菠萝蜜低聚肽对γ射线辐照小鼠氧化损伤的保护作用

目的：探究菠萝蜜低聚肽（JOPs）对γ射线辐照导致小鼠氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：选取96只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠,按体重随机分为空白组、模型组、乳清蛋白组（0.40 g/kg·BW）及3个JOPs干预组（0.20、0.40、0.80 g/kg·BW）,每组随机分为2个亚组,8只/亚组。行灌胃干预第14 d除空白组外,小鼠接受60Co γ射线全身辐照,剂量3.5 Gy,剂量率1 Gy/min。两亚组分别在辐射后第3 d和第14 d检测小鼠血清和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH Px）活性及丙二醛（MDA）水平。结果：辐照后第3 d及第14 d,相比空白组,模型组血清、肝脏SOD及GSH Px活性均显著降低,MDA水平均显著增高,JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清及肝脏MDA水平均显著低于模型组与乳清蛋白组;辐照后第3 d,相比模型组,JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清及肝脏SOD、GSH Px活性均显著增高,且高剂量组小鼠血清SOD活性及血清、肝脏GSH Px活性与中、高剂量组肝脏SOD活性均显著高于乳清蛋白组;辐照后第14 d,相比模型组,JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清及肝脏SOD、GSH Px活性均显著增高,且JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清SOD活性与高剂量组肝脏SOD、GSH Px活性均显著高于乳清蛋白组。结论： JOPs对γ射线辐照所致氧化损伤具有保护作用。     

银杏叶提取物对对乙酰氨基酚诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的：探究银杏叶提取物（GBE）对对乙酰氨基酚（APAP）诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：30只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、GBE低、中、高剂量组（50,100,and 200 mg·kg^-1）,每组6只。除对照组外,剩余小鼠腹腔注射APAP （300 mg/kg）一次,随后GBE低、中、高剂量组按照相应剂量灌胃给药,治疗2 d后取材。观察各组肝脏大体情况和肝组织的病理组织学变化;取血测定各组小鼠血清中ALT、AST的活性和TNF-α、IL-6的水平;取肝检测各组肝组织中SOD、MPO的活性和GSH、MDA的含量;通过Western blot检测各组肝组织中Nrf2、HO-1蛋白的表达量。结果：与对照组相比,模型组肝脏明显肿大,病理表现差,血清中ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6的水平显著升高（P<0.01）,肝组织中GSH的含量和SOD的活性显著降低（P<0.01）,MDA的含量和MPO的活性显著升高（P<0.01）,Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达明显下调（P<0.01）。与模型组相比,GBE组肝脏肿大减轻,病理表现有所改善,血清中ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6的水平显著降低（P<0.01）,肝组织中GSH的含量和SOD的活性显著提高（P<0.01）,MDA的含量和MPO的活性显著降低（P<0.01）,Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达上调（P<0.05）,其中高剂量GBE组治疗效果最明显。结论：GBE可对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能是通过Nrf2/HO-1抗氧化途径发挥作用。     

脐血间充质干细胞对小鼠辐射性肝损伤的作用

目的:研究脐血间充质干细胞(UCMSC)对全身X线受照小鼠的肝组织辐射损伤后的防护作用,为相关放射性肝疾病的治疗提供理论依据。方法:选取清洁级SD小鼠进行全身辐射,建立小鼠辐射损伤模型,观察辐射前后小鼠的一般状态;给小鼠注射UCMSC悬浮液1 m L和等体积生理盐水,分别于处理后第1、2、7、14 d取小鼠肝脏,用苏木精-伊红染色,观察辐射后肝组织病理形态学的变化;取肝脏组织匀浆检测丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果:辐射组小鼠与正常组小鼠相比活动明显减少,治疗后的小鼠状况有所恢复;肝组织石蜡切片染色显示,按组织学标准评价后各组肝组织比较有显著性差异;辐射组与正常组比较,肝细胞内MDA含量显著升高,SOD活性显著降低,差异有统计学意义;普通组与辐射组比较,肝细胞内MDA含量有所降低,SOD活性有所升高有明显改善作用;加强组与普通组比较,MDA含量降低,SOD活性有所升高。结论:脐血间充质干细胞移植具有清除自由基、减轻肝损伤及修复再生损伤肝细胞的作用,能够有效改善肝脏损伤。     

