中国早熟禾属植物部分种叶下表皮微形态的研究

通过光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对中国早熟禾属20种、6亚种及2变种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行了观察, 以明确叶表皮微形态特征在早熟禾属植物中的分类学意义。结果显示：(1)早熟禾属植物的叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或纺锤形,少数短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲或近平直;脉间具有短细胞或缺如;气孔器多数常见,副卫细胞平行形至低圆屋顶形;脉上具有刺细胞或缺如,脉间刺细胞多为缺如;脉上硅细胞单生或对生,椭圆形、肾形、新月形、近方形、长方形边缘波状弯曲或结节形;部分早熟禾属植物叶下表皮存在冠细胞。(2)早熟禾属植物叶下表皮微形态特征在长细胞的形状及其细胞壁的弯曲与否、短细胞的有无及其形状、气孔器的分布与副卫细胞的形状、刺细胞的分布、脉上硅细胞的形状、冠细胞的有无这些方面存在着一定的差异,可为该属植物种间分类提供参考依据。叶表皮微形态证据支持高原早熟禾、细叶早熟禾作为草地早熟禾亚种的处理意见。     

Foliar micro‐morphology of Carex sect. Phacocystis in northern Europe

A micro‐morphological analysis of leaf epidermis (adaxial and abaxial sides) of fifteen taxa of Carex section Phacocystis was carried out using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three taxa were epistomatic (C. nigra var. nigra, C.nigra var. juncea and C. subspathacea), seven taxa were hypostomatic (C. acuta, C. bigelowii ssp. bigelowii, C. bigelowii ssp. rigida, C. cespitosa, C. elata, C. lyngbyei and C. paleacea) and five amphistomatic (C. aquatilis, C.×halophila, C. rufina, C. stans and C. trinervis). Epidermal modifications such as prickles were present in many species. The micro‐morphological leaf characters of the investigated species were found to be important for distinguishing individual taxa but not for subsectional classification.     

Intraspecific variation in fiber properties inYucca elata andHesperaloe funifera (Agavaceae)

Yucca elata andHesperaloe funifera possess long, thin fibers that have potential for making specialty papers. The objective of this study is to examine patterns ofintraspecific variation in fiber properties in these two species. InYucca elata most of the variation in fiber length is found within populations where fiber length is highly correlated with leaf length. In contrast, inHesperaloe funifera there is significant variation between populations and random variation in fiber lengths within most populations. Within-plant variation inHesperaloe was also examined. Fiber length does not vary between leaves of different ages but does vary within leaves. Fibers from the base of the leaf are shorter and wider than those from the middle and distal sections; fibers from distal sections are narrowest.     

Silicon Deposition in the Roots, Culm and Leaf of Phalaris canariensis L

Silicon deposition in the roots, culm and leaf of canary grass(Phalaris canariensis L.) was investigated using light microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. In adventitious roots grown in solution silicon was concentratedin four endodermal walls. Silicon was not detected in the endodermisof aerial adventitious roots, but was present in the epidermisand outer cortical cell layers. Silicon deposition in the culm mainly took place in the epidermis,and particularly in epidermal papillae. The silica deposition pattern in the leaf was typical of thesub-group Festucoideae. The leaf blade showed deposits in costalprickle hairs and wavy rods, but few intercostal deposits. Inthe ligule deposition was confined to isolated groups of pricklehairs on the abaxial surface. The major sites of silica depositionin the leaf sheath were the stomatal subsidiary cells, papillaeand intercostal idioblasts. Prickle hairs were much less commonin the sheath than the blade, and costal wavy rods appearedto be absent in the sheath. Phalaris canariensis L., canary grass, silicification, root, culm, leaf, electron probe microanalysis     

A new combination in Aulonemia (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) based on floral analysis, anatomical features, and distribution

Recent bamboo collections from Brazil, and the study of specimens from several Brazilian herbaria revealed that the species described as Eremocaulon setosum, subtribe Guaduineae, in fact fits within the Arthrostylidiinae genus Aulonemia, based on floral and anatomical characters. Several characters found in this species, such as paniculate determinate synflorescences, solitary spikelets, an abaxial marginal green stripe on the foliage leaf blades, absence of stomata on the entire adaxial side of the leaf blade, and intercostal fibers in the mesophyll are typical features of the subtribe Arthrostylidiinae. The new combination Aulonemia setosa is here proposed, an epitype is designated, and a broader distributional range of this species is documented.     

