蜜蜂球囊菌菌丝和孢子中环状RNA的鉴定及比较分析

[目的]本研究旨在明确蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌)菌丝和孢子中环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)的数量、种类和表达谱差异,并探讨共有circRNA、特有circRNA和差异表达circRNA (differentially expressed circRNA,DEcir...     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫传染病学分析

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病是一种由东方蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema ceranae)引起的蜜蜂传染病,已经蔓延到全球。蜜蜂感染东方蜜蜂微孢子虫后会导致早衰、哺育能力下降、生产力和繁殖能力降低,严重时可直接导致蜂群瓦解。本文从传染病学角度出发,对近10年东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病原学、流行病学和防治方法等方面进行总结,以此提高对微孢子虫的认识,为微孢子虫防治提供新思路。     

结合三代测序与二代测序技术揭示蜜蜂球囊菌孢子转录组的复杂性

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)是一种专性侵染蜜蜂幼虫的致死性真菌病原。本研究旨在利用PacBio单分子实时(singlemoleculereal-time,SMRT)测序技术对蜜蜂球囊菌孢子(AaS)中基因的可变剪切(alternative splicing,AS)和可变多聚腺苷酸化(alternative polyadenylation,APA)以及长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)进行鉴定和分析,进而揭示蜜蜂球囊菌孢子中转录组的复杂性。【方法】采用Suppa软件对蜜蜂球囊菌孢子中基因的AS事件进行鉴定。通过RT-PCR对不同类型的AS事件进行验证。采用TAPIS pipeline对蜜蜂球囊菌孢子基因的APA位点进行鉴定。利用MEME软件分析孢子全长转录本的poly(A)剪接位点上游50bp的序列特征并鉴定motif。联用CPC和CNCI软件和比对Swiss-prot数据库的方法预测lncRNA,取三者的交集作为高可信度的lncRNA集合。进一步比较lncRNA和mRNA的转录本长度,外显子数量与长度,内含子长度,GC含...     

球囊菌胁迫中华蜜蜂幼虫肠道过程中病原的转录组学研究

【目的】本研究利用RNA-seq技术对球囊菌胁迫的中华蜜蜂(中蜂)幼虫肠道进行深度测序,经趋势分析得到差异表达基因(DEGs)的显著表达模式,进而对胁迫过程中的球囊菌进行转录组学分析。【方法】利用Illumina HiSeq 2500平台对球囊菌胁迫的中蜂幼虫肠道进行深度测序,并利用相关软件进行了深入分析。最后,通过RT-qPCR对RNA-seq数据进行了验证。【结果】本研究共得到球囊菌的41133932条高质量clean reads。22865个DEGs共聚类为8个基因表达模式,其中,16769个DEGs聚类为2个显著上调趋势与2个显著下调趋势。GO富集分析结果显示,显著上调与显著下调趋势中的DEGs分别富集于40与37个GO term,基因富集数最多的为细胞进程(2486 unigenes)。KEGG代谢通路(pathway)富集分析结果显示,显著上调与显著下调趋势中的DEGs分别富集于119和112个pathway,基因富集数最多的分别是氨基酸生物合成(127 unigenes)与核糖体(98 unigenes)。进一步分析表明球囊菌在胁迫中蜂幼虫肠道的过程中通过提高物质合成促进其增殖,而宿主通过抑制球囊菌的蛋白合成抵御病原入侵。富集在MAPK信号通路的11个DEGs的表达水平随着胁迫时间的延长而逐渐下降,推测中蜂幼虫通过抑制该通路而阻遏球囊菌增殖。【结论】本研究不仅为揭示白垩病过程中的球囊菌-中蜂幼虫互作提供了重要信息,也为阐明不同抗性蜂种的球囊菌抗性差异奠定了基础。     

Fine structure of the developing spore of Nosema apis zander

Summary The mature spore possesses a thick spore coat and a particle-bearing spore membrane. The highly laminated polaroplast membranes are located at the anterior pole of the spore. Close to its base, the polar filament is surrounded by the polaroplast membrane. The polar filament runs spirally towards the posterior pole of the spore. A large portion of the polar filament is arranged in two layers. A similar arrangement was also observed in immature spores and in the sporoblast stage, although it was not so orderly arranged in the latter. The developing polaroplast membrane was observed in the immature spore, but not in the sporoblast. The sporoblast wall is much thinner than the spore coat, but has the same texture. Endoplasmic reticulum is the most prominent cytoplasmic organelle in the developing stages of Nosema apis. Porous nuclear envelopes are also observed in developing stages. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the formation of the polar filament, polaroplast and spore coat, and the function of the spore membrane, are discussed.     

Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection

Parasites are dependent on their hosts for energy to reproduce and can exert a significant nutritional stress on them. Energetic demand placed on the host is especially high in cases where the parasite-host complex is less co-evolved. The higher virulence of the newly discovered honeybee pathogen, Nosema ceranae, which causes a higher mortality in its new host Apis mellifera, might be based on a similar mechanism. Using Proboscis Extension Response and feeding experiments, we show that bees infected with N. ceranae have a higher hunger level that leads to a lower survival. Significantly, we also demonstrate that the survival of infected bees fed ad libitum is not different from that of uninfected bees. These results demonstrate that energetic stress is the probable cause of the shortened life span observed in infected bees. We argue that energetic stress can lead to the precocious and risky foraging observed in Nosema infected bees and discuss its relevance to colony collapse syndrome. The significance of energetic stress as a general mechanism by which infectious diseases influence host behavior and physiology is discussed.     

Biochemical characterization of the microsporidian Nosema bombycis spore proteins

Spore proteins of the microsporidian Nosema bombycis, from the silkworm Bombyx mori, were analysed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein profile of partially solubilized spores showed three major peptide bands of molecular weight 68, 94 and 100 kDa. On complete solubilization, it showed peptide bands ranging from 17 to 68 kDa. Attempts to purify the 17 kDa infection-specific protein showed aggregation of this protein to higher molecular size proteins. Partial peptide analysis of the different peptides exhibited similar patterns suggesting the probablity of processing during the infective cycle. Reconstitution assay showed the reversible nature of this processing. N-terminal sequencing showed homology to heat shock proteins. The low molecular weight 17 kDa protein also showed very high protease activity.     

蝗虫微孢子虫对蝗虫脂肪含量的影响

用东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis作为活体寄主,将4龄蝗蝻接种蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae后,对虫体总脂含量和血淋巴中的甘油脂含量、脂肪酶活力进行了测定,结果表明：蝗虫微孢子虫的寄生可导致东亚飞蝗虫体总脂含量和血淋巴甘油酯含量大幅度下降及血淋巴脂肪酶活力大幅度上升。根据病虫生理指标提出了一种新的病级鉴定方法。     

Immunological characterization of spore proteins of the microsporidian Nosema bombycis

The spore proteins of the microsporidian, Nosema bombycis, from the silkworm, Bombyx mori were analysed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The western blot analysis using total antibodies showed major antigenic peptides of sizes 94, 68, 45, 31, 28, 17 and 12.5 kDa. Immunological cross reaction was observed when the antibody raised against the infection-specific 17 kDa protein was used for western blotting. Antigenic relatedness among the different polypeptides was seen. Enzymatic analysis of the immunodominant structures of the antigen showed that carbohydrates and proteins are the major components of the epitopes, with lipids also making a small contribution. The relative epitope densities among the different polypeptides reveal that the antigens consist of multiple similar epitopes which are probably conformational epitopes.     

Ultrastructural description of the life cycle of Nosema monorchis n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), hyperparasite of Monorchis parvus (Digenea, Monorchiidae), intestinal parasite of Diplodus annularis (Pisces, Teleostei)

Life cycle stages of a new species of the genus Nosema Naegeli, 1857 (Microspora, Nosematidae), were examined by light and electron microscopy. It parasitizes the gut and the uterus of the digenean Monorchis parvus (Monorchiidae), in Diplodus annularis (Pisces, Teleostei). All stages were in close contact with the cytoplasm of the host cell and were probably all diplokaryotic. The divisions of meronts and sporonts were recognizable by the formation of spindle plaques at the surface of the nucleus. Spores were oval, measured 3.2±0.3×2.5±0.2 μm on ultrathin sections, and had a polar filament with 16–17 coils. The polaroplast presented two parts: an anterior region with closely packed lamellae and a posterior part with wider lamellae. This Nosema species is compared with the other microsporidian parasites of digeneans. This new species is named Nosema monorchis n. sp., after the generic name of its host.     

