浮游藻类与水质污染监测

水污染引起水体各种物理、化学条件的改变 ,这种改变直接影响到生活在水中的浮游藻类及其他生物。有些浮游藻类对污染很敏感 ,有些则有较大的忍耐力 ,还有些只生活在污水中。根据浮游藻类的种类和数量常常可以判断水体污染的情况。1　水污染及其类型1.1　水污染的概念　水污染一般是指进入水中的污染物超过水体本身的净化能力 ;或者说外来物含量超过水体本底的含量 ;也可以用外来物破坏水体用途的程度来定义。严格来说 ,应该把这几方面的含义结合起来 ,并且加上对人体健康和生态系统造成损害或潜在性危险的内容在内。1.2　水污染类型　水污…     

人工试验湖泊浮游藻类群落的生态学研究

为了对转基因(CAgcGH)鲤的生态风险评估提供参考资料, 于2002年构建人工试验湖泊。研究分析了该人工湖泊浮游藻类群落的结构特征、季节动态、年际变化及其与水体各环境因子的关系。2006年至2010年间, 每季度采样, 共鉴定出浮游藻类7门47属66种, 其中绿藻种类最多。双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)结果显示采样点数据可分为春夏秋冬4组, 说明该群落季节性明显。冬季群落结构简单, 多样性最低, 主要由小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)和分歧锥囊藻(Dinobryon divergens)组成; 春季, 小环藻、针杆藻(Synedra sp.)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)等几种硅藻占优势; 夏季群落结构复杂, 占优势的是银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca)和螺旋鞘丝藻(Lyngbya contarta), 多样性最高; 秋季没有明显占优势的种类。5年间, 群落细胞密度上升了33.1%, 平均值为(1.430.75)106 cells/L; 硅藻在群落中所占比例从48.2%下降至16.2%, 而蓝藻从9.3%上升至42.2%。典范对应分析(CCA)的结果显示对浮游藻类影响最大的环境因子是温度和溶氧, 总氮浓度和总磷浓度的影响也是不可忽视的, 而pH在试验中对浮游藻类群落结构的影响有限。不同藻类在CCA排序图上有不同的分布格局, 一些硅藻主要分布在中低温采样点, 蓝藻集中分布在高温的采样点, 鼓藻主要出现在高透明度和高总磷浓度的采样点, 金藻主要分布在高溶氧浓度和低温的采样点。       

淡水湖泊浮游藻类对富营养化和气候变暖的响应

水体富营养化和气候变暖是淡水生态系统面临的两大威胁。文章分别阐述了富营养化和气候变暖对淡水湖泊浮游藻类直接和间接效应, 并总结气候变暖可能通过影响水体理化性质、水生植物组成、食物链结构从而直接或间接改变浮游藻类生物量或群落结构。作者重点分析了气候变暖下湖泊生态系统蓝藻水华暴发机制, 比较了不同湖泊蓝藻对气候变暖和富营养化响应的异同点, 发现气候变暖和富营养化对湖泊生态系统影响存在相似性, 表现在均促进湖泊由清水-浊水稳态转变、增加蓝藻水华发生频率和强度。然而二者对湖泊浮游藻类影响的相对重要性取决于分层型湖泊和混合型湖泊的差异性、不同营养型湖泊和不同类群蓝藻组成差异性。作者认为, 开展气候变暖和富营养化下, 湖泊浮游藻类功能群响应研究亟待进行。     

丽娃河水体富营养化与浮游藻类的指示关系

通过上海丽娃河8个采样点浮游植物的调查,查明其数量和分布以及季节变化状况,研究了在富营养水体中浮游藻类群落、种群及数量的变化规律,从而对浮游藻类生态状况有一个较为全面的了解,也明确了丽娃河为藻型河流,已呈富营养化,为劣V类水,为丽娃河防治提供浮游藻类方面的科学依据。     

大型浅水湖泊太湖藻类浊度与非藻类浊度的变异规律

为探究大型浅水湖泊中沉水植物对浊度的影响,对大型浅水湖泊——太湖(有草区和无草区)进行了为期1年的野外调查,将浊度分为藻类浊度(Turb_Alg)和非藻类浊度(Turb_NonAlg),分析其变异规律及其对总浊度(Turb_Tot)贡献率的差异。结果显示:(1)太湖水体中Turb_NonAlg(年均值为2.45/m)为主要的浊度组分,占总浊度(2.88/m)的83%,春季时高达89%;(2)有草区Turb_NonAlg(2.52/m)和无草区的(2.37/m)差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)在相同TP范围内,有草区Turb_Alg (0.21/m)和无草区的(0.32/m)无明显差异(P>0.05),在夏季时甚至略高于后者。研究表明,在大型浅水湖泊中,沉水植物对水体浊度的抑制效果有限,对非藻类浊度和藻类浊度均未起到有效的控制作用。因此,在相同营养条件下,大型浅水湖泊更易发生稳态转换,且发生转换后恢复原始状态的难度也可能更大。     

