湖南稻田土壤固定态铵含量的季节变化及生物有效性

以湖南省3种固定态铵含量较高的稻田土壤为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验,研究了稻田土壤固定态铵在植稻期间的动态变化及其生物有效性。结果表明,稻田土壤的固定态铵含量处于不断的变化之中,施氮肥和有机肥使土壤固定态铵含量升高,而水稻吸收氮则使土壤固定态铵含量降低,其变化趋势与土壤碱解氮含量变化相似。“新固定的”固定态铵基本对当季水稻全部有效。而“原有的”固定态铵对当季作物和后季作物部分有效,就供试土壤而言,在水稻生育期间,土壤固定态铵的释放量是潮沙泥>紫泥田>河沙泥;就不同水稻而言,早稻生育期间土壤固定态铵的释放量大于晚稻生育期间土壤固定态铵的释放量。     

Ammonium fixation by some soils in the ussr and the availability of this ion to plants

Summary The ability of various soils to fix ammonium in unexchangeable form was studied. Soils in their natural state contain unexchangeably fixed NH₄. The amount of which considerably increases with systematic fertilization and in soils with high nutrient status, but the ability of these soils for extra fixation of ammonium decreases. Chernozem soils are able to fix ammonium in unexchangeable form in considerably greater quantities than soddy-podzolic soils. All soils show a little increase of ability to fix ammonium with profile depth. The heavier is the soil the greater is its ability for fixation of NH₄ in unexchangeable form.In the conditions of a greenhouse experiment unexchangeably fixed NH₄ was used by plants very poorly. Exchangeably absorbed ammonium is available to plants, although to a lesser extent than water soluble salts. Soils fix ammonium to a greater amount from NH₄OH than from ammonium nitrate, hence the latter is a better source of nitrogen for plants than ammonia liquor solution if applied to soils with a definite abolity to fix unexchangeable ammonium.     

Build up and depletion of soil phosphorus and potassium and their uptake by rice and wheat in a long-term field experiment

Summary In a field experiment initiated at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal in 1974 involving rice wheat cropping sequence and NPK fertilizer use on sodic soil (pH 9.2, ESP 32.0), an attempt was made to evaluate the available P and K status of the soil and their uptake by the crops during 1982–83 and 83–84.Application of P to either or both the crops significantly enhanced the yields of rice and improved available P status of the soil. Wheat yields remained unaffected. Fertilizer N reduced P content in rice but increased P uptake in crops and considerably brought down available P to a level (4.5 ppm) where rice plants showed reduced tillering and phosphorus deficiency. Application of K did not affect the yield of either crop but enhanced its available status in soil and uptake by the crops. Contribution of the non-exchangeable K towards total potassium removal was about 93% in the absence of applied K which decreased to 87% with the use of K. Application of K to both crops resulted in lesser uptake from non-exchangeable form as compared to its application to either crop. Laboratory studies carried out on soils of the experimental plots showed that cumulative K release measured after five successive extractions was higher in K-treated soils as compared to untreated ones. The major difference was only in the first extraction representing the exchangeable K after which release became independent of the available K of the soil.     

Fixed ammonium in Libyan soils and its availability to barley seedlings

Summary Native fixed ammonium nitrogen and fixation of added ammonium nitrogen were studied in soil profile samples of three Libyan soils. The availability of both forms of fixed ammonium N to barley seedlings was investigated using surface soil samples under pot culture.All soils contained native fixed ammonium N which ranged from 9.26 to 10.36 mg/100 g soil. Fixation of added ammonium N was of the order of 5.10 mg/100 g for surface soils and 5.26 mg/100g for sub-surface soils. Fixation increased with profile depth.It was found that 38 percent of the soil total fixed ammonium N and 70 percent of the soil KOBr extractable N were available to barley seedlings. An equation representing the uptake of N from these two sources was established and their contribution to plant content of N was calculated.     

Soil beidellite and its relation to problems of potassium fertility and poor response to potassium fertilizers

Summary X-ray diffraction studies were made on soils with and without potassium fertility problems. All soils with clay fractions containing dominant beidellite or vermiculite showed potassium deficiency and lack of response to potassium fertilizer applications. All of the soils containing dominant montmorillonite or other clay minerals contained adequate potassium; on none of these, poor potassium response was reported. Special management practices are needed on the beidellitic and vermiculitic soils to increase potassium and ammonium fertilizer efficiency. Dominance of beidellite in the clay fraction should be reflected in soil classification. Establishment of a ‘beidellite’ family differentiating criterion in the Soil Taxonomy is proposed for this purpose.     