中国看麦娘属植物叶表皮微形态研究

看麦娘属是禾本科早熟禾亚科的重要类群,中国分布有8种。该研究采用光学显微镜和电子扫描电镜,对中国看麦娘属7种植物的叶下表皮(含叶鞘下表皮)微形态特征进行观察并探讨其分类学意义。结果表明：(1)看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮长细胞的形状呈长筒状或短筒状,深波状弯曲的细胞壁,脉间短细胞密布,单生或对生,形状多为新月形或椭圆形,脉区硅细胞为椭圆形,平行形或低圆屋顶形的气孔器,看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮特征高度一致,分类价值不大。(2)看麦娘属植物叶下表皮和叶鞘下表皮的显微结构存在很大不同,看麦娘属植物叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或短筒状或长菱形,平周壁平直或不明显弯曲,脉间区短细胞分布或无,脉区刺毛密布,脉间区有或无刺细胞的分布,平行形的气孔器,脉区分布的硅细胞多为长方形边缘呈波状弯曲。看麦娘属植物叶下表皮的不同主要体现在脉间区长细胞的形状及平周壁的弯曲与否,脉间区短细胞出现或无,脉间区刺细胞的分布数量以及气孔器的列数。7种植物的叶表皮微形态的分类检索表据此列出。依据叶表皮微形态划分的组与根据外部特征划分的组并不完全一致。但是,由于该文仅研究了7种,叶表皮微形态对于看麦娘属的分类意义还需要更深入的研究。     

苔草属复序苔草亚属十四种植物叶片的解剖学研究

选择中国复序苔草亚属6组4亚组的代表植物14种,进行了叶片解剖学研究,观察了其横切面 和表皮特征,证明上述特征在各类群之间存在差异,具有一定的系统学意义。这14种植物叶片的横切 面和表皮都具有一些原始的性状,表明复序苔草亚属中的植物可能在苔草属中是较原始的。在所观察 的植物中,Sect．Polystachyae植物叶片解剖学特征比较一致,说明此组的建立比较合理;而Sect．Indicae 组已有明显分化,尤其是Carex scaposa C．B．Clarke和C．densifimbriata Tang et S．Y．Liang 与其它植物明显不同,而且其外部形态特征在复序苔草亚属中也比较独特,因此赞成将它们及其近缘类群做为一个组而非亚组。     

Micromorphology of the leaf epidermis in taxa of the Agropyron-Elymus complex (Poaceae)

WEBB, M. E. & ALMEIDA, M. T., 1990. Micromorphology of the leaf epidermis in taxa of the Agropyron-Elymus complex (Poaceae). A comparative analysis by scanning electron microscopy was carried out on both leaf epidermes (adaxial and abaxial) of Elymus pychnanthus (Godr.) Meld, and Agropyron glaucum Roemer & Schultes.
The adaxial epidermes of E.pychnanthus and A. glaucum are similar in the position and the shape of the long cells, silica bodies and costal and papillate prickles. They differ in the higher number of silica cells in E. pychnanthus and in the presence of intercostal hooks in A. glaucum.
The abaxial epidermes of both species are similar in the shape of interstomatal cells, silica bodies and papillate prickles. They differ in the distribution of the stomata and in the contact zones of the long cells. Elymus pychnanthus and A. glaucum differ also in the trichomes situated along the margins of the leaf blade.
These micromorphological differences, especially those of the abaxial epidermis, are useful taxonomic features.     

