10种梅花品种及其3种近缘种的核型分析

采用压片法,对10种梅花品种及其3种近缘种杏、山杏和紫叶李进行了核型分析。结果表明:10种梅花品种及杏、山杏和紫叶李均为二倍体2n=2x=16,核不对称系数为55.17%~61.71%,核型类型有1A、1B、2B等3种类型,所有品种或种的核型都由其中部或近中部的着丝点染色体组成。‘丰后’和‘俏美人’等2个杂种品种染色体信息介于梅花与杏、山杏和紫叶李之间。     

甘薯栽培种及其近缘野生种的DAPI核型及rDNA FISH分析

利用DAPI显带和rDNA-FISH技术对栽培种甘薯(‘徐薯18’)(Ipomoea batatas cv.Xushu No.18)及2种不同产地近缘野生种(Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.)进行了细胞遗传学研究。DAPI核型分析表明,‘徐薯18’核型公式为2n=6x=90=72m+18sm(18SAT),随体位于第1、3、6染色体上;美国近缘野生种核型公式为2n=2x=30=30m(4SAT),香港近缘野生种核型公式为2n=2x=30=20m+10sm(4SAT),随体均位于第6、12染色体上。rD-NA-FISH结果显示,栽培种甘薯基因组中含有3对5SrDNA位点,分别位于着丝粒区、亚着丝粒区和染色体端部;美国近缘野生种基因组中含有2对5SrDNA位点,香港近缘野生种基因组中含有1对5SrDNA位点,均位于随体部位;两种不同地域来源的近缘野生种基因组中均含有2对45SrDNA位点,分别位于第6和第12染色体上。     

6个香雪兰品种的染色体核型及聚类分析

以香雪兰（Freesia hybrida）6个品种的根尖为研究材料进行核型分析以揭示其核型特征,进一步通过聚类分析品种间的相似性并探讨可能的亲缘关系。结果表明：香雪兰6个品种均为四倍体,染色体数目都为44。6个品种的核型公式不同：‘Gold River’为2n=4x=44=33m+11sm,‘White River’为2n=4x=44=1M+34m+9sm,‘Castor’为2n=4x=44=35m+9sm,‘上农红台阁’为2n=4x=44=32m+12sm,‘Pink Passion’为2n=4x=44=38m+6sm,‘Red River’为2n=4x=44=37m+7sm。核型参数因品种而异,其中,‘Castor’在相对长度范围和臂比范围上均为最广,‘上农红台阁’核不对称系数最大。6个品种核型不对称系数为57.00%~60.07%,核型类型均为2B,进化程度中等,处于由对称至不对称的过渡阶段,其核型进化的趋势大致为：‘Pink Passion’→‘Red River’→‘Gold River’→‘White River’→‘Castor’→‘上农红台阁’。聚类结果显示,遗传距离为15时可将所有品种分为两类,第一类包含‘Gold River’‘上农红台阁’和‘Castor’; 第二类包含‘Pink Passion’‘Red River’和‘White River’,其核型参数的差异可作为香雪兰品种分类和鉴定的辅助依据,为其细胞学研究和育种实践提供理论参考。     

角堇与大花三色堇染色体核型分析

以2份角堇与4份大花三色堇自交系为试验材料,采用染色体常规压片方法,观察和分析了它们的细胞染色体数目、相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,以明确两种植物细胞学特点,为分类以及育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)2份角堇自交系染色体数目均为2n=2x=26,染色体基数为x=13,染色体核型公式分别为2n=2x=26=8m+12sm+6st、2n=2x=26=4m+16sm+6st,核型不对称系数为67.20%~70.10%,核型分类均属于3B。(2)4份大花三色堇自交系均为四倍体,其中2份(EYO-1-2-1-4、DSRFY-1-1-2)染色体数目为44,核型公式为2n=4x=44=4m+16sm+6st、2n=4x=44=16m+24sm+4st;2份(G10-1-3-1-4、XXL-YB-1-1-1-1)染色体数目为48,核型公式分别为2n=4x=48=8m+20sm+20st、2n=4x=48=4m+36sm+8st,核型不对称系数为66.74%~71.77%,核型分类属于2B、3B。     

3个彩色马蹄莲引进品种的核型分析

利用普通压片法对3个引进彩色马蹄莲(Zantedeschia hybrid)品种的染色体数与核型进行了分析。结果表明:所试验品种染色体数均为2n=32。染色体形态比较一致,多是由中部(m)以及近中部(sm)着丝粒染色体组成。其中,‘Allure’为2n=2x=32=14m(2SAT)+2sm,‘Cupdio’的核型公式为2n=2x=32=14m+2sm,Odessa的核型公式为2x=32=1M+15m(1SAT)。3个品种核型不对称系数分别为56.72%,56.25%和56.38%,核型分类显示其均为1A型。     

黄麻两个栽培种及其野生类型与三个近缘种的核型分析

本研究选取黄麻属（Corchorus）2个栽培品种及其4个野生类型和3个野生近缘种为材料,采用常规根尖压片法对黄麻属供试材料的染色体数目和核型进行研究。结果表明：染色体数目均为2n=14。核型公式分别为：宽叶长果（长果黄麻栽培种）2n=2x=14=14m(4SAT);南阳野生长果（长果黄麻野生类型）2n=2x=14=14m(2SAT);坦桑尼亚野生长果（长果黄麻野生类型）2n=2x=14=2M+12m;闽麻5号（圆果黄麻栽培种）2n=2x=14=12m+2sm;爱店野生圆果（圆果黄麻野生类型）2n=2x=14=14m ;廉江野生圆果（圆果黄麻野生类型） 2n=2x=14=4M+10m;假黄麻（黄麻属野生近缘种）2n=2x=14=2M+12m;假长果（黄麻属野生近缘种）2n=2x=14=2M+12m;甜麻（黄麻属野生近缘种）2n=2x=14=14m。其中除了宽叶长果核型分类为1B外,其他的都为1A型。本文还讨论了黄麻野生近缘种甜麻的分类学地位。     

