Rd29A启动子驱动AtCDPK1基因转化马铃薯的研究

为获得抗旱性强、生长正常的转基因马铃薯植株,以野生拟南芥生态型(Col-0)为材料,利用PCR和DNA重组技术,克隆了拟南芥Rd29A(responsive to dehydration)基因ATG上游+83bp至-1 441bp共1 524bp的启动子区域,其DNA序列与已知拟南芥Rd29A 5'端启动子序列同源性为100%;构建了Rd29A启动子驱动AtCDPK1基因表达的植物表达载体pCHFRd-CDPK1。以马铃薯品种‘费乌瑞它’的试管微型薯为材料,利用农杆菌介导法,将构建成功的pCHFRd-CDPK1载体转入马铃薯中,经筛选与植株再生,获得抗性再生植株。通过PCR和Southern blot检测显示,Rd29A启动子驱动的AtCDPK1基因已整合在马铃薯的基因组中。利用PEG模拟干旱胁迫后,经RT-PCR分析证实,当用20%的PEG胁迫转基因马铃薯植株时,Rd29A启动子驱动AtCDPK1基因表达的转基因马铃薯各个株系中AtCDPK1基因表达量明显增强,而在无胁迫的条件下,植株中AtCDPK1基因基本不表达;同时发现35S控制AtCDPK1转基因植株在PEG胁迫前后,基因转录未见明显差异。形态学观察还表明,在30%PEG胁迫下,转基因植株能正常生长,其长势优于未转基因的对照,且对照植株略有萎焉。该结果可为进一步利用逆境诱导型启动子驱动抗逆基因在农作物中的表达研究及其遗传改良提供依据。     

人工microRNAs对拟南芥At1g13770和At2g23470基因的特异沉默

DUF647 (Domain of unknown function 647) 蛋白家族是在真核生物中广泛存在的、高度保守的蛋白家族。拟南芥中该基因家族共有6个成员, 迄今为止拟南芥DUF647家族中4个成员的功能尚不清楚。文章以拟南芥内源MIR319a前体为骨架, 构建了敲减DUF647家族中2个基因At1g13770和At2g23470表达的人工microRNAs(Artifical microRNAs, amiRNAs)。利用WMD(Web microRNA designer)平台设计分别靶向At1g13770和At2g23470基因的amiRNAs序列, 通过重叠PCR置换拟南芥MIR319a前体序列。构建融合amiRNAs前体的植物表达载体pCHF3-amiRNAs, 在农杆菌介导下转化拟南芥。RT-PCR分析表明, amiRNAs能够显著抑制At1g13770和At2g23470基因的表达, 获得了抑制效果明显的转基因株系。At2g23470-amiRNA转基因植株At2g23470转录水平的下调导致育性严重下降。文章为进一步研究这两个基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

人工microRNAs对拟南芥At1g13770和At2g23470基因的特异沉默

DUF647(Domain of unknown function 647)蛋白家族是在真核生物中广泛存在的、高度保守的蛋白家族。拟南芥中该基因家族共有6个成员,迄今为止拟南芥DUF647家族中4个成员的功能尚不清楚。文章以拟南芥内源MIR319a前体为骨架,构建了敲减DUF647家族中2个基因At1g13770和At2g23470表达的人工microRNAs(Artifical microRNAs,amiRNAs)。利用WMD(Web microRNA designer)平台设计分别靶向At1g13770和At2g23470基因的amiRNAs序列,通过重叠PCR置换拟南芥MIR319a前体序列。构建融合amiRNAs前体的植物表达载体pCHF3-amiRNAs,在农杆菌介导下转化拟南芥。RT-PCR分析表明,amiRNAs能够显著抑制At1g13770和At2g23470基因的表达,获得了抑制效果明显的转基因株系。At2g23470-amiRNA转基因植株At2g23470转录水平的下调导致育性严重下降。文章为进一步研究这两个基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

马铃薯块茎形成相关基因STI-LIKE在拟南芥植株发育中的功能验证

马铃薯块茎的形成涉及一系列基因的表达和关闭。以马铃薯普通栽培品种"大西洋"为试验材料,采用RT-PCR扩增获得马铃薯STI-LIKE基因全长片段。RT-PCR定量分析表明,该基因在马铃薯营养器官中均有表达。生物信息学分析表明STI-LIKE蛋白具有3个TPR结构域,在高等植物中具有高同源性,是一个普遍存在的蛋白质。为验证STI-LIKE蛋白在拟南芥植株发育中功能,分别构建该基因强启动子表达载体(p BI121)和干扰载体(p HANNIBAL和p ART27),转化拟南芥获得了两种载体的拟南芥转基因植株,同时制备STI-LIKE蛋白抗体验证转基因植株蛋白表达。研究结果表明STI-LIKE基因可能参与拟南芥株型发育过程。     

