZmSKIP转基因烟草T3代植株和野生型植株抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量以及相对电导率, 结果表明, 低温下, 相对于野生型植株, 转基因烟草具有较高的抗氧化酶活性和较低的相对电导率和MDA含量, 说明过表达ZmSKIP提高了转基因植株的耐低温胁迫能力。     

辣椒抗蚜品种‘猪大肠’的抗蚜性遗传分析

桃蚜是辣椒生产上的主要害虫,发掘抗蚜种质资源,阐明其遗传规律,促进抗性品种培育,是防治蚜虫为害的重要途径。利用抗蚜辣椒品种‘猪大肠’和感蚜辣椒品种‘大羊角椒’为亲本材料构建遗传群体,对杂交后代抗蚜性遗传进行分析。结果表明,正反杂交F1代植株对桃蚜的反应均表现为高抗(HR),F2代的抗蚜与感蚜植株分离符合3∶1的比率。酶学分析表明‘猪大肠’抗蚜亲本、正反杂交F1代及其自交F2代抗蚜植株叶组织内多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在受蚜虫为害后均显著提高,而感蚜亲本及正反杂交F2代植株酶活在受蚜害前后无显著差异。上述结果表明辣椒抗蚜性由显性单基因控制,能够稳定遗传,PPO和POD活性增加幅度与辣椒抗蚜性显著相关。     

转SOD基因烟草中SOD酶活力对逆境的耐性及其遗传学特征

温度、pH、酶抑制剂H2O2和KCN均对转SOD基因烟草及其子代(S1和F1)的SOD活性有影响。在这些不利条件下,转基因SOD高表达烟草品系的SOD耐性明显优于对照品系,且其S1、F1能很好地保持亲本的这种优势。     

转金属硫蛋白基因(MT1)烟草耐NaCl胁迫能力

为明确柽柳(Tamarix sp.)金属硫蛋白(MT1)基因过量表达对提高植物耐NaCl能力的作用,对转MT1因烟草进行分子检测和生理特性分析,结果表明具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株经RT-PCR Southern杂交均表现为阳性,说明外源MT1基因已整合到烟草基因组,并且得到了表达。金属硫蛋白基因的过量表达提高了转基因烟草植株的耐NaCl能力,表现为在含有150mmol/L和300mmol/L NaCl的MS培养基上,转基因植株的株高和鲜重均明显优于非转基因株系;在生理性状上表现为转基因植株丙二醛(MDA)含量明显低于非转基因株系,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性比非转基因株系明显增加。     

水稻披垂叶突变体及其杂交后代的耐旱性与保护酶活性分析

在水分胁迫条件下时两个粳型水稻披垂叶突变体品系及其与常规籼、粳品种的杂交后代（F1、F2）进行苗期耐旱性鉴定,并测定了旱种条件下突变体及其杂交后代不同生育期过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的变化以及相关农艺性状的特征。结果表明：两个水稻披垂叶突变体MR304和MR312的苗期耐旱性均为中抗;MR312与7个品种的11个杂交后代（F1）中,仅有文稻2号／MR312组合的苗期耐旱性为高抗,MR312／滇香籼1号为中抗;在昆明旱种条件下,突变体及其杂交后代POD和CAT的活性分别在孕穗期和抽穗期最高,其中4个组合（银光／MR312、农安稻／MR312、文稻2号／MR312和MR312／滇香籼1号）F1孕穗期POD或抽穗期CAT的活性最强,株高、分蘖、穗长趋于正常。该研究揭示了利用水稻披垂叶突变体产生的F1杂种优势可增强杂交稻大田期的耐旱性;孕穗期的POD活性和抽穗期的CAT活性是鉴定杂交后代F1和F1植株大田期耐旱性的重要指标。     