迷迭香酸对羟自由基所致小鼠肝线粒体损伤的保护作用

探索迷迭香酸对羟自由基致小鼠肝脏线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用。采用羟自由基(.OH),诱导小鼠肝线粒体损伤后,通过测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性等指标以确定迷迭香酸对小鼠肝线粒体羟自由基损伤的保护作用。结果迷迭香酸剂量依赖地抑制线粒体肿胀,提高膜流动性,降低MDA的生成,增强SDH活性,差异显著。本实验证明迷迭香酸可以抑制.OH所致的线粒体损伤。     

连翘叶黄酮对力竭游泳恢复小鼠的抗疲劳作用研究

为探讨连翘叶黄酮(flavonoids from Forsythia suspense leaves,FFL)对力竭运动恢复小鼠的抗疲劳作用,对小鼠以FFL或同体积生理盐水灌胃30 d,进行一次性力竭游泳,恢复24 h后,测定小鼠肝脏、心肌和股四头肌的SOD活性和MDA含量,并观察这几个脏器的亚显微结构.结果表明,运动+FFL大剂量组这三种组织的SOD活性较运动对照组和安静对照组高(P＜0.05),而MDA水平则较运动对照组低(P＜0.05),与安静对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).透射电镜的观察结果表明,运动+FFL大剂量组小鼠三种组织中的微损伤均较运动对照组轻.该结果说明,连翘叶黄酮可有效保护一次性力竭运动对小鼠的肝脏、心肌和股四头肌造成的微损伤.     

禹州漏芦醇提物对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响

探讨禹州漏芦乙醇提取物对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。以CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,同时测定肝匀浆中的超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的水平。将肝大叶HE染色,观察各组小鼠的肝组织病理改变。结果表明,同模型组比较,禹州漏芦乙醇提取物各剂量组均能降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST及MDA活性,升高肝组织中GSH-Px和SOD的活性,并能明显改善肝组织的病理学损伤。禹州漏芦乙醇提取物对CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤具有较好保肝作用,其作用可能与清除体内自由基和抗氧化的作用有关。     

叶黄素酯对四氧嘧啶所致小鼠氧化损伤的保护性研究

目的研究万寿菊花中提取的叶黄素酯体内对四氧嘧啶所致的小鼠氧化损伤的影响。方法采用分光光度法测定模型组肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷脱甘肽（GSH）、血清中天门冬氨酶氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、肝糖原,脑、心脏、股四头肌SOD、MDA的活性。结果叶黄素酯可抑制由于氧化损伤所致的小鼠肝SOD、MDA、CAT、GSH和血清中AST、AIJT的异常升高;降低脑、心脏、股四头肌SOD、MDA水平;降低血糖,提高肝糖元水平。结论叶黄素可通过影响组织、血清中相关酶活性而对四氧嘧啶所致的小鼠氧化损伤有一定的保护作用。     

蓑衣莲酮硫酸酯对对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

蓑衣莲酮硫酸酯(Auriculatone sulphate,AS)是天然保肝活性化合物蓑衣莲酮的前药。为评估AS的保肝作用,课题采用小鼠腹腔注射300 mg/kg的对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)复制小鼠急性肝损伤模型,通过静脉注射给予25 mg/kg的AS,测定给药后小鼠血清中的谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量变化,从肝损伤水平初步了解AS对肝脏的保护作用;通过测定肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的水平以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化,了解AS对氧化损伤的保护作用;通过小鼠肝组织的病理学检查,直观评价AS通过静脉注射给药后对肝脏的保护作用。研究结果显示,静脉注射AS能够显著降低血清中ALT、AST和LDH的水平,使其趋近于正常水平(P0.001)。与模型组相比,AS不但可以显著降低肝脏中MDA的水平(P0.001),而且显著增加GSH水平和SOD的活性(P0.001)。病理学检查显示,AS能显著改善APAP对肝组织的破坏,使肝组织的结构趋近于正常。综上,静脉注射AS可有效保护小鼠免受APAP诱导小鼠急性肝损伤,其保护作用可能与抑制肝脏氧化损伤有关。     