Potassium forms in aerated and anoxic soils of different management and potassium fertilizer history

The potassium forms and dominant clay mineralogy were studied in naturally well-drained (Hapludalfs, Eutropept) and poorly-drained soils (Fragiudalfs, Fragiaquept), both composed of the same parent materials (silty-clay or silt loam or clayey-loam). The well-drained soils (i.e. aerated) were cultivated and received larger amounts of K fertilizer; the poorly-drained types (i.e. anoxic) were grasslands and received low amount of K fertilizer. The different aspects investigated-exchangeable and nonexchangeable K, potassium fixation capacity and clay X-ray diffraction diagrams-indicated that the potassium status and the behavior of K-containing clays significantly differed between naturally well-drained aerated soils and anoxic poorly-drained soils. The aerated soils were high in both exchangeable and nonexchangeable K; the K saturation rate was high whereas fixation capacity was moderate. However, the anoxic soils showed a large K depletion and high fixation capacity. The silty-clayey soils studied were more affected by moisture regimes than the silt loam or clayey-loam.The differing K status between aerated and anoxic soils can be explained by several processes and factors, including soil weathering and management and K fertilizer history.     

施肥对油松刺槐混交林土壤微生物种群和酶活性的影响

通过对比试验研究了尿素、磷酸铵及复合肥处理对油松刺槐混交林土壤微生物种群和酶活性的影响。结果表明 :复合肥和尿素处理能够显著促进土壤微生物种群数量的增加 ,与对照相比 ,生长季平均增加了 4 2 1%和 18 4 %。复合肥有利于提高固氮菌和钾细菌数量 ,磷酸铵促进了磷细菌数量的增长。施肥处理增强了土壤酶活性 ,且季节变化明显。     

湖南主要类型稻田土壤固定态铵含量及其影响因素

通过野外调查取样和室内培养试验 ,应用Silva和Bremner方法 ,研究了湖南省主要类型稻田土壤的固定态铵含量及其影响因素 .结果表明 ,该省主要类型稻田土壤固定态铵含量为 141～ 35 3mg·kg-1,平均为 2 72± 6 7mg·kg-1,占土壤全N的 11.2 % ,高于湖南省以北各地区土壤和本地区地带性土壤———红壤的固定态铵含量 .其含量的顺序为河沙泥 >紫泥田 >潮沙泥 >黄泥田 >红黄泥 .在土壤剖面中 ,固定态铵含量随剖面深度的变化有 4种情况 :在 1m深度范围内随深度增加而增加 ;随深度增加而减少 ;随深度增加而无明显变化 ;土壤剖面中某一土层固定态铵含量明显增加或减少 .土壤固定态铵含量占土壤全N百分比随深度增加而恒增大 .土壤对NH+ 4的固定作用在 30℃下最强 ,高于 2 0℃和 40℃ ;长期淹水有利于潮沙泥、紫泥田和河沙泥对NH+ 4的固定作用 ,但干湿交替有利于黄泥田对NH+ 4的固定作用 .相关分析表明 ,土壤固定态铵含量仅与 <0 .0 1mm粘粒含量呈P0 .0 5水平的显著正相关 ,与有机质、全N、有机N和 <0 .0 0 1mm粘粒含量的相关性均不显著     

Ammonium fixation in the Sudan Gezira soils

Summary Laboratory studies showed that the Gezira soils contain appreciable amounts of fixed ammonium. Values for the surface soils varied from 0.25–0.30 me/100g. The soils have the capacity to fix a large quantity of applied ammonium.In the two soil profiles studied the amounts of fixed ammonium and the ammonium-fixing capacity increased with depth reaching a maximum in the grey layer at a depth of about 70 to 140 cm below which it decreased again. The fixed ammonium values varied from 0.28 to 0.40 me/100g and comprised from 5.0 to 5.9 per cent of the total ammonium-fixing capacity (oven-dry condition). When expressed as percentage of Kjeldahl nitrogen the fixed ammonium increased with depth, varying from 12.5 to 20.2 per cent. As expected the amount of fixed ammonium was found to depend on the type and amount of the clay minerals present.The current cropping and fertilization practices were found to have very little effect on the fixed ammonium content of the soil, but it is expected from the high-fixing capacity of these soils that the amount of fixed ammonium will increase with the increase in frequency and dose of NH₄-N fertilizers application     