人工滩涂湖泊滴水湖浮游藻类群落特征

于2009年3月—2010年2月逐月对中国最大人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖的浮游藻类群落特征进行研究。利用CANOCO4.5软件对浮游藻类数据和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析(CCA),以揭示浮游藻类对生态环境的响应。结果表明:全年共检测到浮游藻类186种及变种,隶属于8门92属,其中绿藻门种类最多,其次是蓝藻门和硅藻门;主要优势种为小席藻、微小平裂藻、银灰平裂藻、不定微囊藻、弱细颤藻、啮蚀隐藻、四尾栅藻、扁圆卵形藻;藻类的年均丰度和年均生物量分别为(4552.29±4591.33)×104cells·L-1和8.15±6.63mg·L-1,藻类现存量各月份间差异极显著(P<0.01),但站点间差异不显著;多样性分析显示,藻类物种多样性较好;典范对应分析表明,水温、总氮等是影响滴水湖藻类群落结构的主要因素。     

杭州西湖浮游藻类变化规律与水质的关系

于2006～2007年对杭州西湖浮游藻类的种类及个体丰度进行初步研究,并依据<水和废水监测分析方法>对其水质现状进行了生物学评价.综合生物和理化指标数据,对杭州西湖的水质作一总体评估,并对西湖水中的物种多样性保护及水质的可持续利用提出了建议.共鉴定浮游藻类179种,其中蓝藻25种,隐藻1种,金藻3种,甲藻3种,黄藻5种,裸藻23种,硅藻41种和绿藻78种.分析了杭州西湖浮游藻类的组成和分布的特点,揭示出西湖浮游藻类的种类组成与西湖水质变化之间的关系.结果表明:藻类的组成和分布与水质变化规律基本吻合,西湖水质较整治前有明显的改善,一些清水藻类的物种逐步增多.     

浅水湖泊浮水植物芡实收割对浮游植物群落的影响

浅水湖泊生态系统正遭受广泛而强烈的人为干扰,但是对收割水生植物干扰的研究甚少。于2019年8月对芡实过度生长的陈瑶湖进行通道式分区收割工程,分析了收割芡实（Euryale ferox）前后不同处理组浮游植物群落的变化。研究期间共鉴定出浮游植物6门47属72种,其中收割前63种,收割后71种。收割后浮游植物的细胞密度和生物量均高于收割前,分别增加了39.78%和5.09%。收割芡实导致陈瑶湖浮游植物群落为由蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻-隐藻群落转变为蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻群落。其中蓝藻细胞密度和生物量显著高于收割前（P<0.05）,归因于有害蓝藻（铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa、水华束丝藻Aphanizomenon flos-aquae、小颤藻Oscillatoria tenuis、卷曲鱼腥藻Dolicospermum circinale、小席藻Phormidium tenu）的增加。收割还导致了硅藻群落由附生型向浮游型硅藻的转变,表现为尖针杆藻（Ulnaria acus）减少,而颗粒直链藻极狭变种（Aulacoseira granulata var.angustissima）、梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）增加。在芡实收割过程中,未收割组和河道的浮游植物群落结构在时空分布上无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但收割组在收割后的不同阶段内差异较为明显,其细胞密度和生物量随着收割实验的结束逐渐降低。浮游植物与环境因子的相关性分析表明,水生植被覆盖度、总磷、总氮、溶解氧和叶绿素a浓度是影响浮游植物细胞密度和生物量变化的主要环境因子。综合陈瑶湖水质状态,本研究认为收割芡实并不能缓解浅水湖泊富营养化状况,研究结果为浅水湖泊水生植被的管理提供理论依据。     