Leaf Anatomy of Fourteen Species in Carex Subgenus Indocarex (Cyperaceae)

Among the subgenera of the genus Carex, the subgenus Indocarex has been seldom studied in any respects, Its systematic position and its subdivision are still disputable. Leaf anatomy of 14 species in the subgenus lndocarex from China was studied. The anatomical characters are proved to be systematically valuable. (1) Characters of lamina transverse section: All leaves of these 14 species are dorsiventral. The outline mostly V-shaped, occasionally flat or nearly flat, with adaxial lateral rib in each half of lamina and some of them flanged. The cells of adaxial surface larger than those of abaxial surface, and the epidermal cells over veins usually smaller than others. Air-cavities between vascular bundles are well developed, and bulliform cells also well developed in most taxa. The vascular bundles are collaterai, bundle sheaths double-layered, and the outer sheath parenchymatous and the inner sheath fibrous. (2) Characters of lamina epidermis: The shape of the cell on both surfaces is generally rectangular, and the anticlinal wall of epidermal cell sinuous; stomata is paracytic, elliptic to oblong, rarely sub-circular; prickles occur on adaxial surfaces of certain species; papillae are only obvious on abaxial surface of C. moupinensis Franch. The characters of transverse section and epidermis of leaf blades of these 14 species differ from each other to certain degree, and closely related species are similar in anatomical characters. The anatomical characters of lamina are of value for classification at specific and sectional level of the subgenus Indocarex. Despite of the variation of these characters among species, a certain num ber of characters appears to be shared by the members of the subgenus, and some of the common characters are primitive. In addition, some gross morphological characters are common and primitive also. Therefore, the subgenus Indocarex may be primitive in the genus Carex. The anatomical and morphological characters of C. scaposa C. B. Clakre and C. densifimbriata Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang are distinct. The two species and their allies should be treated as section instead of subsection. The three species in the sectionPolystachyae share some anatomical characters and comprise a coherent group.     

A taxonomic study of campylopus schimperi and C. subulatus (Bryopsida: Dicranaceae) in North America

Campylopus schimperi is known in North America from Oaxaca, Colorado, British Columbia, Yukon, Alaska, Baffin Island, Gaspé Peninsula, and Newfoundland, and reported from Greenland. No specimens of the previously reported C. subulatus were found from North America and this species should be excluded from the North American bryophyte flora. A quantitative study and critical review of the characters distinguishing these two species indicate that leaf laminal cell shape and length, and costal anatomy are the most definitive taxonomic features. The distributional range of C. schimperi in North America suggests a close association with unglaciated areas and hypothesized glacial refugia.     

Stomatal characteristics,conductance ratios,and drought-induced leaf modifications of semiarid grassland species

Seventeen greenhouse-grown grasses from the Nebraska Sandhills region were surveyed for foliar stomatal density and distribution, closed guard cell lengths, open stomatal apertures, and surface characteristics (using scanning electron microscopy), surface conductance (using a steady-state porometer), and drought-induced leaf modifications. Leaves of C₃ species exhibited a proclivity toward being amphistomatic or hyperstomatic, while C₄ species tended to be more hypostomatic. Leaf modification, when it occurred, resulted in the enshrouding of the adaxial surface. Conductance data showed functional amphistomaty in most species, revealing differential functioning of adaxial and abaxial stomata. Conductance patterns were not closely related to stomatal aperture per unit area leaf surface or to stomatal distribution patterns. Lowered adaxial: abaxial conductance ratios, increased stomatal density, reduced stomatal size, and less drought-induced leaf modification were seen in C₄ grasses as compared with C₃ grasses. C₃ range and C₃ meadow species did not differ in conductance ratios, density ratios, or stomatal size, although meadow species exhibited much greater drought-induced leaf modification. Postulations involving correlation of adaxial: abaxial conductance ratios to stomatal distribution patterns, and assumptions of stomatal distribution based upon habitat and/or photosynthetic pathway may be erroneous. These characteristics may be of limited usefulness as morphological indicators in the search for drought-tolerant ecotypes of prairie grasses.     

