Maltobionic acid enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats

ABSTRACT

In Experiment 1, the effects of calcium maltobionate (MBCa) on calcium and magnesium absorption were examined using male rats. Four diets were designed in which 25%, 50%, and 100% of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃, Control) were substituted with MBCa and were designated as MBCa-25, MBCa-50, and MBCa-100, respectively. The cecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids was significantly higher in groups MBCa-50 and MBCa-100; however, pH of cecal contents did not significantly differ among the groups. Retention rates of calcium and magnesium were significantly higher in all MBCa groups as compared to the Control. In Experiment 2, the efficiency of calcium absorption was compared using everted sacs of jejunum and ileum with CaCO₃ and MBCa as calcium sources. More calcium from MBCa was absorbed as the concentration of calcium increased in comparison to CaCO₃. It was concluded that MBCa is a better calcium source than CaCO₃ in terms of both calcium retention and absorption.

Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; Ca: Calcium; CaCO_3: calcium carbonate; ICP-OES: Inductivity coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer; Mg: magnesium; MBCa: calcium maltobionate; OCPC: o-cresolphthalein complexone; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; SE: standard error; TRPM6: transient receptor potential melastatin 6.     

Enzymatic in vitro synthesis of radiolabeled pentasaccharides GlcNAc beta 1-3(Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc/Glc and the isomeric Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc/Glc.

Four radiolabeled pentasaccharides, GlcNAc beta 1-3(Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, GlcNAc beta 1-3(Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4Glc, and Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4Glc, were prepared in virtually pure form. They were obtained by partial enzymic beta 1,4-galactosylations of the appropriate tetrasaccharide acceptors or by partial enzymic degalactosylations of the appropriate hexasaccharides, followed by paper chromatographic separations. All four pentasaccharides contain two nonidentical distal branches, making them valuable primers for enzymatic in vitro synthesis of larger oligo(N-acetyllactosaminoglycans).     

Role of beta 1-4 linked polymers in the biofilm structure of marine Pseudomonas sp. CE-2 on 304 stainless steel coupons

Pseudomonas sp CE-2 cells attach and form biofilms on 304-stainless steel (SS) coupons. A series of experiments were carried out in order to understand the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in the formation and maintenance of CE-2 biofilms on SS coupons. The biofilm density and EPS concentration increased over the period of incubation and the highest values for both were recorded after 72 h. Calcofluor and the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) showed a positive interaction with 72-h old biofilms, indicating the presence of beta 1-4 linked polymers, and alpha-d-glucose and alpha-d-mannose in the biofilm matrix of CE-2. When the CE-2 cells were grown in the presence of calcofluor (200 microg ml(-1)), biofilm formation was significantly reduced (approximately 85%). Conversely, the lectins Con A or WGA did not influence the CE-2 biofilms on the SS coupons. Furthermore, treatment with cellulase, an enzyme specific for the degradation of beta 1-4 linked polymers, removed substantial amounts of CE-2 biofilm from SS coupons. These results strongly suggest the involvement of beta 1-4 linked polymers in the formation and maintenance of Pseudomonas sp. CE-2 biofilms on SS coupons.     

Levels and distribution of zinc,copper, magnesium,and calcium in rats fed different levels of dietary zinc

Effects of altered dietary zinc on levels of zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium in organ and peripheral tissues were studied. When rats fed a zinc-deficient diet (1.3 μg Zn/g) for 28 d were compared with rats fed a control diet (37.5 μg Zn/g), levels of zinc were slightly lower in plasma, hair, and skin and 50% lower in femur and pancreas, whereas the levels of copper were higher in all tissue except plasma. Magnesium levels were higher than controls in the heart and lower in the spleen, whereas the calcium levels were lower in plasma, lung, spleen, kidney, and skin and strikingly higher in brain, hair, and femur. When rats fed a zinc-supplemented diet (1.0 mg Zn/g) were compared to the same conrols, levels of zinc in these were higher in all organs and peripheral tissues studied, except heart, lung, and liver; copper levels were higher in liver, kidney, and spleen; magnesium levels were significantly higher in the spleen, but were little affected in other tissues, although calcium levels were higher in pancreas, spleen, kidney, and skin and lower in plasma and hair. These data indicate that overall copper organ and peripheral tissue levels are affected inversely, and zinc and calcium levels directly, by zinc nutriture.     

Nitrate absorption and assimilation in ryegrass as influenced by calcium and magnesium

The absorption and assimilation patterns of ¹⁵NO₃⁻ supplied as the Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ salts to intact ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seedlings were compared. No statistically significant effect of ambient cation on the amounts of ¹⁵NO₃⁻ absorbed was observed in the initial six hours, but during the subsequent six hours, absorption from Ca(¹⁵NO₃)₂ exceeded that from Mg (¹⁵NO₃)₂.     

