中国南海西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积变化

角质颚是头足类的主要摄食器官,蕴藏着大量的渔业生物学及生态学信息。根据2017年5-8月中国灯光罩网渔船于中国南海西沙群岛海域采集的860尾鸢乌贼样本,对其角质颚色素沉积等级进行了划分和判定,研究了鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级变化与胴长、体质量、净重、性腺成熟度和角质颚外部形态参数等因子的关系。结果表明:鸢乌贼的角质颚色素沉积变化存在性别间显著性差异(P<0.05),雌性个体角质颚色素沉积速度快于雄性;色素沉积等级与胴长、体质量和净重均呈正相关,并随着性腺成熟度的增加而增加;雄性个体角质颚下颚除翼长外,其余各部色素沉积的速度均快于上颚各部;雌性个体上颚各部色素沉积速度均快于下颚。本研究为后续利用角质颚研究鸢乌贼渔业生物学和对该资源的有效开发及科学管理提供了基础。     

中国南海西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积变化

角质颚是头足类的主要摄食器官,蕴藏着大量的渔业生物学及生态学信息。根据2017年5—8月中国灯光罩网渔船于中国南海西沙群岛海域采集的860尾鸢乌贼样本,对其角质颚色素沉积等级进行了划分和判定,研究了鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级变化与胴长、体质量、净重、性腺成熟度和角质颚外部形态参数等因子的关系。结果表明:鸢乌贼的角质颚色素沉积变化存在性别间显著性差异(P0.05),雌性个体角质颚色素沉积速度快于雄性;色素沉积等级与胴长、体质量和净重均呈正相关,并随着性腺成熟度的增加而增加;雄性个体角质颚下颚除翼长外,其余各部色素沉积的速度均快于上颚各部;雌性个体上颚各部色素沉积速度均快于下颚。本研究为后续利用角质颚研究鸢乌贼渔业生物学和对该资源的有效开发及科学管理提供了基础。     

南海北部近海头足类优势种及其生态位特征

为了解南海北部近海头足类优势种的种间关系,根据2014—2015年该海域4个季节底拖网渔业资源调查,应用相对重要性指数、生态位宽度和重叠指数从时空维度分析头足类优势种的生态位特征。结果表明: 该海域4个季节的头足类优势种共5种,分别为剑尖枪乌贼、中国枪乌贼、火枪乌贼、金乌贼和杜氏枪乌贼,前两种是4个季节的共同优势种。与历史数据相比,头足类优势种的种类组成已发生改变。头足类资源时空分布格局明显,海南岛南部至粤东海域资源密度高于北部湾,季节变化呈夏季高而冬季低特征。时空生态位分析表明,优势种的时间和空间生态位宽度没有一致位序,剑尖枪乌贼和中国枪乌贼分别占据最大的时间(1.32)和空间生态位宽度(3.90),而时间和空间生态位宽度最小的物种分别是金乌贼(0.98)和杜氏枪乌贼(2.04)。虽然时间生态位重叠在数值上显著高于空间生态位重叠,但二者均是在中国枪乌贼、剑尖枪乌贼、火枪乌贼等种对间有较高重叠,而杜氏枪乌贼与其余4个优势种的重叠较低。相关分析表明,在时空尺度上生态位宽度与丰度的变化均呈极显著负相关。生态位可反映物种资源量时空变化信息,丰富了传统渔业群落研究方法。     