高肥力土壤条件下不同基因型花生对氮素利用的差异

在桶栽条件下,利用¹⁵N示踪技术,选用20个基因型花生为供试材料,研究了高肥力土壤条件下不同基因型花生对氮素利用的差异.结果表明:高肥力土壤条件下花生氮素营养以土壤氮为主,根瘤固氮次之,肥料氮最低.不同基因型间花生对全氮、肥料氮、土壤氮和根瘤固氮的吸收和积累均存在显著差异,基因型间遗传变异以根瘤固氮最大,肥料氮和土壤氮相当.氮素荚果生产效率和氮肥利用率基因型间差异显著,最高值分别为最低值的3.6和2.1倍.全氮、肥料氮、土壤氮和根瘤固氮的氮素收获指数基因型间均存在显著遗传变异,且以根瘤固氮的氮素收获指数基因型间遗传变异最大.花生荚果产量与不同氮源氮素积累量及氮素收获指数、氮素荚果生产效率和氮肥利用率呈显著或极显著正相关.依据花生对不同氮源氮素吸收积累和荚果产量筛选出全氮高积累高产型、肥料氮高积累高产型、土壤氮高积累高产型和根瘤固氮高积累高产型四大类型花生,其中四大类型特征兼有的有4个花生基因型.     

Fixed NH4-N in relation to EUF-extractable K

Summary Representative arable soils from Hesse were investigated for their contents of fixed NH₄ ⁺ and EUF-extractable potassium in the rooting zone. Alluvial soils were found to be rich in fixed ammonium and low in EUF-extractable potassium, while soils of basaltic origin were low in fixed ammonium and rich in EUF-extractable potassium. A negative correlation (r=0.79^*) was found between fixed NH₄ ⁺ and EUF-extractable soil K⁺. The content of fixed NH₄ ⁺ in the soil profile showed considerable and significant changes during the growing season, which finding is supposed to be due to NH₄ ⁺ uptake by the crop.     

Radiocaesium in an organic soil and the effect of treatment with the fungicide ‘Captan’

Soil fungi accumulate radiocaesium from contaminated soil and it has been hypothesised that this may alter the plant availability and movement of the radionuclide in soil. The effect of twice-monthly addition of an aqueous suspension of the fungicide ‘Captan’ on the changes in a peaty podzol soil at 2 sites, contaminated 2 or 3 years earlier by the injection of ¹³⁴Cs, has been quantified. The sites had different soil acidity and vegetation cover. The less acid soil (pH_water 5.0) had been improved by the addition of lime and fertilizer and was reseeded with grass and clover. The more acid soil (pH_water 3.8) was under hill grasses, herbs and heather. On both sites the addition of fungicide did not alter the amount or concentration of radiocaesium in plant material sampled monthly or the depth distribution of radiocaesium in the soil profile. The concentration of the fungal constituent, ergosterol, in the soil, measured monthly, was unaffected by the fungicide treatment but evidence was obtained from a pot experiment to show that ergosterol decomposes slowly in cold, wet soils. On the more acid soil, two weeks after the last application of fungicide, there was a decline in active fungi as measured by fluorescein diacetate staining. Chloroform fumigation of the more acid soil resulted in a small increase in the amount of ¹³⁴Cs exchangeable with 1 M ammonium acetate. Radiocaesium in seven different fungi grown in pure culture was found to be almost entirely extractable (> 95%) with 1 M ammonium acetate. Another, Amanita rubescens, showed some retention and 88% was extractable. These findings do not preclude the fungal biomass as an important soil component controlling plant availability of radiocaesium from acid, organic soils by maintaining radiocaesium in a biological cycle, but make it unlikely that any fixation by fungi in a chemical sense is involved.     