The gastrointestinal absorption of organically bound forms of plutonium in fed and fasted hamsters

Values of about 0.005-0.01 per cent were obtained for the absorption in fed hamsters of plutonium ingested as Pu4+ citrate, isocitrate, phytate and malate complexes and Pu3+ ascorbate compared with about 0.003-0.004 per cent for Pu4+ nitrate. Replacing drinking water with tea did not affect the result for Pu4+ nitrate. Fasting hamsters for 8 h before the administration of plutonium citrate increased absorption to 0.1-0.2 per cent. An extra period of fasting for 4 h after administration did not lead to a further increase in absorption. Similar values were also obtained when plutonium citrate was administered after a 24 h fast, followed either by immediate access to food or a further 4 h fast. In hamsters fasted for 24 h before administration of either Pu3+ ascorbate or Pu4+ nitrate, about 6-7 per cent of the ingested plutonium was retained in the gastrointestinal tract after one week. At three weeks after ingestion of Pu3+ ascorbate, gastrointestinal retention had fallen 100-fold without an increase in absorption.     

Role of estrogen in controlling the genital microflora of female rats

Plate counts of viable bacteria recovered by lavage from rat vaginae demonstrated that the number of bacteria associated with the vaginal epithelium varied cyclically and that this pattern was abolished by ovariectomy. After ovariectomy, vaginal bacterial counts remained relatively stable at low levels. The estrogen 17beta-estradiol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol cypionate) administered to ovariectomized rats caused a significant increase in vaginal bacterial counts on day 3 post-treatment. A similar effect was seen in non-ovariectomized rats, but a larger dose of estrogen antagonist may have been present in non-ovariectomized animals. Progesterone (4-pregnene-3,20-dione) given with estradiol diminished the effect of the estrogen on vaginal bacterial counts, but did not abolish it. Progesterone administered without estradiol had no detectable effect on vaginal bacterial counts. These findings suggested that the cyclic variation in bacterial content of rat vaginae could be explained primarily as the effect of the secretory pattern of ovarian estrogen.     

Alterations in beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor density in the cerebellum of aging rats

Abstract: The densities of β¹, and β₂-adrenergic receptors were determined in homogenates of cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats between 3 and 14 mo of age. No change in either receptor population occurred in the cortex during this period. In the cerebellum, a 20–25% decrease in the density of β₂, receptors and a 3509% increase in the density of β₁, receptors occurred. The increase in β₁ receptors in the cerebellum may be the result of a decrease in the function of the noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus which synapse on cerebellar Purkinje cells.     

Dietary magnesium increases calcium absorption of ovine small intestine in vivo and in vitro

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not an increase in dietary Mg intake increases Ca absorption in the ovine gastrointestinal tract. In an in vivo experiment, an increase in the infused MgCl2 level (0.0, 25.0 and 75.0 mg Mg x kg BW(-1) x day(-1) with 75.0 mg Ca x kg BW(-1) x day(-1) as CaCl2) into the rumen for ten days significantly decreased fecal excretion but increased urinary excretion (P < 0.05) of Ca in five castrated male sheep. Apparent Ca absorption tended to increase (P = 0.067) whilst the retention and plasma concentration of Ca were not changed. In an in vitro experiment with isolated segments from the rumen, upper jejunum, cecum and upper colon under the presence of an electrochemical gradient, the mucosal to serosal Ca flux rate was significantly greater in the presence of 60.0 mM as compared with 1.2 mM MgCl2 (P < 0.05). From these results, we conclude that the mucosal Mg has the ability to increase the Ca absorption in the gastrointestinal tract in sheep when the dietary Mg level is raised.     

Nephrotoxic activity in rats fed diets containing DL-3-(N-phenylethylamino)-alanine

Rats were fed DL-3-(N-phenylethalamino)-alanine which resulted in kidney lesions histologically identical with those produced by the structurally related compound lysinoalanine. Possible mechanisms for nephrotoxicity are discussed.     

Role of calcium and magnesium and of cytochalasin-sensitive processes in lectin-stimulated lymphocyte activation

We have investigated possible interactions of divalent-cation-requiring processes and cytochalasin-sensitive processes in the early events of lymphocyte activation. In lectin-stimulated responses, Ca and Mg were synergistic in support of protein and DNA synthesis, as expressed in the increased requirement for one ion under conditions of depletion of the other. Experiments evaluating the temporal relationships between cytochalasin sensitivity and requirements for Ca and Mg demonstrated that both cations were required before or during the early cytochalasin B-sensitive events. Furthermore, we observed that Ca and Mg and cytochalasin B-sensitive processes were required for lectin-dependent commitment to DNA synthesis. Additional studies comparing the relative potencies of cytochalasin E, D, and B suggested that the probable target for cytochalasins in the inhibition of commitment was a motility-related process. These data demonstrate an early period of activation which can be characterized by its requirement for divalent cations and its sensitivity to cytochalasins.     