西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积特性分析

角质颚是头足类主要的摄食器官,蕴含着大量渔业生态学信息。根据2019年3至5月中国灯光罩网渔船在西北印度洋海域采集的1 009尾鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)样本,对其角质颚色素沉积等级进行了划分和判定,分析了色素沉积等级与胴长、体重、性腺成熟度和角质颚形态参数的关系。结果显示,3至5月西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级以2级为主,占总样本的33.87%,色素沉积等级总体上随着月份的增加而增加。鸢乌贼角质颚的色素沉积与胴长、体重和性腺成熟度的关系均存在性别间显著性差异(P <0.05),总体而言雌性个体的沉积速度快于雄性个体。角质颚色素沉积等级与胴长、体重和角质颚外部形态参数均呈正相关,并且都随着性腺成熟度的增加而增加。本研究开展了西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积研究,确立了鸢乌贼色素沉积等级与胴长、体重、性腺成熟度和角质颚形态参数的关系,并拟合了相关生长方程,为进一步研究鸢乌贼的渔业生态学及合理开发该资源提供了科学依据。     

基于内壳的西非乌贼日龄与生长特性

乌贼主要分布在北大西洋东部及非洲沿岸海域,是拖网渔业的重要捕捞对象,也是大西洋乌贼科最重要的商业种。本研究根据2015年7—8月西非沿岸采集的乌贼样本,测量了283 尾乌贼内壳外部形态参数,结合内壳日龄信息,对不同性别乌贼生长特性进行了研究。结果表明: 不同性别乌贼胴长和体重存在显著差异。通过读取内壳日龄,发现雌雄性优势日龄组均为80～100 d。内壳外部形态与日龄的拟合函数中,Logistic函数的拟合效果最佳。雌性个体内壳外部形态参数的最大似然估计值均大于雄性。雄性和雌性乌贼内壳长和内壳宽的绝对和瞬时相对生长率分别在110～120 d 和100～110 d 达到峰值。雄性和雌性的初次性成熟日龄分别为111 d和104 d。不同性别乌贼的生长差异可能与栖息环境密切相关。     

福建及中国其他沿岸海域中国鲎资源分布现状调查

采用调访渔民、浅海底拖网、野外观测潮间带亲鲎产卵和幼鲎孵育情况等调查方法,重点调查了福建沿岸海域中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)资源分布和数量,并走访调查了浙江省、广东省、海南省、广西壮族自治区和台湾地区金门岛等地代表性的中国鲎栖息地,对中国沿岸海域中国鲎资源现状作了较全面的调查。结果表明,大部分海滩已多年未见中国鲎上岸产卵,中国鲎在上岸之前已被渔民通过底拖网捕获,能见到幼鲎的海滩寥寥无几,中国鲎已经从大部分海域消失,中国鲎资源量濒临枯竭。目前尚存少量中国鲎的海域主要是东山湾和北部湾海域。金门岛海域则因为人工放流和设立了中国鲎保护区,中国鲎资源得到较好的恢复。中国鲎资源衰竭的主要原因是人类的过度捕捞、栖息地的破坏和海域环境污染等。中国鲎资源的保护迫在眉睫。建议将中国鲎列入国家级重点保护动物名录,增设中国鲎自然保护区,加强渔业管理以及人工增殖放流等措施。     

金乌贼繁殖行为与交配策略

2014年6月于室内大型水槽使用摄像系统对金乌贼繁殖过程进行连续观察与记录,通过定性和定量比较分析,解析其繁殖过程中游泳、捕食、求偶、争斗、交配及产卵等行为特征。结果显示:金乌贼游泳主要依靠漏斗喷水的反作用力,持续游泳能力较弱;繁殖期的金乌贼继续摄食,能发现周围20—38 cm范围内的凡纳滨对虾,攻击距离为7—24 cm,能在2.1—6.1 s内完成对对虾的捕获且成功率极高,外源营养为卵(精)巢不同步发育、分批产卵和复杂的繁殖行为继续提供能量支持;金乌贼具明显的求偶行为,规格差异是影响求偶的重要因素,其中雄性亲本更倾向选择与自身规格相当或略小的雌性,而雌性亲本则更倾向于选择大规格(较大规格争斗易获胜)的雄性;金乌贼一次交配持续125—398 s,雄性有明显的精子移除行为和领域性,交配后雄性伴游在雌性周围3—24 cm范围内,不允许其他乌贼靠近,平均伴游61 min后会再次交配。精子移除、伴游以及多次交配是雄性金乌贼有效提高父权贡献率的关键行为基础;研究结果表明,金乌贼采取"多夫多妻"的混交婚配策略,两性亲本均存在多次交配现象,这能有效提高雌雄的生殖成功率和受精卵的遗传多样性。     