武汉东湖浮游藻类物种多样性的研究

从 1994年 1月至 1996年 12月 ,每月定期从东湖四个常规采样站采集浮游藻类标本进行研究。经鉴定共发现 2 6 0个分类单位 ,隶属于 7个门的 99个属 ,其中有 2种为中国新记录。以 1995年浮游藻类的群落结构进行分析的结果是 :浮游藻类的种类数以绿藻门最多 ,硅藻门次之 ;各站基本上均以夏季种类最多 ,其次为秋季和春季 ,冬季最低 ;四个站中分布的种类差异不明显 ,各站都出现的种类数占全部种类数的 39.6 % ;不同的站或同一个站在不同的季节其优势类群亦不同。计算了与水体营养类型有关的浮游藻类群落的两种指标—多样性指数和硅藻商。对东湖浮游藻类群落结构的特征及变化与水质的关系进行了探讨 ,从浮游藻类群落的演替指出东湖的富营养化程度自2 0世纪 5 0年代以来一直在加剧。     

北京四校园人工湖浮游藻类与富营养化特征分析

浮游藻类作为重要的生物指标已被广泛运用于各种水体的富营养化监测与评价中.论文对北京市4个校园人工湖的浮游藻类群落组成及季节变化展开调查,探讨了浮游藻类生物指标和富营养化的关系及其季节变化规律.调查期间,镜鉴得到39个属,隶属于蓝藻,绿藻和硅藻门.4个水体生物密度的季节平均值均高于500 cell·mL^-1,多样性指数普遍介于2～3之间.TN,TP和COD显示各水体都已处于富营养化状态.综合生物指标和水质指标进行聚类分析,结果显示:4个人工湖不同季节的水体可分为绿藻型,蓝,绿藻型和硅藻型三大类富营养化水体:荷花池,荷塘浮游藻类群落相似性最高,而荷塘、未名湖夏季富营养化程度最接近.     

Modeling impacts of Yangtze River water transfer on water ages in Lake Taihu, China

To improve water quality and alleviate eutrophication in Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake in China, a Yangtze River water transfer project was initiated in 2002 to bring water from the Yangtze River to Lake Taihu to dilute and divert pollutants out of the lake. We used a three-dimensional numerical model, Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code, to study the impacts of water transfer on the transport of dissolved substances in the lake by using the concept of water age. In particular, the influences of inflow tributaries and wind forcing on water age were investigated. Model results showed that the effect of water transfer on transport processes in the lake is strongly influenced by hydrodynamic conditions induced by wind and inflow/outflow tributaries. During the simulation year (2005), the water ages in Lake Taihu were highly variable both spatially and temporally, with a mean of approximately 130 days in summer and 230 days in the other seasons. Southeasterly winds—dominant in the summer—could improve the quality of water by reducing the water age in the eastern areas of the lake, which are used as a drinking water source, and in Meiliang Bay, the most polluted bay. In terms of dilution, the most efficient flow rate for transferred water was predicted to be approximately 100 m³/s. The spatial distribution of water ages showed that water transfer may preferentially enhance exchanges in some areas of the lake unless nutrient concentrations in the transferred water are reduced to a reasonable level. This study provides useful information for a better understanding of the complex hydrodynamic and mass transport processes in the lake, which is important for developing and implementing effective ecological restoration strategies in the region.     

Development of filamentous green algae in the benthic algal community in a littoral sand-beach zone of Lake Biwa

Temporal changes of biomass and dominant species in benthic algal communities were investigated in a littoral sand-beach zone in the north basin of Lake Biwa from December 1999 to September 2000. Chlorophyll-a amounts of benthic algal communities per unit area of the sandy sediments rapidly increased from late April to June. Increases in biomass of the benthic algal communities are considered to result from the propagation of filamentous green algae Oedogonium sp. and Spirogyra sp. The cell numbers of filamentous green algae and chlorophyll-a amounts of benthic algal communities at depths of 30 and 50cm at a station protected by a breakwater in May were significantly higher than those of a station exposed directly to wave activity. Thus, the biomass accumulation of the benthic algal communities seems to be regulated strongly by wave disturbance. The development of filamentous green algae may contribute to the increase in biomass of the benthic algal community and to the changes in seasonal patterns of biomass in the sand-beach zone of Lake Biwa. We consider that the development of the filamentous green algal community in the littoral zone of Lake Biwa is the result of eutrophication.     

