粘质沙雷氏菌发酵生产D-乳酸的研究

本文对粘质沙雷氏菌发酵生产D-乳酸进行了研究。以粘质沙雷氏菌G1(Serratia marcescens G1)为出发菌种,摇瓶试验确定了发酵培养方式:前12 h为菌体生长阶段,有氧培养,温度28℃,pH值7.0;后36 h为D-乳酸合成积累阶段,无氧培养,温度44℃,pH值6.0。且发现使用葡萄糖为碳源时更有利于D-乳酸的合成积累。采用缺失2,3-丁二醇合成能力的基因工程菌株R1为出发株,经筛选后得到耐受较高浓度乳酸盐的菌株R150,以R150为发酵菌种,在3.7 L发酵罐上采用两阶段发酵法,并通过增加起始菌体浓度的方法,发酵生成的D-乳酸浓度达到83.5 g/L,光学纯度达到98.9%。本研究成果为使用粘质沙雷氏菌发酵生产D-乳酸的深入研究打下了基础。     

Culture conditions affect cytotoxin production by Serratia marcescens

Abstract Cytotoxins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. In this study, the influence of different culture conditions was evaluated on cytotoxin production by Serratia marcescens . Parameters such as culture media, incubation temperature, starting pH of culture medium, aeration, anaerobiosis, carbon sources, iron concentration in the culture media, and release of cell-bound toxin by polymyxin B were investigated. The data suggest that this cytotoxin is predominantly extracellular and is not induced by iron limitation. Aerobic culture with shaking resulted in higher cytotoxicity than static aerobic or anaerobic culture. Bacteria grown in glucose, sucrose or galactose were more cytotoxic than those grown in inositol or maltose. The culture conditions that were identified as optimal for cytotoxin production by Serratia marcescens were incubation temperature ranging from 30 to 37°C, in medium adjusted to pH 8.5, with shaking. This work will contribute to further studies on the identification of this cytotoxic activity.     

Extracellular haemolytic activity of Serratia marcescens

Blood agar medium with dialysis membrane mounted between two layers of agar was applied to study the haemolytic activity of 28 strains of Serratia marcescens. Two kinds of lytic substances differing with their ability to pass through dialysis membrane were found. Haemolytic activity was not detected in cell-free filtrates from liquid cultures. The discrepancies between haemolytic activity in blood agar media and activity of liquid cultures were observed. Stable attachment of bacterial cells to the erythrocytes was not necessary to lysis. The possibility of extracellular haemolysin is discussed.     

Comparative studies of chitinases A,B and C from Serratia marcescens

Serratia marcescens produces three chitinases, ChiA, ChiB and ChiC which together enable the bacterium to efficiently degrade the insoluble chitin polymer. We present an overview of the structural properties of these enzymes, as well as an analysis of their activities towards artificial chromogenic chito-oligosaccharide-based substrates, chito-oligosaccharides, chitin and chitosan. We also present comparative inhibition data for the pseudotrisaccharide allosamidin (an analogue of the reaction intermediate) and the cyclic pentapeptide argadin. The results show that the enzymes differ in terms of their subsite architecture and their efficiency towards chitinous substrates. The idea that the three chitinases play different roles during chitin degradation was confirmed by the synergistic effects that were observed for certain combinations of the enzymes. Studies of the degradation of the soluble heteropolymer chitosan provided insight into processivity. Taken together, the available data for Serratia chitinases show that the chitinolytic machinery of this bacterium consists of two processive exo-enzymes that degrade the chitin chains in opposite directions (ChiA and ChiB) and a non-processive endo-enzyme, ChiC.     

Comparative studies of chitinases A, B and C from Serratia marcescens

Serratia marcescens produces three chitinases, ChiA, ChiB and ChiC which together enable the bacterium to efficiently degrade the insoluble chitin polymer. We present an overview of the structural properties of these enzymes, as well as an analysis of their activities towards artificial chromogenic chito-oligosaccharide-based substrates, chito-oligosaccharides, chitin and chitosan. We also present comparative inhibition data for the pseudotrisaccharide allosamidin (an analogue of the reaction intermediate) and the cyclic pentapeptide argadin. The results show that the enzymes differ in terms of their subsite architecture and their efficiency towards chitinous substrates. The idea that the three chitinases play different roles during chitin degradation was confirmed by the synergistic effects that were observed for certain combinations of the enzymes. Studies of the degradation of the soluble heteropolymer chitosan provided insight into processivity. Taken together, the available data for Serratia chitinases show that the chitinolytic machinery of this bacterium consists of two processive exo-enzymes that degrade the chitin chains in opposite directions (ChiA and ChiB) and a non-processive endo-enzyme, ChiC.     