4个洋水仙品种的核型分析

采用常规压片技术对4个洋水仙品种的体细胞染色体数目和核型进行了分析。结果显示:4个品种的染色体组成复杂多样,其核型公式依次为‘哈韦拉’2n=2x=14=8sm+6st;‘面对面’2n=3x=24=2m+15sm+7st;‘快活’2n=3x=24=3m+13sm+8st;‘花唱片’2n=4x=28=8m+16sm+4st,其核型不对称系数依次为75.19%、72.73%、74.25%和71.03%,核型类型分别为3B、3B、3B和3A。从4个洋水仙品种来源等方面的资料分析了这些品种倍性及其可能的育种价值,其中‘哈韦拉’为二倍体种间杂种,‘面对面’和‘快活’为异源三倍体;‘花唱片’为四倍体。     

荞麦野生种的核型及进化特征分析

荞麦起源于我国西南地区,该地区分布着丰富的荞麦野生种,剖析野生荞麦的核型特征对荞麦进化和育种研究具有重要的意义。本研究以甜荞近缘种、硬枝万年荞、疏穗小野荞、细柄野荞、齿翅野荞为试验材料,采用常规压片法进行核型鉴定。结果表明:甜荞近缘种、硬枝万年荞和疏穗小野荞都为二倍体,核型公式分别为2n=2x=16=12M+4m(2SAT)、2n=2x=16=16M、2n=2x=16=14M+2m(2SAT),而细柄野荞和齿翅野荞为四倍体,核型公式分别为2n=4x=32=32M、2n=4x=32=30M+2m(2SAT)。甜荞近缘种和硬枝万年荞核型属1A型,疏穗小野荞、细柄野荞和齿翅野荞核型属1B型,并且甜荞近缘种、疏穗小野荞和齿翅野荞都有1对随体染色体。研究证明,荞麦野生种染色体的基数为8,有二倍体和四倍体野生荞麦。通过比较分析,硬枝万年荞在进化地位上比较原始,齿翅野荞是比细柄野荞较进化的四倍体荞麦野生种。     

中国西南地区6种植物的核型研究及其系统学意义

采用植物细胞学研究方法对主要采自中国西南地区横断山的6种植物:扁核木(Prinsepia utilis)、小叶金露梅(Potentilla parvifolia)、峨眉繁缕(Stellaria omeiensis)、金铁锁(Psammosilene tunicoides)、山卷耳(Cerastium pusillum)和独尾草(Eremurus chinensis)进行染色体数目和核型研究。研究表明:(1)6个种的核型公式和不对称性如下:扁核木2n=2x=30=1M+20m+9sm,2A;小叶金露梅2n=2x=28=21m+7sm,2B;峨眉繁缕2n=8x=72=1M+71m,1B;金铁锁在同居群下有倍性变化,2n=2x=14=14m,1A和2n=4x=28=28m,1A;山卷耳2n=2x=24=24m(2sat),1A;独尾草2n=2x=14=2m+2sm+8st+2t,4B。(2)讨论了染色体资料在这些物种分类和系统上的意义,支持扁核木为李亚科下的扁核木属;位于委陵菜属木本系的小叶金露梅主要以二倍体和四倍体为主,而草本系的委陵菜属植物多为多倍体。(3)该研究首次报道峨眉繁缕为八倍体,是繁缕属发现的最高倍性的物种;对比金铁锁属与蝇子草属的染色体研究发现,金铁锁属可能是由它们的共同祖先通过非整倍化产生;该研究首次发现山卷耳存在染色体数目2n=24的情况,且有1对随体;独尾草的研究进一步证明该物种可能为二型核。     

龙牙百合3个地方品种的形态特征及核型分析

采用经典测量和染色体常规压片法,对龙牙百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker) 3个地方品种的形态特征及核型进行研究。植株形态分析结果显示:‘江西’龙牙的株高、开花口径、种球重量和周长、中外层鳞片重量和长度以及鳞片扦插产生小鳞茎数等指标均显著大于‘大叶’龙牙和‘平头’龙牙;‘大叶’龙牙的叶片最长,均值为14.54 cm。花粉、叶表皮气孔及鳞片淀粉粒的微形态特征分析结果显示:‘江西’龙牙的花粉粒径最大,均值达111.76μm;‘平头’龙牙的叶表皮气孔最长,气孔密度也最大(约47.6个/mm2);‘大叶’龙牙的淀粉粒径最大,均值为47.61μm;‘江西’龙牙的淀粉粒大小分布更集中,差异性小。染色体核型分析结果显示:龙牙百合3个品种的染色体数目均为2n=2x=24,为二倍体,其中‘江西’龙牙核型公式为2n=2x=24=2m(2SAT)+6sm(2SAT)+12st(4SAT)+4t;‘平头’龙牙核型公式为2n=2x=24=4m+8sm+10st(4SAT)+2t;‘大叶’龙牙核型公式为2n=2x=24=2m(2SAT)+6sm+14st(4SAT)+2t,三者核型均为3B型。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.