基于耳石微结构的南海春季鸢乌贼日龄、生长与种群结构的研究

2015年春季在南海开展灯光罩网渔船鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)采样, 样品胴长为10.22—199.01 mm, 体质量为1.3—328.8 g。研究根据鸢乌贼耳石微结构对其日龄、生长和种群结构进行研究, 结果显示:南海存在2个鸢乌贼群体, 中型群体(有发光器, 占59.38%)和微型群体(无发光器, 占40.62%), 无胴长大于500 mm的大型群体; 样品日龄范围为38—126d, 优势日龄组为51—80d, 占其总数的81.33%。分别计算不同海域和群体间5种生长模型的AIC权重值, 发现南海北部海域和南沙附近海域都以指数生长模型最适合描述鸢乌贼的生长关系, 中型群体以指数模型最为适合, 微型群体则以幂函数生长模型最适合; 南海北部海域的鸢乌贼个体生长速率略低于南沙附近海域鸢乌贼个体; 微型群体呈现急剧生长到逐渐缓慢生长的趋势, 中型群体的生长趋势与微型群体正好相反。同类相食现象表明微型群体的生长受到中型群体的影响而被抑制。     

舍氏贝乌贼耳石外部形态生长特性

耳石是头足类重要的硬组织之一,被广泛应用在头足类渔业生物学、生态学研究中。根据2018年12月中国鱿钓船在日本海采集的261尾舍氏贝乌贼(Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi)样本,对其耳石外部形态生长特性进行了研究。主成分分析表明,耳石总长(TSL)、翼区长(WL)、吻侧区长(RLL)和最大宽度(MW)可以作为舍氏贝乌贼耳石外形变化的表征参数。协方差分析表明,舍氏贝乌贼耳石的表征参数与胴长及体质量的生长关系均不存在性别间显著性差异。赤池信息准则分析表明：TSL和WL与胴长的生长关系最适合用线性生长方程表示,RLL与胴长的生长关系最适合用幂函数生长方程表示,MW与胴长的生长关系则最适合用对数生长方程表示;TSL和MW与体质量的生长关系最适合用线性生长方程表示,WL与体质量的生长关系最适合用幂函数生长方程表示,而RLL与体质量的生长关系则最适合用对数生长方程表示。舍氏贝乌贼耳石绝对尺寸随着胴长增加而逐渐增大,但耳石各外部形态参数的相对尺寸基本不变。     

7种头足类动物墨汁的钠、钾含量分析

采用火焰光度计测定法,对虎斑乌贼(Sepia pharaonis)、金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)、拟目乌贼(Sepial ycidas)、日本无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)、柏氏四盘耳乌贼(Euprymna berryi)(乌贼目)、剑尖枪乌贼(Uroteuthis edulis)(枪形目)和弯斑蛸(Octopus dollfusi)(八腕目)等7种头足类动物墨汁中的钠、钾含量进行了检测.结果显示:乌贼目墨汁的钠含量比八腕目和枪形目高.五种乌贼目动物中,金乌贼与拟目乌贼、日本无针乌贼、柏氏四盘耳乌贼,拟目乌贼与虎斑乌贼,虎斑乌贼与日本无针乌贼的墨汁钠含量存在显著的差异(P＜0.05),其余的组合无显著差异.不同目的动物墨汁的钾含量无明显的差异.     