基于易错PCR技术的黏质沙雷氏菌脂肪酶基因LipA的定向进化

利用易错PCR技术对黏质沙雷氏菌脂肪酶基因LipA进行定向进化,经过筛选最终获得一个比活力比野生酶提高了425 U/mg的突变体ep1,测序分析ep1有5个氨基酸发生了突变,与野生酶相比ep1的最适pH值由原来的8.5降低为7.5,Tm值提高3℃,Km值由原来的40 mg/mL降低为12.5 mg/mL.对其三维结构进行分析,推测酶学性质的改变可能与处在活性中心右前方双螺旋发卡结构上的158A、和处在下部β卷曲折叠拐角处的S375G的突变有关.     

X-Ray Analysis of the Magnesium-containing Endonuclease from Serratia marcescens

The three-dimensional crystal structure of the DNA/RNA nonspecific endonuclease from Serratia marcescenswas refined at the resolution of 1.07 Å to Rfactor of 12.4% and R _freefactor of 15.3% using the anisotropic approximation. The structure includes 3924 non-hydrogen atoms, 715 protein-bound water molecules, and a Mg²⁺ion in each binding site of each subunit of the nuclease homodimeric globular molecule. The 3D topological model of the enzyme was revealed, the inner symmetry of the monomers in its N-and C-termini was found, and the local environment of the magnesium cofactor in the nuclease active site was defined. Mg²⁺ion was found to be bound to the Asn119 residue and surrounded by five associated water molecules that form an octahedral configuration. The coordination distances for the water molecules and the O¹atom of Asn119 were shown to be within the range of 2.01–2.11 Å. The thermal factors for the magnesium ion in subunits are 7.08 and 4.60 Ų, and the average thermal factors for the surrounding water molecules are 11.14 and 10.30 Ų, respectively. The region of the nuclease subunit interactions was localized, and the alternative side chain conformations were defined for 51 amino acid residues of the nuclease dimer.     

粘质沙雷氏菌产灵菌红素培养基的筛选

目的：确定菌株S418产生灵菌红素的最优培养基配方及其的分类地位。方法：以花生粉为基础培养基,通过单因素试验和四因素三水平正交试验筛选出了菌株S418产灵菌红素的最佳培养基配方;根据该菌株的16S rRNA基因序列系统发育树分析初步确定了菌株S418的分类地位。结果：培养基最优配方为：花生粉2%,花生油0.5%,L-脯氨酸1%,硫酸镁0.025%。在28℃、pH7.5、250r/min振荡培养24h,灵菌红素产量达67.92mg/L。菌株S418初步鉴定为粘质沙雷氏菌（Serratia marcescensS418）。结论：花生粉培养基是一种适合粘质沙雷氏菌产灵菌红素的优良培养基。     

Multiple forms of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes of Serratia marcescens

Alkaline phosphatase (APase) isoenzymes produced by different strains of Serratia marcescens were examined. Variation of isoenzyme patterns with respect to number and their mobilities in starch gels after electrophoresis were observed. Ten strains gave a 1-isoenzyme pattern with 5 different mobilities; 7 strains gave a 2-isoenzyme pattern with 3 different mobilities; 9 strains gave a 3-isoenzyme pattern with 5 different mobilities; and 3 strains gave a 4-isoenzyme pattern. Three strains synthesized two electrophoretically distinct APases in low phosphate medium. A high concentration of inorganic phosphate induced the synthesis of one of these APase isoenzymes.     

The effect of nuclease on transformation efficiency in Serratia marcescens

No differences in the efficiency of transformation were observed from both plasmid and chromosomal DNA in Serratia marcescens 2170 and an extracellular nuclease defective isogenic strain. The efficiency of transformation was the same for Escherichia coli 5K and E. coli containing a recombinant plasmid conferring the ability to synthesize a S. marcescens nuclease. From these results we conclude that the extracellular nuclease of S. marcescens 2170 is not the main cause of the low efficiency of transformation observed in this bacterium.     