Transformation of soil and fertilizer nitrogen in paddy soil and their availability to rice plants

Summary A pot experiment in the field showed that addition of ammonium sulfate increased the uptake of soil nitrogen. A-value was found to be independent of the rate of nitrogen application. The rice plant took up about 13 percent of the nitrogen in rice straw which was incorporated into the soil when nitrogen fertilizer was not added, and about 15 percent when 50 ppm N was added. Addition of different levels of fertilizer did not affect the release of immobilized fertilizer nitrogen. Recovery of fertilizer by the rice plant was low when nitrogen was added as basal (broadcast). Recovery was improved by incorporating fertilizer nitrogen before transplanting. Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen when topdressed at reproductive stages was much higher than when applied as basal. A fairly large portion of fertilizer nitrogen was immobilized into the soil. Availability of immobilized nitrogen in the soil appeared low. re]19751117     

Forest Soil Chemistry and Mesofauna 20 Years After an Amelioration Fertilization

Abstract Soil chemical properties and soil mesofauna composition were assessed at a forest site in northern Austria, where 20 years earlier an amelioration treatment had been performed. The site had been treated with limestone, a high P slag, and ammonium nitrate to replace the poorly growing pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest with a Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand. This treatment was at that time a common means for the amelioration of nutrient‐poor forest soils with recalcitrant forest floor layers. After treatment, a dense cover of a nitrophilic stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) developed. Most likely, the site had been over‐fertilized, and inadvertently, an experiment with extreme N enrichment had been conducted. The abundance of collembolans increased, and dominance structure shifted from Isotomiella minor, Lipothrix lubbocki, and Isotoma notabilis at fertilizer treatment to Friesea mirabilis, Isotomiella minor, and Sphaeridia pumilis in the control, but the abundance of soil mesofauna generally decreased in the fertilizer treatment. Fertilization reduced the mass of the litter layer from 7.6 to 2.4 kg/m². The total carbon pool in the soil was reduced due to reduction of the litter layer. However, the content of soil organic matter in the upper mineral soil was significantly increased. A part of the applied and mineralized nitrogen had been lost from the soil, but N retention in the upper mineral soil was still considerable. Soil pH and the base saturation were sustainably increased. Carbon losses upon mineralization of the litter layer were not offset by the increase in C content of the mineral soil. Presently, the C pool in the soil of the fertilized treatment is lower than in the control. However, the overall nutrient enrichment of the soil may facilitate C sequestration in the fertilized site in the future.     

Control of nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen: Effect of inhibitors,banding and nesting

Laboratory incubation and field experiments were conducted to evaluate thiourea, ATC (4-amino-1, 2, 4 triazole hydrochloride) and N-Serve 24 E (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl-pyridine) as inhibitors of nitrification of fertilizer N. In the incubation experiment, most of the added aqueous NH₃ or urea was nitrified at 14 days on both soils, but addition of the inhibitors to fertilizer N decreased the conversion of NH₄−N to NO₃−N markedly. There was less nitrification for ATC and thiourea but not for N-Serve 24 E when the fertilizers and the inhibitors were placed at a point as opposed to when mixed into soil. After 28 days, ATC and N-Serve 24 E were more effective in inhibiting nitrification than thiourea. ATC and N-Serve 24 E also inhibited release of mineral N (NH₄−N+NO₃−N) from native soil N. In the uncropped field experiment, which received N fertilizers in the fall, nitrification of fall-applied N placed in the 15-cm bands was almost complete by early May in the Malmo soil, but not in the Breton soil. When ATC or thiourea had been applied with urea, nitrification of fall-applied N was depressed by May and the recovery of applied N as NH₄−N was greater with increasing band spacing to 60 cm or placing N fertilizer in nests (a method of application where urea prills were placed at a point in the soil in the center of 60×60 cm area). In late June, the percentage recovery of fall-applied N in soil as NH₄−N or mineral N increased with wide band spacing, or nest placement, or by adding ATC to fertilizer N on both soils. These results indicate that placing ammonium-based N fertilizers in widely-spaced bands or in nests with low rates of inhibitors slows nitrification enough to prevent much of the losses from fall-applied N. Scientific Paper No. 552, Lacombe Research Station, Research Branch, Agric, Can.     