西伯利亚蓼非特异性脂质转移蛋白基因PsnsLTP的功能分析

通过在农杆菌介导下,利用西伯利亚蓼非特异性脂质转移蛋白基因(植物表达载体：pROKII-PsnsLTP)对烟草进行遗传转化,经卡那霉素抗性分化筛选及PCR鉴定,获得6个转基因烟草株系。接种烟草炭疽病病菌和猝倒病病菌后观察转基因植株和野生型的表型差异,在NaCl、CdCl₂、7.5% PEG6000的胁迫下进行表型观察和生理指标的测定。结果显示：与野生型烟草相比,T1代转基因植株已具有较强的耐烟草炭疽病和猝倒病的能力;其超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性显著增强,丙二醛（MAD）含量显著降低,且幼苗具有较好的生长性状。由此证明,西伯利亚蓼非特异性脂质转移蛋白PsnsLTP增加了转基因烟草抵御生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的能力,这些工作为深入研究PsnsLTP基因的抗逆机制提供了参考。     

温度胁迫下淫羊藿的膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性

采用分光光度法测定了箭叶淫羊藿在不同温度处理后的过氧化物酶（POD）活性,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量,发现在高温胁迫下POD活性,SOD活性,MDA含量均呈上升趋势,而在低温胁迫下,POD活性,SOD活性下降,而MDA含量在0℃以上低温下降,0℃以下低温又开始上升;在25℃时,POD活性,SOD活性,MDA含量均处于最低水平。     

淹水对转超氧化物歧化酶或过氧化物酶基因烟草某些生理生化指标的影响

对盆栽十二叶龄的3个烟草近等基因系进行淹水处理后的结果表明:随着淹水时间的延长,细胞质膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著升高;叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量、株高、叶片数及生物量均下降.各种指标在短时间内不能恢复到正常水平或者根本不能恢复.3个品系抗涝性强弱依序为:转基因抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)高表达品系＞转Mn-SOD基因叶绿体高表达品系＞非转基因品系.     

启动子RD29A对转雪莲SikCDPK1基因烟草抗逆性的影响

探究逆境诱导启动子RD29A对转雪莲SikCDPK1基因烟草抗逆性的影响,为SikCDPK1基因在植物遭遇低温、干旱时更好发挥作用奠定基础。采用基因重组技术构建RD29A启动子驱动SikCDPK1基因的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化烟草,分别观察、测定和比较分析低温、干旱处理后,RD29A::SikCDPK1转基因烟草、35S::SikCDPK1转基因烟草和非转基因烟草的表型、POD活性、SOD活性、叶绿素含量、MDA含量和相对电导率的差异。结果显示,干旱和低温胁迫后,RD29A::SikCDPK1转基因烟草的生长状况优于35S::SikCDPK1转基因烟草,更优于非转基因烟草;同时,RD29A::SikCDPK1转基因烟草的POD活性、SOD活性、叶绿素含量显著高于35S::SikCDPK1转基因烟草,极显著高于非转基因烟草;但MDA含量与相对电导率显著低于35S::SikCDPK1转基因烟草,极显著低于非转基因烟草。表明启动子RD29A可通过减缓叶绿素降解速率、提高抗氧化系统酶活性、减小膜通透性,使转基因烟草表现出更强的干旱、低温耐受性。     

超量表达MrCN基因提高烟草植株对TMV的抗性

利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法将含有普通烟草Ubi．U4启动子驱动MrCN基因表达的元件导入TMV敏感烟草品种K326中,对筛选鉴定出的T0代转基因植株接种TMV,测定其接种前后不同时期的理化指标,以接种TMV的野生型植株为对照。结果显示,转基因植株和野生型植株接种TMV前叶绿素（Chl）和MDA含量YLSOD、POD和CAT酶活力均无显著差异,但接种TMV后野生型植株Chl含量逐渐降低,转基因植株Chl含量先增后降,在接种TMV后5d时转基因植株叶片Chl含量显著高于野生型植株。接种前期（0-3d）转基因植株MDA含量略低于野生型植株,但差异不显著;但接种后期（3～5d）前者的MDA含量显著低于后者。接种TMV后转基因植株中SOD、POD及CAT酶活性变化幅度较野生型植株高,以CAT的变幅最为显著。另外,Real-timePCR分析结果表明,接种TMV后3d时转基因植株删蹦、PR-1α及NrCN表达量均显著高于野生型植株。以上结果表明,通过转基因技术提高烟草抗病基NNrCN的表达量,能提高防御酶活性及病程相关基因的表达量,从而延缓植株感染TMV的发病时间,增强敏感植株对TMV的抗性。     

Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing cotton glutathione S-transferase (GST) show enhanced resistance to methyl viologen

A GST (EC 2.5.1.18) gene (Gst-cr 1) from cotton was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Gst-cr1 were normal in growth and mature compared with control, but had much higher levels of GST and GPx activities and showed an enhanced resistance to oxidative stress induced by a low concentration of methyl viologen (MV). Six antioxidant enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) were monitored in transgenic lines and non-transgenic control during MV treatments. When they were treated with 0.03 mmol/L of MV, both transgenic lines and control showed a rapid increase in the activities of GST, GPx, SOD, POD, APx, while the activity of CAT seemed to be irregular. The percent of the increase in SOD and POD activities was much higher in control than in transgenic plants. When treated with 0.05 mmol/L of MV, both control and transgenic plants were severely damaged, and the activities of the six enzymes decreased sharply.     

光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中抗氧化系统的影响

以云烟87植株为材料,通过覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,于大田条件下研究了光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性,抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在烟草植株第11片叶生长发育的7~70 d内,其抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势.与白光(对照)相比,黄光诱导烟草叶片SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性升高,以及AsA和GSH含量增加;而红光诱导APX和GR活性上升,以及GSH和AsA含量升高;但紫光却使SOD、CAT、POD、GR和GPX活性下降,GSH和AsA含量降低,而蓝光则使所有抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量降低.紫光和蓝光处理的烟草叶片中MDA含量较高,而黄光和红光处理的则较低.总体而言,在大田条件下,相对红光和黄光而言,蓝光和紫光处理下的烟草叶片更容易发生光氧化胁迫.     

土壤pH值对烤烟叶片生理生化特性的影响

烟草生长初期,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量与pH增长呈正相关,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则随着pH的增加而下降,pH值6.5和7.5时叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)较高,旺长期达到高峰;生长后期,各处理的MDA含量和POD活性最高,SOD、CAT活性最低.各pH值处理的叶片中,叶绿素含量、Pn下降,比叶重达到高峰,但pH 8.5下的烟叶中叶绿素含量高,Pn大,比叶重较小.pH 6.5和7.5下的烟叶中蛋白质和可溶性糖总体含量高于其它pH的.烟碱含量在pH 5.5时最高,pH 8.5时最低.     

Effects of water stress on antioxidant enzymes of leaves and nodules of transgenic alfalfa overexpressing superoxide dismutases

The antioxidant composition and relative water stress tolerance of nodulated alfalfa plants ( Medicago sativa L. ×  Sinorhizobium meliloti 102F78) of the elite genotype N4 and three derived transgenic lines have been studied in detail. These transgenic lines overproduced, respectively, Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the mitochondria of leaves and nodules, MnSOD in the chloroplasts, and FeSOD in the chloroplasts. In general for all lines, water stress caused moderate decreases in MnSOD and FeSOD activities in both leaves and nodules, but had distinct tissue-dependent effects on the activities of the peroxide-scavenging enzymes. During water stress, with a few exceptions, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities increased moderately in leaves but decreased in nodules. At mild water stress, transgenic lines showed, on average, 20% higher photosynthetic activity than the parental line, which suggests a superior tolerance of transgenic plants under these conditions. However, the untransformed and the transgenic plants performed similarly during moderate and severe water stress and recovery with respect to important markers of metabolic activity and of oxidative stress in leaves and nodules. We conclude that the base genotype used for transformation and the background SOD isozymic composition may have a profound effect on the relative tolerance of the transgenic lines to abiotic stress.     