大豆卵磷脂对小鼠的抗疲劳和抗氧化作用研究

目的：研究大豆卵磷脂的抗疲劳及抗氧化作用。方法：小鼠经口给予大豆卵磷脂30天后,采用负重游泳实验,观察记录小鼠游泳死亡时间;检测血清尿素氮、肝糖原;测定血清和肝匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活力、丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：给予大豆卵磷脂后,与对照组相比,实验组小鼠负重游泳时间明显延长,肝糖原消耗量减少,降低运动后血清尿素氮水平（P〈0．05）;升高小鼠血清和肝匀浆SOD活性及GSH-Px活力,降低MDA的含量（P〈0．05）。结论：大豆卵磷脂具有抗疲劳和抗氧化作用。     

注射用丹酚酸A防治肝纤维化的实验研究

目的：探讨注射用丹酚酸A抗肝纤维化的作用,为丹酚酸A的临床应用提供理论依据。方法采用CCl4体外诱导肝细胞损伤,观察丹酚酸A对肝细胞活性及其细胞培养上清液ALT、AST、LDH水平和细胞裂解液中SOD活性和MDA含量的变化;另采用皮下注射CCl4诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型,观察丹酚酸A对肝纤维化大鼠血清LN、HA、SOD和MDA含量的影响以及肝脏组织病理改变情况。结果与模型对照组比,丹酚酸A高、低剂量组和Vit E组的细胞存活率显著提高（P ＜0.01）,丹酚酸A高剂量组ALT、AST和LDH活性显著降低（P ＜0.01）,丹酚酸A高剂量组和Vit E组SOD活性明显升高（P ＜0.05）,MDA含量显著降低（P ＜0.05）;体内试验发现,与模型对照组比,丹酚酸A高剂量组纤维化大鼠的血清LN和HA水平显著降低（P ＜0.05）,高、低剂量组SOD活性显著升高（P ＜0.05, P ＜0.01）,MDA含量显著降低（P ＜0.01, P ＜0.05）,并能改善肝脏病理形态。结论注射用丹酚酸A可通过抗脂质过氧化作用,起到保护肝细胞,减轻肝纤维化的作用。     

Organelle pH in the Arabidopsis Endomembrane System

The pH of intracellular compartments is essential for the viability of cells. Despite its relevance, little is known about the pH of these compartments. To measure pH in vivo, we have first generated two pH sensors by combining the improved-solubility feature of solubility-modified green fluorescent protein （GFP） （smGFP） with the pH-sensing capabil- ity of the pHluorins and codon optimized for expression in Arabidopsis. PEpHluorin （plant-solubility-modified ecliptic pHluorin） gradually loses fluorescence as pH is lowered with fluorescence vanishing at pH 6.2 and PRpHluorin （plant- solubility-modified ratiomatric pHluorin）, a dual-excitation sensor, allowing for precise measurements. Compartment- specific sensors were generated by further fusing specific sorting signals to PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin. Our results show that the pH of cytosol and nucleus is similar （pH 7.3 and 7.2）, while peroxisomes, mitochondrial matrix, and plastidial stroma have alkaline pH. Compartments of the secretory pathway reveal a gradual acidification, spanning from pH 7.1 in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） to pH 5.2 in the vacuole. Surprisingly, pH in the trans-Golgi network （TGN） and mul- tivesicular body （MVB） is, with pH 6.3 and 6.2, quite similar. The inhibition of vacuolar-type H＋-ATPase （V-ATPase） with concanamycin A （ConcA） caused drastic increase in pH in TGN and vacuole. Overall, the PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin are excellent pH sensors for visualization and quantification of pH in vivo, respectively.     

Redox Regulation of Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase

Citrate synthase has a key role in the tricarboxylic （TCA） cycle of mitochondria of all organisms, as it cata- lyzes the first committed step which is the fusion of a carbon-carbon bond between oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. The regulation of TCA cycle function is especially important in plants, since mitochondrial activities have to be coordinated with photosynthesis. The posttranslational regulation of TCA cycle activity in plants is thus far almost entirely unexplored. Although several TCA cycle enzymes have been identified as thioredoxin targets in vitro, the existence of any thioredoxin-dependent regulation as known for the Calvin cycle, yet remains to be demonstrated. Here we have investigated the redox regulation of the Arabidopsis citrate synthase enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis of its six cysteine residues. Our results indicate that oxidation inhibits the enzyme activity by the formation of mixed disulfides, as the partially oxidized citrate synthase enzyme forms large redox-dependent aggregates. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that thioredoxin can cleave diverse intraas well as intermolecular disulfide bridges, which strongly enhances the activity of the enzyme. Activity measurements with the cysteine variants of the enzyme revealed important cysteine residues affecting total enzyme activity as well as the redox sensitivity of the enzyme.     