中华蜜蜂幼虫肠道响应球囊菌胁迫的microRNA应答分析

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌)是一种能够侵染中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂)幼虫的致死性真菌病原。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)可通过在转录后水平靶向抑制或降解mRNA而参与宿主与病原互作过程。本研究旨在对球囊菌胁迫的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道的差异表达miRNA(DEmiRNA)及其靶基因进行深入分析,进而揭示DEmiRNA在中蜂响应球囊菌胁迫应答过程中的作用。【方法】利用Illumina MiSeq平台对正常及球囊菌胁迫的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道(AcCK和AcT)进行测序,通过相关生物信息学软件预测DEmiRNA及其靶基因。通过Blast将靶基因注释到GO和KEGG数据库。利用Cytoscape软件构建DEmiRNA与其靶mRNA的调控网络。通过Stem-loop RT-PCR和qPCR验证测序数据的可靠性。【结果】本研究共预测出537个miRNA,其长度分布介于16–35 nt之间,且不同长度的miRNA首位碱基偏向性差异明显。通过Stem-loop RT-PCR证实了10个novel miRNA的表达。AcCK vs AcT比较组共有54个DEmiRNA,包含31个上调和23个下调miRNA,可分别靶向结合6170和8199个靶基因。GO分类结果显示上调和下调miRNA的靶基因分别涉及47和47个条目,富集基因数最多的皆为结合细胞进程和催化活性。KEGG代谢通路(pathway)富集分析结果表明上调和下调miRNA的靶基因分别富集在134和126条pathway,富集基因数最多的均为内吞作用和内质网中的蛋白质加工。调控网络分析结果表明,DEmiRNA及其靶mRNA形成十分复杂的调控关系;31个DEmiRNA可靶向结合51个与泛素介导的蛋白水解相关的mRNA,18个DEmiRNA可靶向结合14个与Jak-STAT信号通路相关的mRNA;miR-1277-x、miR-26-x、miR-27-y、miR-30-x、miR-6052-x等16个miRNA共同参与了上述两条免疫通路的调控。最后,随机挑选3个DEmiRNA进行qPCR验证,结果证明了测序数据的可靠性。【结论】本研究提供了中蜂幼虫肠道在球囊菌胁迫后期的miRNA的表达谱和差异表达信息,揭示了球囊菌与宿主之间在miRNA组学水平存在复杂的互作。miR-6052-x和miR-1277-x作为调控网络的核心可能通过影响细胞凋亡参与宿主的免疫防御,miR-26-x和miR-30-x可能通过调控Jak-STAT信号通路参与宿主的胁迫应答。本研究筛选出的关键DEmiRNA有望作为治疗白垩病的分子靶标。     

中华蜜蜂6日龄幼虫响应蜜蜂球囊菌胁迫的环状RNA应答

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌)专性侵染蜜蜂幼虫而导致白垩病,危害蜜蜂健康和养蜂生产。本研究旨在探究中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂) 6日龄幼虫响应球囊菌胁迫的环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)差异表达谱及差异表达circRNA (differentially expressed circRNA,DEcircRNA)在宿主胁迫应答中的潜在功能。【方法】利用去除线性RNA的circRNA-seq技术对正常和球囊菌侵染的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道(AcCK和AcT)进行测序。利用find_circ软件鉴定circRNA,统计circRNA的长度和环化类型。根据|log_2(Fold change)|≥1和P≤0.05的标准筛选DEcircRNA。将DEcircRNA的来源基因比对Gene ontology (GO)数据库和Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)数据库,从而获得功能及通路(pathway)注释。随机挑选3个DEcircRNA进行RT-qPCR验证。【结果】AcCK和AcT的circRNA-seq分别得到76342570和68269362条原始读段(raw reads),经严格质控得到74524108和66974392条有效读段(clean reads),Q30分别为92.75%和94%,GC含量分别为54.31%和54.90%。比对上东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)参考基因组的短序列读段(anchor reads)共计23648400条。AcCK和AcT中分别鉴定到805和702个circRNA,长度均介于201–1000 nt,数量最多的环化类型均为已注释外显子circRNA,但分布在不同长度、不同环化类型的circRNA数量存在差异。AcCK vs AcT比较组共有494个DEcircRNA,包括257个上调circRNA和237个下调circRNA;上调和下调幅度最大的circRNA分别为novel_circ_000123和novel_circ_000726。上述DEcircRNA的来源基因可注释到11条生物学进程相关条目,9条分子功能相关条目,9条细胞组分相关条目,以及73条通路。进一步分析发现,部分DEcircRNA的来源基因注释到7条细胞免疫通路和3条体液免疫通路。【结论】中蜂6日龄幼虫响应球囊菌胁迫的过程中可能通过改变分布在不同长度和环化类型的circRNA数量,以及特异性表达一些circRNA和调节部分circRNA的表达量对病原产生应答;novel_circ_000027、novel_circ_000127、novel_circ_000312等DEcircRNA在宿主的胁迫应答过程中可能通过调控氧化磷酸化、细胞和体液免疫等通路发挥特殊作用。研究结果为深入理解中蜂幼虫对球囊菌的胁迫应答机制及二者的相互作用机制提供了新见解。     