Response of antioxidant enzymes in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sauva</Emphasis> L. cv. Dongjin) under mercury stress

We studied the effects of different concentrations of mercury (0.0 to 100 μM) on growth and photosynthetic efficiency in rice plants treated for 21 d. In addition, we investigated how this metal affected the malondialdehyde (MDA) content as well as the activity of five antioxidant enzymes — superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Photosynthetic efficiency (Fμ/F_m) and seedling growth decreased as the concentration of Hg was increased in the growth media. Plants also responded to Hg-induced oxidative stress by changing the levels of their antioxidative enzymes. Enhanced lipid peroxidation was observed in both leaves and roots that had been exposed to oxidative stress, with leaves showing higher enzymatic activity. Both SOD and APX activities increased in treatments with up to 50 μM Hg, then decreased at higher concentrations. In the leaves, both CAT and POD activities increased gradually, with CAT levels decreasing at higher concentrations. In the roots, however, CAT activity remained unchanged while that of POD increased a bit more than did the control for concentrations of up to 10 μM Hg. At higher Hg levels, both CAT and POD activities decreased. GR activity increased in leaves exposed to no more than 0.25 μM Hg, then decreased gradually. In contrast, its activity was greatly inhibited in the roots. Based on these results, we suggest that when rice plants are exposed to different concentrations of mercury, their antioxidative enzymes become involved in defense mechanisms against the free radicals that are induced by this stress.     

铁蛋白基因表达对烟草耐低铁能力的影响

铁是植物生长发育的必需元素。由于土壤中的三价铁离子不能被植物直接利用。使一些植物经常表现出缺铁症状。为探讨利用铁蛋白基因提高植物耐低铁胁迫的作用,利用农杆菌介导法将大豆铁蛋白基因SoyFer1和内源反义铁蛋白基因NtFer2的cDNA分别导人烟草基因组,采集转基因烟草种子。对T1转基因烟草的卡那霉素抗性分析表明,整合到烟草基因组的外源基因多为单拷贝基因,也有少数为多拷贝基因。对具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株进行PCR检测和Northern杂交分析表明,外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中,并且得到了正确表达。将转基因株系移栽到铁离子浓度不同的培养基中生长2个月后进行比较表明,转大豆铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量明显高于非转基因烟草株系,而转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量则明显低于非转基因烟草株系。转大豆铁蛋白基因和转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的叶绿素含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理性状也发生了明显变化,表现为转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量明显增加,POD活性明显增强,MDA含量明显降低：而转内源反义铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量、POD活性和MDA含量等则表现为与转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的相反。铁蛋白过量表达提高了烟草耐低铁能力,而铁蛋白抑制表达则降低了烟草耐低铁能力。     

Ovexpression of a Vacuolar H<Superscript>+</Superscript>-ATPase c Subunit Gene Mediates Physiological Changes Leading to Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco

H⁺-ATPase subunit c (VHA-c) is involved in the adaptation to environmental stresses, including salt, drought, and heavy metals. However, it remains unclear whether VHA-c can induce a physiological response related to stress tolerance. To investigate this possibility, we generated transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing a V-ATPase subunit c (LbVHA-c1) gene from Limonium bicolor (Bunge) Kuntze. Compared with wild-type (WT) tobacco, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in the transgenic plants were significantly enhanced under salt stress conditions. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the transgenic plants was significantly lower than that in WT plants grown under salt stress conditions. Moreover, the transgenic plants displayed obviously better growth than the WT plants under salt stress. These results suggest that LbVHA-c1 may confer stress tolerance through enhancing POD and SOD activities, and by protecting membranes from damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation under salt stress.