Analysis of Oxidation Sensitivity of Maleate cis-trans Isomerase from Serratia marcescens

The maleate cis-trans isomerase gene (maiA) from Serratia marcescens IFO3736 was cloned and sequenced. Serratia MaiA has 62.4% amino acid identity with Alcaligenes faecalis IFO13111 MaiA and 64.9% with Bacillus stearothermophilus MI-102 MaiA. All known ten amino acid sequences of MaiA had significant conserved regions containing cysteine residues, which were previously suggested to be involved in an active site of the enzyme. The maiA gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and expressed products MaiA was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme of strain IFO3736 showed high activity at room temperature and high heat stability. It also showed higher activity in the presence of high concentration of aspartic acid than the enzyme of A. faecalis IFO13111, but it was also sensitive to chemical oxidation. By amino acid composition analysis, cysteine, methionine, and tyrosine residues were suggested to be oxidized to inactivate the enzyme by chemical oxidation. To investigate the mechanism of chemical oxidation of the enzyme, six methionine residues in the conserved regions of S. marcescens MaiA were replaced with cysteine residues by site-directed mutagenesis. The analysis of the constructed mutants suggested that the Met201 residue near the Cys198 residue is involved in the sensitivity of the enzyme to chemical oxidation.     

产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌发酵产酶条件的优化

目的：通过对产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌发酵条件的优化,使其酶活力得到大幅度提高。方法：用响应面法对产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌的发酵产酶培养条件进行了优化。首先通过逐因子实验考察了该菌株产酶所需的最适碳源和氮源,在此基础上通过Plackett-burman法设计实验,考察了几种因素对产酶影响的大小,然后用最陡爬坡实验逼近以上几种因子的最大响应区域后,采用Box-Behnken设计25组实验,并利用Design-Expert对实验结果进行二次回归分析。结果：对产酶具有显著效应的4个因素为：蛋白胨、CaCl2、吐温、大豆油。实验优化到最佳的产酶条件为：糊精1%,蛋白胨0.7%、CaCl20.3%、吐温-80 1.68%、大豆油1.81%、K2HPO40.05%、MgSO40.05%、FeSO40.1%。结论：优化后发酵液上清的脂肪酶活力可达97.52U/ml,比优化前提高了10倍。     

Purification and characterization of a chitosanase from Serratia marcescens TKU011

A chitosanase was purified from the culture supernatant of Serratia marcescens TKU011 with shrimp shell wastes as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. Zymogram analysis revealed the presence of chitosanolytic activity corresponding to one protein, which was purified by a combination of ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The molecular weight of the chitosanase was 21 kDa and 18 kDa estimated by SDS–PAGE and gel-filtration, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of the chitosanase were 5, 50 °C, pH 4–8, and <50 °C, respectively. The chitosanase was inhibited completely by EDTA, Mn²⁺, and Fe²⁺. The results of peptide mass mapping showed that three tryptic peptides of the chitosanase were identical to a chitin-binding protein Cbp21 from S. marcescens (GenBank accession number gi58177632) with 63% sequence coverage.     

Construction and basic characterization of deletion mutants of the genes involved in chitin utilization by Serratia marcescens 2170

In order to elucidate the roles of ChiP, ChiQ, and ChiX in chitin utilization by Serratia marcescens 2170, the construction of single-gene deletion mutants of the chiP, chiQ, and chiX genes was attempted by allelic exchange mutagenesis. ΔchiP formed smaller clearing zones and ΔchiX formed larger ones than wild-type 2170 on an agar plate containing colloidal chitin. ΔchiP grew slowly on the lower concentration of (GlcNAc)_2, and there was essentially no growth on chitin oligosaccharides larger than (GlcNAc)₃. The gene product of chiP was detected in the outer membrane fraction, consistently with the hypothesis that chiP encodes outer membrane chitoporin. Deletion of chiQ decreased and that of chiX increased the growth rates on chitin oligosaccharides. These observations strongly suggest that all three genes are involved in chitin utilization and that the deletion mutants obtained in this study might prove useful tools to clarify the details of the chitin utilization system of this bacterium.     

Evidence on the presence of two distinct alkaline phosphatases in Serratia marcescens

Certain strains of Serratia marcescens synthesized two different types of alkaline phosphatase (APase), constitutive (CAPase) and inducible (IAPase) APases, in low phosphate medium. Synthesis of the IAPase was repressed in the presence of high phosphate. Purification and separation of these electrophoretically distinct APases was achieved by using fractional (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation, adsorption on a DEAE-cellulose column and elution of enzymes by a linear sodium chloride gradient. Starch gel electrophoresis of certain fractions revealed the separation of not only IAPase from CAPase but its separation into four distinct isozymes. CAPase gave maximum enzyme activity around pH 9.5, whereas for IAPase a broad range of enzyme activity was found between pH 8.5 and 10.5. Reversible inactivation at low pH occurred for IAPase but very little with CAPase. CAPase was more thermolabile than IAPase at 95 degrees C. The two APases were found to be distinct in their kinetic as well as immunological properties, suggesting two distinct enzyme species.     