Salvia tonaticensis (Lamiaceae), a rare new species from Mexico

Salvia tonaticensis is described and illustrated as a new species to science. It is known from the extreme southern portion of the Estado de Mexico and northern Guerrero, Mexico. It belongs to section Polystachyae; however, unlike the species of the section hitherto known, it possesses simple, bifurcate and trifurcate multicellular hairs on the stems, abaxial leaf surface, petioles, and inflorescence rachis. The flowers are also larger than those of other species of the section, and the calyces are densely tomentose with purple or white multicellular hairs that vary from simple to dendriform. Within the section this species shows some morphological similarities to S. connivens.     

Epidermal micromorphology of the genus Festuca L. subgenus Festuca (Poaceae)

Qualitative and some quantitative micromorphological characters of leaf blades, lemmas and paleas were examined using scanning electron microscopy for 29 species of Festuca subgenus Festuca, including the first observations on members of sections Amphigenes, Dimorphae and Cataphyllophorae. The aim of this study was to survey these features in the subgenus Festuca, to assess their taxonomical value. The observed patterns are compared with current taxonomic proposals based on molecular studies. The characters show important taxonomic value, mainly of the abaxial lemma. Characters showing the greatest variation are shape of long cells, shape of the periclinal walls, thickness of anticlinal walls, presence of prickles and abundance of silica bodies. The principal characters of the leaf-blade surfaces include the type and shape of short cells. Two different surface patterns were observed on the lemma, one, long cells rectangular to elongated, with flat to slightly convex periclinal walls and thickened anticlinal walls, for the sections Amphigenes and Dimorphae, and another, long cells rectangular to square, with concave periclinal walls and unthickened anticlinal walls, for the remaining sections. This study confirms the taxonomic value of micromorphological characters in the subgenus Festuca, and that abaxial lemma surface appears to be the most useful.     

GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATION OF LEAF EPIDERMAL ANATOMY IN PUCCINELLIA (POACEAE)

Phenotypic plasticity of anatomical leaf epidermal characters was assessed in the halophytic grass genus Puccinellia, to identify those of potential taxonomic utility. Characters with the greatest taxonomic potential are those that exhibit genetic variation and low plasticity. For the analysis, field-collected clones were divided and grown under a series of moisture and salinity regimes. Genetic variation and plasticity in response to environmental variation were assessed for 39 anatomical characters by analysis of among-clone and among-treatment variation, respectively. Both genetic variation and plasticity are widespread among the characters, and both are detected in greater frequency among continuously variable characters than among discretestate characters. Among continuously variable traits, average cell dimensions exhibit more plasticity than do maximum cell dimensions or ratios that reflect shapes and relative sizes. Among discrete-state characters, plasticity in the occurrence of papillae is found in nonstomatal intercostal cellular ranks, but not in costal or stomatal intercostal ranks. In Puccinellia, anatomical characters are, in general, neither more nor less plastic than those of macromorphology.     