Cybertaxonomy to accomplish big things in aphid systematics

Biodiversity sciences have progressed at such a pace that the taxonomic community has been unable to grow concomitantly to keep up with the influx of biologicaldata. This ＂taxonomic impediment＂ has led some to suggest that taxonomy is no longer pertinent and to the development of methodologies that circumvent the taxonomic process.This article does not seek to argue for the importance of taxonomy but rather is a call to the aphid taxonomy community to rise to the challenge by dramatically increasing the volume and comprehensiveness of its output without sacrificing quality. Recent informatics technology allows us to mobilize the 2 most important aphid taxonomy resources： expertsand specimens, both distributed globally. ＂Cyberspecimens,＂ museum specimens digitally rendered at a resolution sufficient for remote identification, and open ＂cybertaxonomic＂tools will allow the international aphid taxonomic community to carry out large, ambitious, projects. The global aphid cybertaxonomy proposed here will serve not only the ends ofresearch aphidologists, but also provide a model for other taxonomic communities to adapt and adopt as we confront both the taxonomic impediment and the taxonomic naysayers.     

Emerging roles of miR-210 and other non-coding RNAs in the hypoxic response

Hypoxia is a key component of the tumor microenviron- merit and represents a well-documented source of thera- peutic failure in clinical oncology. Recent work has provided support for the idea that non-coding RNAs, and in particular, microRNAs, may play important roles in the adaptive response to low oxygen in tumors. Specifically, all published studies agree that the induction of microRNA- 210 （miR-210） is a consistent feature of the hypoxic re- sponse in both normal and malignant cells, miR-210 is a robust target of hypoxia-inducible factors, and its overex- pression has been detected in a variety of diseases with a hypoxic component, including most solid tumors. High levels of miR-210 have been linked to an in vivo hypoxic sig- nature and to adverse prognosis in breast and pancreatic cancer patients. A wide variety of miR-210 targets have been identified, pointing to roles in mitochondrial metabol- ism, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, apoptosis, and cell survival. Such targets are suspected to affect the devel- opment of tumors in multiple ways; therefore, an increased knowledge about miR-210＇s functions may lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer.     

Cell Wall,Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.     

Plastid Signals and the Bundle Sheath： Mesophyll Development in Reticulate Mutants

The development of a plant leaf is a meticulously orchestrated sequence of events producing a complex organ comprising diverse cell types. The reticulate class of leaf variegation mutants displays contrasting pigmentation between veins and interveinal regions due to specific aberrations in the development of mesophyll cells. Thus, the reticulate mutants offer a potent tool to investigate cell-type-specific developmental processes. The discovery that most mutants are affected in plastid-localized, metabolic pathways that are strongly expressed in vasculature-associated tis- sues implicates a crucial role for the bundle sheath and their chloroplasts in proper development of the mesophyll cells. Here, we review the reticulate mutants and their phenotypic characteristics, with a focus on those in Arabidopsis thali- ana. Two alternative models have been put forward to explain the relationship between plastid metabolism and meso- phyll cell development, which we call here the supply and the signaling hypotheses. We critically assess these proposed models and discuss their implications for leaf development and bundle sheath function in C3 species. The characteriza- tion of the reticulate mutants supports the significance of plastid retrograde signaling in cell development and highlights the significance of the bundle sheath in C3 photosynthesis.     