EGG ACTIVATION AND PARTHENOGENETIC REPRODUCTION IN INSECTS

1. Many insects reproduce by parthenogenesis. In one of the largest orders of the animal kingdom, the Hymenoptera, most of its members reproduce by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Egg activation in parthenogenetic animals obviously cannot be caused by fertilization of the egg. The question of what initiates egg development in parthenogenetically reproducing animals has been studied for a few insect species and is discussed in this article. 2. The grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis is one of several Orthoptera displaying accidental parthenogenesis. In this species, egg laying provides the stimulus to the completion of meiosis and start of embryonic development in unfertilized and probably also in fertilized eggs. The same holds true for the dipteran insect Drosophila melanogaster which exhibits rudimentary parthenogenesis, and for D. mercatorum showing accidental parthenogenesis. The precise way in which oviposition affects the egg is unknown. 3. The stick insect Carausius morosus reproduces by obligatory thelytoky. The triggering factor for removal of the meiotic block and initiation of embryonic development is oxygen from the air which penetrates to the egg through the micropyle immediately after oviposition. The oviposition act itself is not necessary for activation of the egg. 4. Comparative studies of the different types of oogenesis in the dipteran insect Heteropeza pygmaea show that in paedogenetically developing follicles meiotic arrest in prophase is of very short duration and a meiotic block at the end of oogenesis is absent. It is suggested that in this case triggering events for egg development are dispensable. On the other hand, under certain experimental conditions a meiotic block can be established in some of these follicles. 5. Investigations on the Ichneumonid wasp Pimpla turionellae have shown that unfertilized, male-determined eggs - and most likely also fertilized, femaledetermined eggs - are activated by mechanical stress exerted on the eggs during natural or imitated oviposition. This mechanical stress, in addition, activates a streaming system which is independent of meiotic completion and nuclear multiplication. Egg activation by egg distortion is also found in the Pteromalid species Nasonia vitripennis and occurs presumably in many other Hymenoptera. 6. Carausius morosus, Pimpla turionellae and Nasonia vitripennis are species with parthenogenetic reproduction for which the natural factors responsible for the initiation of egg development have been identified. The cases of Pimpla turionellae and Nasonia vitripennis are of particular interest because of the feasibility of artificially imitating the natural activating mechanism. 7. It is concluded that apart from fertilization various events at oviposition may trigger egg development. In addition, the occurrence of rudimentary parthenogenesis in many sexually reproducing animal species suggests that sperm entry and fertilization may frequently be necessary for the continuation of egg development rather than for its initiation.     

Regeneration of Fertile Barley Plants from Mechanically Isolated Protoplasts of the Fertilized Egg Cell

A simple procedure is described for the mechanical isolation of protoplasts of unfertilized and fertilized barley egg cells from dissected ovules. Viable protoplasts were isolated from ~75% of the dissected ovules. Unfertilized protoplasts did not divide, whereas almost all fertilized protoplasts developed into microcalli. These degenerated when grown in medium only. When cocultivated with barley microspores undergoing microspore embryogenesis, the protoplasts of the fertilized egg cells developed into embryo-like structures that gave rise to fully fertile plants. On average, 75% of cocultivated protoplasts of fertilized egg cells developed into embryo-like structures. Fully fertile plants were regenerated from ~50% of the embryo-like structures. The isolation-regeneration techniques may be largely genotype independent, because similar frequencies were obtained in two different barley varieties with very different performance in anther and microspore culture. Protoplasts of unfertilized and fertilized eggs of wheat were isolated by the same procedure, and a fully fertile wheat plant was regenerated by cocultivation with barley microspores.     