Effects of hydrodynamics on phosphorus concentrations in water of Lake Taihu,a large,shallow, eutrophic lake of China

To understand the effect of hydrodynamical process on water phosphorus concentration, wind, wave, and several water quality indices were observed in Meiliang Bay, a shallow and eutrophic bay locates in north of Lake Taihu. During the 7 day observation period, wind speed and significant wave height were recorded more than 3 h per day, and water samples were collected in five water-depth layers once a day. Hydrodynamical disturbance had no significant correlationship with the water quality at the top layer when the significant wave height was smaller than 30 cm, but it significantly increased suspended solids (SS) concentration of the bottom water layer. Concentrations of nutrients showed no positive correlationship with SS concentration in the water body. Intensive sediment resuspension may not have occurred when the hydrodynamic stress on sediment was only a little higher than the critical stress for sediment resuspension. A new method for confirming the critical stress for intensive sediment resuspension and nutrient release still needs to be developed. The range of the water quality indices was quite high during the seven days of observation. High variation seems to be a common character of large shallow lakes like Taihu.     

Diurnal temperature fluctuations in an artificial small shallow water body

For aquatic biological processes, diurnal and annual cycles of water temperature are very important to plants as well as to animals and microbes living in the water. An existing one-dimensional model has been extended to simulate the temperature profile within a small water body. A year-round outdoor experiment has been conducted to estimate the model input parameters and to verify the model. Both model simulations and measurements show a strong temperature stratification in the water during daytime. Throughout the night, however, a well-mixed layer starting at the water surface develops. Because the water body is relatively small, it appears that the sediment heat flux has a strong effect on the behaviour of the water temperature throughout the seasons. In spring, the water temperature remains relatively low due to the cold surrounding soil, while in autumn the opposite occurs due to the relatively warm soil. It appears that, in small water bodies, the total amount of incoming long wave radiation is sensitive to the sky view factor. In our experiments, the intensity of precipitation also appears to have a small effect on the stratification of the water temperature.     

Intra-habitat heterogeneity of microbial food web structure under the regime of eutrophication and sediment resuspension in the large subtropical shallow Lake Taihu,China

Planktonic microbial community structure and classical food web were investigated in the large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu (2338 km², mean depth 1.9 m) located in subtropical Southeast China. The water column of the lake was sampled biweekly at two sites located 22 km apart over a period of twelve month. Site 1 is under the regime of heavy eutrophication while Site 2 is governed by wind-driven sediment resuspension. Within-lake comparison indicates that phosphorus enrichment resulted in increased abundance of microbial components. However, the coupling between total phosphorus and abundance of microbial components was different between the two sites. Much stronger coupling was observed at Site 1 than at Site 2. The weak coupling at Site 2 was mainly caused by strong sediment resuspension, which limited growth of phytoplankton and, consequently, growth of bacterioplankton and other microbial components. High percentages of attached bacteria, which were strongly correlated with the biomass of phytoplankton, especially Microcystis spp., were found at Site 1 during summer and early autumn, but no such correlation was observed at Site 2. This potentially leads to differences in carbon flow through microbial food web at different locations. Overall, significant heterogeneity of microbial food web structure between the two sites was observed. Site-specific differences in nutrient enrichment (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediment resuspension were identified as driving forces of the observed intra-habitat differences in food web structure.     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and carbon enrichment on planktonic and periphytic algae in a softwater,oligotrophic lake in Florida,USA

The objective of this study was to investigate nutrient limitation of algal abundance in Anderson-Cue Lake, a softwater clear oligotrophic lake in north-central Florida. Nutrient diffusing clay pots and cylindrical enclosures were used in the field to test effects of different combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, and carbon on algal standing crop and composition of periphytic and planktonic algae, respectively. Effects of nutrient enrichment on periphytic algae were examined in two studies conducted 31 May – 8 July and 10 June – 15 July 1991. Nutrient effects on planktonic algae were examined in one study from 13 June – 1 July 1991. Planktonic and periphytic algal biovolume was significantly higher (p<0.05) when nitrogen and carbon were added in combination than with treatments without nitrogen, carbon, or nitrogen and carbon. Treatments with nitrogen and carbon combined resulted in lower algal diversity and dominance by coccoid green algae andScenedesmus. Results indicate that carbon and nitrogen can be limiting factors to algal growth in Anderson-Cue Lake and possibly other lakes of similar water quality.     

济南泉溪藻类及水质评价

调查了济南城内著名的黑虎泉、趵突泉、珍珠泉和五龙潭泉四大泉群中的藻类植物, 共计有80 种及变种, 分属于蓝、红、硅、裸、绿和轮藻门, 其中, 以硅藻门种类最丰富, 相对数量也占优势。根据藻类植物的分布, 利用指示生物法对泉水水质进行了定性初步评价, 结果表明, 济南的泉水较清洁。但是泉水涌出后的保洁和管理问题仍然较大, 需要重视。