Multiple rRNA variants in a single spore of the microsporidian Nosema bombi

To understand the source of the multiple DNA sequence variants of Nosema bombi ribosomal RNA (rRNA) found in a single bumble bee host, we PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced the partial rRNA gene from 125 clones, which were derived from four out of 46 spores individually isolated from a single host by laser microdissection. At least two rRNA variants, characterized by either (GTTT)(2) or (GTTT)(3) repeat units within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, were found per spore in approximately equal proportions, variants which were also found in approximately equal proportions in 55 clones of the two DNA extracts of multiple spores from the same host. Firstly, we demonstrate for the first time that DNA sequences can be obtained from single-binucleate microsporidia. Secondly, it appears that concerted evolution has not homogenized the sequences of all rRNA copies within a single N. bombi spore or even within a single nucleus. We thereby demonstrate unequivocally that two or more rRNA sequence variants exist per N. bombi spore, and urge caution in the use of multicopy rRNA genes for population genetic and phylogenetic analysis of this and other Microsporidia unless homologous copies can be reliably typed.     

家蚕微孢子虫感染对家蚕BmN细胞凋亡以及凋亡蛋白抑制因子IAPs表达的影响

【目的】在无任何外界凋亡因素诱导条件下,探究家蚕微孢子虫感染对家蚕卵巢细胞-BmN凋亡的影响,以及凋亡蛋白抑制因子IAPs实相表达的变化情况。【方法】显微镜下观察家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞后不同时间段宿主细胞的变化情况,以及利用荧光定量PCR方法检测家蚕促凋亡基因——细胞色素C(BmCyt c)表达水平的变化,随后检索家蚕基因组与蛋白质家族数据库搜寻家蚕凋亡蛋白抑制因子IAPs基因信息,并通过荧光定量PCR方法对这些基因的实相表达情况进行定量分析。【结果】家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞的前5 d,细胞状态未见明显变化。感染后7 d,BmN细胞的生长受到了一定程度的影响。第12天时,对照组中几乎所有细胞出现空泡化或细胞死亡的现象,而感染家蚕微孢子虫的BmN细胞未见空泡的出现,并且大量细胞形态完整,细胞核清晰可见。同时,BmCyt c基因的表达几乎一直处于被抑制状态,特别是感染后的第10天与第12天,该基因的表达量显著性降低(P0.01)。通过数据库检索共得到4个家蚕凋亡蛋白抑制因子:BmIAP-1、BmIAP-2、BmSurvivin-1与BmSurvivin-2。荧光定量PCR结果表明:BmIAP-1和BmSurvivin-1基因在感染后期(10 d与12 d)表达量有上升趋势,尤其是感染后的12 d,表达量显著上升(P0.01)。然而,BmIAP-2与BmSurvivin-2基因的表达在大多数时间段均处于下调状态。【结论】当无任何外界凋亡因素诱导条件下,家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞后可影响宿主细胞的生长,并可抑制细胞的正常生理凋亡。依据荧光定量PCR结果,我们推测在家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞时,BmIAP-1和BmSurvivin-1蛋白可能在调节细胞凋亡的过程中起一定作用。     

The spore wall and polar tube proteins of the microsporidian Nosema grylli: the major spore wall protein is released before spore extrusion