Molecular characterization of polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene from Serratia marcescens

To understand the mechanism of phosphate accumulation, a gene encoding polyphosphate kinase (PPK) was cloned from the genomic library of Serratia marcescens by Southern hybridization. From the nucleotide sequence of a 4 kb DNA fragment, an open reading frame of 2063 nucleotides was identified encoding a protein of 686 amino acids with molecular mass of 70 kDa. The potential CRP binding site and pho box sequence were found upstream of the putative promoter in the regulatory region. The expression of PPK resulted in the formation of inclusion bodies and the product was active at low temperature. The E. coli strain harboring plasmid pSPK5 with ppk gene increased enzyme activity of polyphosphate kinase, resulting in increased accumulation of polyphosphate in E. coli.     

Fractal spreading growth of Serratia marcescens which produces surface active exolipids

An irregular fiord-like outline of a S. marcescens colony expanding on a hard agar medium was shown to be fractal which promised an extremely long array of outermost cells. For the analysis of such spreading growth, mutants defective in production of surface active exolipids (serawettin W1 and W3) and flagella-less mutants were isolated. The fractal spreading growth was found to be correlated with serrawettin production. Furthermore, serrawettin-less mutants demonstrated spreading growth when purified serrawettin W1 or W3 were supplied exogenously.     

Clinical relevance and virulence factors of pigmented Serratia marcescens

Pigmented Serratia marcescens isolated in a Brazilian hospital were studied with respect to frequency of isolation, serotyping, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. The serotype most frequent was O6:K14 (53%) and all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin and tetracycline. The majority of the isolates (92%) were resistant to the action of human serum and all produced cytotoxins on Vero, CHO, HEp-2 and HeLa cells. These isolates were virulent for mice (LD(50)=10(7) bacteria ml(-1)) and showed virulence factors, but were isolated with low frequency (3. 4%) and caused infection in only 31% of cases. Analysis of serotyping, phage typing and chromosomal DNA revealed at least 13 unrelated strains among pigmented S. marcescens. In conclusion, this work describes a low frequency of isolation of pigmented S. marcescens from clinical specimens, indicating that non-pigmented strains are clinically more significant.     

Study of the Mechanism of Action of p-Chloromercuribenzoate on Endonuclease from the Bacterium Serratia marcescens

The mechanism of action of p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) on Serratia marcescens nuclease was investigated. The analysis showed that PCMB forms complexes with DNA. Binding of C₇H₅O₂Hg⁺ to DNA changes the secondary structure of the DNA. These changes alter the enzymatic activity of S. marcescens nuclease, which was previously found to be sensitive to the secondary structure of the substrates. The nuclease activity was either suppressed or stimulated in the presence of PCMB depending on the C₇H₅O₂Hg⁺ to nucleotide equivalent ratio. Binding of C₇H₅O₂Hg⁺ to DNA did not form an abortive enzyme–substrate complex. Binding of Mg²⁺ to the C₇H₅O₂Hg–DNA complex caused appropriate changes in secondary structure of the substrate. Since Mg²⁺ and C₇H₅O₂Hg⁺, though differing in the type of metal cation, are similar in their mechanisms of influence on enzymatic activity of S. marcescens nuclease, the identity of other metal-containing effectors in their mechanism of action on Serratia marcescens nuclease is assumed.     

Devastating endophthalmitis caused by Serratia marcescens in two recipients after transplantation of corneal grafts from the same donor

We report two cases of severe endophthalmitis, which were caused by Serratia marcescens, and developed in the immediate postoperative period in two recipients of corneal grafts from the same donor. The cause of the donor's death was massive CVA. He had been on mechanical ventilation for 12 days before he died, and had shown no sign of infectious disease while in the hospital. Vitrectomies were performed in the recipients' eyes on the third day after corneal transplantation. On the same day, and again 1day later, the transplanted eyes were injected intravitreally with vancomycin and ceftazidime. Two months after surgery, both eyes developed phthisis. These cases are similar to other rare reported cases describing the virulence of S. marcescens. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.