Role of estrogen in controlling the genital microflora of female rats.

Plate counts of viable bacteria recovered by lavage from rat vaginae demonstrated that the number of bacteria associated with the vaginal epithelium varied cyclically and that this pattern was abolished by ovariectomy. After ovariectomy, vaginal bacterial counts remained relatively stable at low levels. The estrogen 17beta-estradiol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol cypionate) administered to ovariectomized rats caused a significant increase in vaginal bacterial counts on day 3 post-treatment. A similar effect was seen in non-ovariectomized rats, but a larger dose of estrogen antagonist may have been present in non-ovariectomized animals. Progesterone (4-pregnene-3,20-dione) given with estradiol diminished the effect of the estrogen on vaginal bacterial counts, but did not abolish it. Progesterone administered without estradiol had no detectable effect on vaginal bacterial counts. These findings suggested that the cyclic variation in bacterial content of rat vaginae could be explained primarily as the effect of the secretory pattern of ovarian estrogen.     

Wheat germ agglutinin chromatography of GlcNac beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal and GlcNAc beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, obtained by in vitro synthesis and by partial cleavage of teratocarcinoma poly-N-acetyllactosaminoglycans

GlcNAc beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6) [14C(U)]Gal and GlcNAc beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)[14C(U)]Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc were prepared by in vitro synthesis. They were characterized by enzymatic sequencing, by partial acid hydrolysis, and by periodate oxidation experiments. The two saccharides were isolated also from partial acid hydrolysates of metabolically labeled poly-N-acetyllactosaminoglycans of murine embryonal carcinoma cells (line PC 13). The tetrasaccharide was retarded in a column of agarose-linked wheat germ agglutinin; the trisaccharide was strongly bound. Chromatography in this column separated the trisaccharide into two distinct peaks, which represented interconvertible molecules. Together with our previous data on linear teratocarcinoma saccharides, these findings show that affinity chromatography with immobilized wheat germ agglutinin can be advantageously used in fractionating radiolabeled oligo-N-acetyllactosaminoglycans and saccharides related to them.     

54Mn absorption and excretion in rats fed soy protein and casein diets

Rats were fed diets containing either soy protein or casein and different levels of manganese, methionine, phytic acid, or arginine for 7 days and then fed test meals labeled with 2 microCi of 54Mn after an overnight fast. Retention of 54Mn in each rat was measured every other day for 21 days using a whole-body counter. Liver manganese was higher (P less than 0.0001) in soy protein-fed rats (8.8 micrograms/g) than in casein-fed rats (5.2 micrograms/g); manganese superoxide dismutase activity also was higher in soy protein-fed rats than in casein-fed rats (P less than 0.01). There was a significant interaction between manganese and protein which affected manganese absorption and biologic half-life of 54Mn. In a second experiment, rats fed soy protein-test meals retained more 54Mn (P less than 0.001) than casein-fed rats. Liver manganese (8.3 micrograms/g) in the soy protein group was also higher than that (5.7 micrograms/g) in the casein group (P less than 0.0001), but manganese superoxide dismutase activity was unaffected by protein. Supplementation with methionine increased 54Mn retention from both soy and casein diets (P less than 0.06); activity of manganese superoxide dismutase increased (P less than 0.05) but liver manganese did not change. The addition of arginine to casein diets had little effect on manganese bioavailability. Phytic acid affected neither manganese absorption nor biologic half-life in two experiments, but it depressed liver manganese in one experiment. These results suggest that neither arginine nor phytic acid was the component in soy protein which made manganese more available from soy protein diets than casein diets.     

Synthesis of 4-(1-oxo-isoindoline) and 4-(5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-isoindoline)-substituted phenoxypropanolamines and their beta1-, beta2-adrenergic receptor binding studies

Phenoxypropanolamines with 1-oxo-isoindoline and 5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-isoindoline groups at the para position were synthesized. beta1, beta2-Adrenergic receptor binding affinities for the synthesized compounds were tested and compared with propranolol and atenolol. It was found that the incorporation of para-amidic functionality within the 1-oxo-isoindoline ring and 5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-isoindoline ring system led to a high degree of cardioselectivity in the phenoxypropanolamines. Two of the compounds and possessed beta1-adrenergic receptor affinity comparable with that of atenolol and both showed a better cardioselectivity than atenolol. Both and are undergoing further pharmacological evaluation.