Incubation of Nosema grylli spores in alkaline--saline solution (10 mM KOH, 170 mM KCl) leads to solubilization of the major spore wall protein of 40 kDa (p40). Both the compounds of this solution are crucial for p40 solubilization. After spore incubation in 170 mM KCl no proteins were released in the medium. In contrast, 10 mM KOH causes a release of many spore proteins but only a small amount of p40. A long storage of spores (over a year) in water or 0.02% sodium azide results in a sharp decrease of p40 content. Specific polyclonal antibodies were obtained by immunization of rabbits with isolated p40. The specificity of serum was confirmed by immunoblotting. IFA showed reliable reaction on the envelopes of sporonts and sporoblasts, whereas only part of spores reacted with antibodies. This distinction may be due to changing surface antigens during spore maturation. Solubilization of p40 under alkaline conditions could be associated with spore extrusion, since a subsequent transfer of spores to neutral solution leads to their discharge. Subsequent wash of discharged spores with 1-3% SDS, 9 M urea and treatment by 100% 2-ME result in solubilization of protein of 56 kDa (p56). The maximum concentration of 2-ME is important for isolation of pure p56. Evidence has been provided that p56 is a protein of N. grylli polar tubes. Treatment of discharged spores by 2-ME in the presence of SDS results in solubilization of four additional proteins with molecular weights about 46, 34, 21 and 15 kDa.     

蜜蜂球囊菌的microRNA鉴定及其调控网络分析

【目的】本研究利用small RNA-seq技术对球囊菌的纯培养进行测序,对球囊菌的micro RNAs miRNAs)进行预测、鉴定和分析,进而构建miRNAs-mRNAs的调控网络。【方法】利用Illumina Hiseq Xten平台对球囊菌菌丝与孢子进行测序,通过相关生物信息学软件对球囊菌的miRNAs进行预测和分析,通过茎环(Stem-loop)PCR对部分miRNAs进行鉴定,利用Cytoskype软件构建miRNAs-mRNAs的调控网络。【结果】本研究共获得48268696条clean reads,预测出118个球囊菌的miRNAs,它们的长度分布介于18–25 nt之间,不同长度的mi RNA的首位碱基偏好性差异明显。Stem-loop PCR验证结果显示共有10个miRNAs能够扩增出符合预期的目的片段,说明多数miRNAs可能真实存在。共预测出6529个球囊菌miRNAs的靶基因,其中5725个能够注释到Nr、Swissprot、KOG、GO和KEGG数据库。进一步分析结果显示有24个靶基因注释在MAPK信号通路。Cytoskype软件分析结果显示球囊菌的miRNAs与mRNAs之间存在复杂的调控网络,绝大多数的miRNAs处于调控网络的内部且同时结合多个mRNAs。【结论】本研究率先对球囊菌的miRNAs及miRNAs-mRNAs调控网络进行全面分析,研究结果丰富了对球囊菌miRNAs的认识,为其基础生物学信息提供了有益补充,也为阐明球囊菌致病的分子机理打下了一定基础。     

Intradiurnal periodicity of fungal spore concentrations (Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Didymella, Ganoderma) in Cracow, Poland

Aerobiological monitoring enables the definition of seasonal fungal spore concentrations and also intradiurnal time when the highest concentrations of spores could cause or increase allergy symptoms. These data are useful to estimate symptoms of disease, duration of infection and how advanced the illness is in people suffering from fungal allergens. The aim of the study was to compare the concentrations of fungal spores (Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Didymella, Ganoderma) during dry and rainy periods and to analyse their intradiurnal changes. Average daily spore concentrations in dry and rainy periods were compared, using z test, separately for each taxon, season and for a combined 3-year period. Intradiurnal periodicity of fungal spore concentrations was analysed on the basis of three complementary diagrams. These spore concentrations were presented using three curves for all, dry and rainy days in 1997–1999 (April–November). The spore percentage in particular hours was normalized in relation to the daily spore sum accepted as 100%. Two further diagrams enabled the more precise analysis of the highest concentrations in dry days. Daily Botrytis and Cladosporium spore concentrations did not show significant differences between dry and rainy periods. In the case of Didymella and Ganoderma spore concentrations, there were no significant differences between both weather types in the single years, although there was a significant difference when a 3-year period was considered. The differences between daily concentrations of Alternaria spores in dry and rainy periods occurred in 1997 and in a 3-year period. Intradiurnal periodicity of spore concentrations was different for ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ fungal spores. Dry spores are released from the spore-producing parts of the fungus under conditions of decreasing humidity and increasing airflow. Examples of dry spores are those from Alternaria, Cladosporium and Botrytis. Wet spores, such as those from many Ascomycetes (Didymella) and Basidiomycetes (Ganoderma), are released into the atmosphere by processes related to humidity conditions or rain. The highest concentrations of ‘dry’ spores were observed early in the afternoon, while highest values of ‘wet’ spore concentrations occurred in the predawn hours. Statistically non-significant differences between daily spore concentrations in dry and rainy periods of single seasons were found except for Alternaria. Statistically significant differences could occur when the studied period was longer than one season (Alternaria, Didymella, Ganoderma). The highest concentrations of Alternaria, Botrytis and Cladosporium spores were recorded at noon and early in the afternoon. Concentrations of Didymella and Ganoderma spores were highest in the predawn hours.     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染过程中nce-miR-34537和靶基因PIP5KI的表达谱