根癌农杆菌介导的CMO基因转化马铃薯的研究

通过根癌农杆菌介导法将强组成型表达启动子CaMV 35S和逆境诱导表达启动子rd29A 驱动的菠菜胆碱单加氧酶(CMO)基因导入马铃薯栽培品种夏波蒂(Shepody)和费乌瑞它( Favorita)中,获得了抗卡那霉素再生植株,对转化植株进行PCR检测初步表明CMO基因已整 合到转基因马铃薯基因组中.并对光照强度对马铃薯试管薯遗传转化的影响进行了研究,结果表明在诱导芽分化的过程中,2 000 lx的光照强度有利于试管薯薄片直接再生出抗性芽.     

cry3A和vhb基因在转基因马铃薯中的表达

分别构建了含cry3A和cry3A+vhb基因的植物表达载体pBCry3A和pBC3Vhb,并通过根癌农杆菌介导转化了马铃薯.对转化再生植株进行PCR和DNA印迹分析表明,外源基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中,且连续三代无性繁殖后转基因仍存在.ELISA分析表明cry3A基因在转基因植株中得到了高效表达,在单转cry3A植株中最高表达量达0.1%,转cry3A与vhb双基因株系中为0.065%.水涝试验显示,转双基因且vhb mRNA的RT-PCR呈阳性的马铃薯植株,对低氧胁迫有较好的耐受性,表明获得的上述转双基因马铃薯株系可能会具有很好的抗虫和耐涝性能.     

拟南芥CYCD2;1基因植物表达载体的构建及在烟草中的遗传转化分析

细胞分裂是生物的基本特征之一,在植物生长发育的过程中,发挥着极其重要的作用,细胞周期蛋白CYCD2;1基因作为一个调控因子,对调节细胞周期具有重要作用。本文以拟南芥细胞周期蛋白(At CYCD2;1基因)作为研究对象,利用PCR技术从拟南芥花序c DNA扩增出At CYCD2;1基因,构建植物表达载体(pROKIIAt CYCD2;1)并利用农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化野生型烟草。转基因植株的PCR检测结果表明,At CYCD2;1基因已经整合到了烟草基因组中。在T2代植株中,通过实时定量荧光PCR检测显示,At CYCD2;1在mRNA水平也均有表达。过量表达CYCD2;1的转基因烟草在花器官中存在明显表型,与野生型相比主要表现为转基因植株花冠宽度变大,花瓣和萼片长度变长,果实变大,上述结果表明At CYCD2;1基因影响花的发育。     

棉花GhAC01基因植物表达载体构建及拟南芥遗传转化

乙烯参与植物生长发育等许多生理过程,在许多植物细胞中,AcD基因通过促进乙烯合成调控着植物器官的形成发育。研究通过PCR方法从棉花基因组中克隆得到l-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸氧化酶1（GhACO1）基因,并将该基因构建到植物表达载体PBI121中,其中GhACO1基因位于CaMV35S启动子和GUS报告基因之间。通过花滴法将GhACO1基因转化拟南芥,利用卡那霉素对转化植株进行初步筛选,对卡那霉素阳性植株进行进一步的PCR检测和GUS组织化学分析。结果表明：GhACO1基因已经整合到拟南芥基因组中;GUS组织化学分析显示,在转基因拟南芥叶、茎和根中都表现出GUS活性。研究结果为进一步探讨GhACO1的生物学功能和基因工程改良棉花纤维品质奠定了基础。     

马铃薯块茎特异性启动子驱动的人白细胞介素-12的遗传转化研究

为获得高效表达人白细胞介素-12(h IL-12)蛋白的转基因马铃薯植株,利用根瘤农杆菌侵染法将前期构建的马铃薯块茎特异性启动子Ppatatin驱动的h IL-12植物表达载体导入马铃薯,通过共培养、筛选、分化等过程获得转基因植株,并结合PCR、RT-PCR、GUS染色及ELISA分析对转基因植株进行鉴定。结果显示,获得12个马铃薯转基因株系,PCR检测表明其中的10个株系目的基因已导入马铃薯基因组,转基因阳性率为83%;RT-PCR分析表明其中的7个株系外源基因在转录水平成功获得表达,ELISA分析表明其中的5个株系有明显的蛋白水平表达。对这7个株系后代的检测表明外源基因成功表达且具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

根癌农杆菌介导马铃薯试管薯转化体系的优化及AtNHX1基因的导入

以马铃薯栽培品种甘农薯2号的试管薯薄片为转化受体材料,通过根癌农杆菌LBA4404介导拟南芥液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白基因(AtNHX1)进行转化,获得了抗卡那霉素的再生植株,并对转化植株进行了PCR-Southern检测.结果表明,薯片分化和根再生的卡那霉素选择压为50mg/L;乙酰丁香酮对薯片转化率无影响;优化的试管薯片转化方法是:不经预培养的薯片用OD600值为0.5的菌液侵染8～10min,然后经过2d共培养,在抗性芽分化培养基上生长40d,可获得30%卡那抗性绿苗.对抗性植株的PCR和PCR-Southern检测证明,外源At-NHX1基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.