Aphis （Hemiptera： Aphididae） species groups found in the Midwestern United States and their contribution to the phylogenetic knowledge of the genus

A phylogeny of the genus Aphis Linnaeus, 1 758 was built primarily from specimens collected in the Midwest of the United States. A data matrix was constructedwith 68 species and 41 morphological characters with respective character states of alate and apterous viviparous females. Dendrogram topologies of analyses performed usingUPGMA （Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean）, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analysis of Cytochrome Oxidase I, Elongation Factor 1-α and primary endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola 16S sequences were not congruent. Bayesian analysis strongly supported most terminal nodes of the phylogenetic trees. The phylogeny wasstrongly supported by EFI-α, and analysis of COl and EFI-α molecular data combined with morphological characters. It was not supported by single analysis of COI or Buch-hera aphidicola 16S. Results from the Bayesian phylogeny show 4 main species groups： asclepiadis,fabae, gossypii, and middletonii. Results place Aphis and species of the generaProtaphis Bōrner, 1952, Toxoptera Koch, 1856 and Xerobion Nevsky, 1928 in a monophyletic clade. Morphological characters support this monophyly as well. The phylogenyshows that the monophyletic clade of the North American middletonii species group belong to the genus Protaphis： P. debilicornis （Gillette ＆ Palmer, 1929）, comb. nov., P. echinaceae（Lagos and Voegtlin, 2009）, comb. nov., and P. middletonii （Thomas, 1879）. The genus Toxoptera should be considered a subgenus of Aphis （stat. nov.）. The analysis also indicatesthat the current genus Iowana Frison, 1954 should be considered a subgenus of Aphis （stat. nov.）.     

How does the host-specialized aphid deal with food deficiency？

Aphis gossypii Glover shows obvious host specialization, with cucurbit- and cotton-specialized biotypes or host races in many regions. Because its annual natal hostcrops senesce earlier the cucurbit-specialized biotype may suffer food deficiency. The method this biotype uses to overcome this challenge is still poorly understood. In orderto understand the potential of the cucurbit-specialized biotype aphids in host shift and usage, the performance of this biotype on cotton （Gossypium hirsutum）, a common butpoor quality host plant, was explored in this study. The cucurbit-specialized aphids could establish populations on cotton only when these plants had at least nine leaves, and subsequent populations developed rather slowly. The presence of whitefly populations on cotton improved the success rate of cucurbit-specialized aphids. The cucurbit-specialized aphidswere mainly distributed on the older leaves of cotton, with only a few settling on the upper leaves. The cucurbit-specialized aphids reared on cotton for 40, 54 and 61 days stillmaintained strong preference for their natal host plant, cucumber （Cucumis sativus）, rather than cotton, and their net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of natural increase weredramatically lower when they were transferred onto new six-leaf cotton plants or detached leaves. Therefore, we concluded that the cucurbit-specialized aphids have the potentialto utilize mature or whitefly-stressed cotton plants, but that this feeding experience on cotton did not alter their specialization for cucurbits. Some cotton plants could act as atemporary host for the cucurbit-specialized aphids to overcome food deficiency arising from senescing cucurbits.     

Dissecting the Heat Stress Response in Chlamydomonas by Pharmaceutical and RNAi Approaches Reveals Conserved and Novel Aspects

To study how conserved fundamental concepts of the heat stress response （HSR） are in photosynthetic eukaryotes, we applied pharmaceutical and antisense/amiRNA approaches to the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Chlamydomonas HSR appears to be triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, as it was induced at ambient temperatures by feeding cells with the arginine analog canavanine. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine strongly retarded the HSR, demonstrating the importance of phosphorylation during activation of the HSR also in Chlamydomonas. While the removal of extracellular calcium by the application of EGTA and BAPTA inhibited the HSR in moss and higher plants, only the addition of BAPTA, but not of EGTA, retarded the HSR and impaired thermotoler- ance in Chlamydomonas. The addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytosolic protein synthesis, abolished the attenu- ation of the HSR, indicating that protein synthesis is necessary to restore proteostasis. HSP90 inhibitors induced a stress response when added at ambient conditions and retarded attenuation of the HSR at elevated temperatures. In addition, we detected a direct physical interaction between cytosolic HSP90A/HSP70A and heat shock factor 1, but surprisingly this interaction persisted after the onset of stress. Finally, the expression of antisense constructs targeting chloroplast HSP70B resulted in a delay of the cell＇s entire HSR, thus suggesting the existence of a retrograde stress signaling cascade that is desensitized in HSP7OB-antisense strains.