The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments

A pulse dilution ¹⁵N technique was used in the field to determine the effect of the ammonium to nitrate ratio in a fertilizer application on the uptake of ammonium and nitrate by ryegrass and on gross rates of mineralization and nitrification. Two experiments were performed, corresponding approximately to the first and second cuts of grass. Where no substantial recent immobilization of inorganic nitrogen had occurred, mineralization was insensitive to the form of nitrogen applied, ranging from 2.1–2.6 kg N ha^-1 d^-1. The immobilization of ammonium increased as the proportion of ammonium in the application increased. In the second experiment there was evidence that high rates of immobilization in the first experiment were associated with high rates of mineralization in the second. The implication was that some nitrogen immobilized in the first experiment was re-mineralized during the second. Whether this was nitrogen taken up, stored in roots and released following defoliation was not clear. Nitrification rates in this soil were low (0.1–0.63 kg N ha^-1 d^-1), and as a result, varying the ratio of ammonium to nitrate applied markedly altered the relative uptake of ammonium and nitrate. In the first experiment, where temperatures were low, preferential uptake of ammonium occurred, but where >90% of the uptake was as ammonium, a reduction in yield and nitrogen uptake was observed. In the second experiment, where temperatures and growth rates were higher, the proportion of ammonium to nitrate taken up had no effect on yield or nitrogen uptake.     

Bacterial Diversity of the Broadbalk ‘Classical’ Winter Wheat Experiment in Relation to Long-Term Fertilizer Inputs

With more than 160 years of contrasting fertilizer regimes, the Broadbalk winter wheat experiment represents a unique experimental resource for studying the effects of long-term fertilizer application on microbial population diversity. Using DGGE and clone library analysis, we report here on eubacterial species diversity (16S rRNA gene) and diversity within two sets of gene products associated with microbial N acquisition: NifH (nitrogen fixation) and AmtB (ammonium transport). Comparisons were made within and between soils treated with mineral N fertilizer, farmyard manure or receiving no fertilizer. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene DGGE profiles showed no clear patterns to qualitatively distinguish bacterial community structure between the three different treatments (P > 0.05), with all samples containing a range of eubacterial taxa similar to those that are characteristic of soil bacteria reported elsewhere. Intra-plot heterogeneity was high and of a similar magnitude to that between treatments. This lack of qualitative between plot differences was echoed in the representative sequences of 16S rRNA, nifH, and amtB genes in the various samples. Taken together, both phylogenetic and functional gene analyses showed bacterial communities in the Broadbalk-trial soil were very stable and relatively non-responsive to long-term management of balanced fertilizer inputs.     

氮肥调控剂对潮褐土中不同氮源氮素转化及油菜生长的影响

采用土壤培养和盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)与纳米碳配合施用对尿素和碳酸氢铵在华北平原典型土壤潮褐土中转化的调控效果及其对油菜生长的影响.结果表明:尿素和碳酸氢铵在施入土壤后的2周内,土壤无机氮的供应强度差别较大,2周以后则基本相似.2种氮源对油菜生长及氮素利用的影响在生育前期(播种后34 d)差异显著,但最终达到商品生物量收获时,氮源之间差异不大.DCD对尿素和碳酸氢铵在潮褐土中的转化表现出显著的硝化抑制作用,其抑制强度和有效抑制时间随DCD用量的增加而增强,且以对碳酸氢铵施入土壤后的硝化抑制效果更好.在本研究条件下,DCD用量以占肥料纯氮量的1.0％ ～1.5％相对较佳,可显著提高油菜产量,改善叶色,降低植株硝酸盐含量,提高氮肥利用率.纳米碳与DCD配合施用对土壤铵氧化有明显的协同抑制效果,且可以显著刺激油菜前期的生长发育和氮素利用,降低油菜硝酸盐含量.     

氮肥调控剂对潮褐土中不同氮源氮素转化及油菜生长的影响

采用土壤培养和盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)与纳米碳配合施用对尿素和碳酸氢铵在华北平原典型土壤潮褐土中转化的调控效果及其对油菜生长的影响.结果表明： 尿素和碳酸氢铵在施入土壤后的2周内,土壤无机氮的供应强度差别较大,2周以后则基本相似.2种氮源对油菜生长及氮素利用的影响在生育前期(播种后34 d)差异显著,但最终达到商品生物量收获时,氮源之间差异不大.DCD对尿素和碳酸氢铵在潮褐土中的转化表现出显著的硝化抑制作用,其抑制强度和有效抑制时间随DCD用量的增加而增强,且以对碳酸氢铵施入土壤后的硝化抑制效果更好.在本研究条件下,DCD用量以占肥料纯氮量的1.0%～1.5%相对较佳,可显著提高油菜产量,改善叶色,降低植株硝酸盐含量,提高氮肥利用率.纳米碳与DCD配合施用对土壤铵氧化有明显的协同抑制效果,且可以显著刺激油菜前期的生长发育和氮素利用,降低油菜硝酸盐含量.