贵州30种杜鹃属植物叶背表皮显微形态特征

杜鹃属植物的分类历来都十分重视叶片表皮特征的分类学价值,无论是在各亚属之间还是在种及种下等级的划分中都很强调此类特征的作用。贵州省位于世界现代杜鹃分布中心边缘及向东部散布的过渡地带,省内自然分布的杜鹃种类资源丰富而又独具特色,包括很多尚未深入研究的特有类群。为进一步研究贵州杜鹃属植物的属下系统分类关系,该文对自然分布于贵州的30种杜鹃进行了叶背显微形态特征研究,其中有28种的叶背表皮特征为首次报道。研究材料全部来自采于贵州西北部百里杜鹃自然保护区内的杜鹃属植物,包括杜鹃亚属4种、糙叶杜鹃亚属1种、常绿杜鹃亚属22种、马银花亚属1种及映山红亚属2种,共计30种。研究方法为取成熟叶片处理后在JSM-6490型扫描电镜下对叶背表皮进行观测。叶背鳞片类型的划分方法参照前人工作。结果表明:这30种杜鹃叶片叶背表皮形态特征在电子显微镜下表现出明显的多样性,如有鳞类杜鹃具有鳞片而其他类群则无,叶表面有或无表皮毛,表皮毛排列稀疏或密生,气孔器未见或偶见,散生于乳突状或非乳突状突起之间,或角质层增厚气孔器下陷,内、外拱盖表面粗糙或光滑,气孔器周围有或无间断的条形突起,突起呈环状或羽状等,但在同一亚属或亚组中又呈现出或多或少的一致性。研究讨论表明,叶背表皮显微形态特征在杜鹃属植物的属下系统分类中具有重要的研究价值。     

Ozone-induced ethylene release from leaf surfaces

Ozone-induced stress ethylene emissions from the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of four plant species (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Dare, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Roma VF, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Hedera helix L.) were studied to determine if the stress ethylene diffused through the stomata or cuticle. In plants not exposed to ozone, basal ethylene was detected above both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of all the plant species examined, indicating that some ethylene can diffuse across the leaf cuticle. Ozone induced stress ethylene production in all species examined. Significant ozone-induced ethylene concentrations were detected above both surfaces of amphistomatous soybean (Glycine) and tomato (Lycopersicon) leaves. In contrast, ozone-induced ethylene production was associated only with the leaf surface (abaxial) that contained stomata for hypostomatous blue gum eucalyptus and English ivy (Hedera) leaves; the leaf surface (adaxial) of the eucalyptus and ivy leaves which did not contain stomata did not release significant amounts of stress ethylene. These data indicate that ozone-induced stress ethylene primarily diffuses from the leaf via the stomata.     

Matroclinal inheritance of cuticular waxes in reciprocal hybrids of Rosa species, sect. Caninae (Rosaceae)

Chemical surface characters play a decisive role in the interaction between plants and their environment. Maternal or paternal inheritance of wax characters in Rosa, section Caninae may allow for ecological niche differentiation according to the parental evolutionary constraints. If so, the radiation of hybrid offspring may reflect the parentally determined framework of interaction and selection against pathogens and abiotic stresses. We tested the inheritance of cuticular chemical wax parameters of reciprocal hybrids within Rosa, section Caninae, the dogroses. We not only found an extremely rich spectrum of chemical compounds on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of dogroses, but also a maternally skewed inheritance of some of these wax characters. The possible role of these findings for the evolution of the allopolyploid dogrose complex is discussed.     

Leaf structure of Bromelia and its significance for the evolution of Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae)

This study investigated the leaf structure of Bromelia and its importance for understanding the evolution of Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae). Because of the scarcity of informative molecular characters in Bromeliaceae, this study evaluates the relevance of anatomical characters for the taxonomy and phylogeny of Bromelia and the subfamily Bromelioideae. Anatomical studies in monocots have shown that the combined application of anatomical and external morphological characters from leaf structure can improve the taxonomic delimitation of species, genera and subgenera, and is very informative for inferring phylogenies. The current study analyzed the leaves of 27 species of Bromelia and found that the most important characters for the systematics of this group are the occurrence of a water storage hypodermis, the number of stalk cells of peltate scales, the presence of a ribbed abaxial surface, the occurrence of palisade parenchyma on the adaxial side, the shape of the cells that surround the air lacunae, the presence of raphides and secretory channels, and the occurrence of fibrous extensions on the bundle sheath on minor veins. Combining our results with those described for the family, we made a list of the anatomical characters that can be used in phylogenetic studies of Bromelioideae.