【目的】本研究旨在对前期鉴定到的nce-miR-34537进行表达和序列验证,预测nce-miR-34537的靶基因并明确其分子特性,进而检测nce-miR-34537及其靶基因在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema ceranae)侵染意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)工蜂过程的表达谱,为进一步探究nce-miR-34537调控东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染的功能和作用机制提供基础。【方法】通过Stem-loop-RT-PCR和Sanger测序验证nce-miR-34537的表达和序列。通过生物信息学软件预测nce-miR-34537的靶基因PIP5KI(I型磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸-5-激酶基因)的理化性质等分子特性和保守基序,并构建基于氨基酸序列的系统进化树。采用RT-qPCR检测nce-miR-34537及其靶基因的表达谱。【结果】nce-miR-34537在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中真实存在和表达。nce-miR-34537共靶向PIP5KI等151个基因。PIP5KI蛋白的分子式为C₈₈₂H_{1 364}N₂₂₆     

家蚕微粒子虫分泌蛋白己糖激酶NbHK对家蚕基因表达及相关通路的调控作用

【目的】微孢子虫是一种营专性细胞内寄生的微生物,它可以感染几乎所有动物种类,包括人类和重要的经济动物。本研究对家蚕微粒子虫分泌蛋白己糖激酶(Nosema bombycis hexokinase, NbHK)在家蚕胚胎细胞中表达特征、亚细胞定位、调控作用和宿主互作蛋白质进行了系统分析,为阐明该蛋白在侵染中的作用与机理提供参考。【方法】利用原核表达蛋白免疫小鼠,制备NbHK的多克隆抗体,并利用Western blotting和间接免疫荧光法分析家蚕微粒子虫在感染的家蚕胚胎细胞(Bombyx mori embryo, BmE)中的表达和定位;通过过表达和RNA干扰实验,分析NbHK对病原增殖的作用;利用RNA-seq分析NbHK调控的家蚕基因表达和通路;利用生物素-链霉亲和素系统和质谱技术,从NbHK::APEX2转基因细胞中分离鉴定NbHK的互作蛋白。【结果】在感染家蚕微粒子虫的BmE中,NbHK持续上调表达,主要被定位于宿主细胞核内。过表达NbHK显著促进了病原增殖,而敲低NbHK则明显抑制了病原增殖,说明在NbHK感染过程中发挥关键作用。利用RNA-seq分析鉴定了94个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),其中58个基因上调,36个基因下调。DEGs的富集分析显示,细胞寿命和内质网蛋白加工通路受到显著激活,而线粒体自噬途径受到明显抑制。互作蛋白鉴定分析发现,NbHK可能与宿主细胞核内的核蛋白易位启动子区(nucleoprotein translocated promoter region, NTPR)等蛋白间存在相互作用。【结论】NbHK主要被定位至家蚕细胞核中,调控家蚕细胞寿命等多个重要通路的基因表达,以利于病原增殖。本研究为深入解析NbHK在感染过程中的功能及其调控机理提供了新的参考。     

中华蜜蜂6日龄幼虫响应蜜蜂球囊菌侵染的长链非编码RNA应答研究

[目的]本研究旨在探究长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)在中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂)6日龄幼虫应答蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌)侵染过程中的差异表达谱及调控作用.[方法]利用链特异性cDNA建库的RNA-seq技术对未被...