Interspecific hybridization between Nicotiana repanda Willd. and N. tabacum L. through the pollen irradiation technique and the egg cell irradiation technique

Summary Two techniques were useful in overcoming hybrid inviability between N. repanda and N. tabacum. These techniques combine gamma-ray irradiation to pollen or to egg cells (in ovules) with in vitro culture of fertilized ovules. When in vitro culture of fertilized ovules from in situ hybridization of N. repanda x N. tabacum was combined without gamma-ray irradiation to pollen or to egg cells (in ovules), all of the resulting seedlings developed chlorosis and died. Furthermore, in the case of in situ hybridization of N. repanda x N. tabacum with gamma-ray irradiated N. tabacum pollen, no viable seeds were obtained. By using both techniques, combining gamma-ray irradiation to N. tabacum pollen or to egg cells in (N. repanda ovules) with in vitro culture of fertilized ovules, we were successful in obtaining flowering hybrid plants. Thus, it appears that it may be possible to overcome hybrid inviability to a certain extent using both the pollen irradiation technique and the egg cell irradiation technique, i.e., gamma-ray irradiation to pollen or to egg cells (in ovules) before pollination and in vitro culture of fertilized ovules.The research reported in this paper is in partial fulfillment of PhD requirements for the senior author     

神农架北萱草植物订正:形态及核型证据

产自鄂西北神农架的北萱草植物一直被误定为萱草。笔者对产自神农架燕子垭的萱草属植草属植株进行了栽培实验和核型分析。结果表明所研究的植株为北萱草而非萱草。北萱草通常分布在华北,故在神农架为新分布记录。     

DOES BATEMAN'S PRINCIPLE APPLY TO BROADCAST-SPAWNING ORGANISMS? EGG TRAITS INFLUENCE IN SITU FERTILIZATION RATES AMONG CONGENERIC SEA URCHINS

Evolutionary biologists generally invoke male competition and female choice as mechanisms driving sexual selection. However, in broadcast-spawning organisms sperm may be limiting and females may compete, in the Darwinian sense, for increased mating success. In this study, I investigate how species differences in egg and sperm traits result in different patterns of fertilization among three closely related sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. franciscanus, and S. droebachiensis). Field studies demonstrate that all three species achieve similar percentages of eggs fertilized when eggs and sperm are released simultaneously. However, when sperm must disperse before encountering eggs, differences arise among species such that those with the smaller eggs and faster but shorter-lived sperm achieve relatively fewer fertilizations than do species with larger eggs and slower but longer-lived sperm. A field hybridization experiment, field estimates of sperm dispersal, correlations of egg size to field rates of fertilization, laboratory studies of fertilization kinetics, and a simulation model all suggest that it is attributes of the egg (probably egg size) that are responsible for the differences. These patterns of fertilization match the species' patterns of dispersion; species that do well only when sperm and eggs are released in close proximity are more aggregated, species that do relatively well when sperm and eggs are released farther apart are more dispersed. These results are consistent with the notion that eggs of different species are adapted to maximize reproductive success under different degrees of sperm limitation and suggest that male competition and female choice may not be an appropriate dichotomy in broadcast-spawning organisms.     

Prefeeding larval development time is not correlated with egg size in regular echinoids (Strongylocentrotus species)

Summary

We compared prefeeding development times, from fertilized egg to prism larva, for Strongylocentrotus embryos from four clutches of eggs (each from a different species) differing in size. Development times did not vary consistently with egg diameter, and trends among eggs of different sizes varied with stage of development. In some cases, development times for eggs of intermediate diameter (S. franciscanus) were longer than those for larger or smaller eggs. Although mean egg diameters in clutches ranged from 84 μm (S. purpuratus) to 162 μm (S. pallidus), differences in development time to the last embryonic stage (prism) were very small. We conclude that the inverse relationship between parental investment in offspring and premetamorphic development time in echinoids depends only on the functional consequences of reduced size of feeding larval stages: effects of egg size on prefeeding development time are not evident.     

Cell-cycle dependency of radiosensitivity and mutagenesis in fertilized egg cells of rice,Oryza sativa L.

Summary To determine the time and duration of the first and second DNA synthetic phases in fertilized egg cells and central cells of rice, a total of 753 ovules were sampled at 2 h intervals during the first 30 h after pollination and exposed to ³H-thymidine for 2 h at 25 °C. Autoradiographic observation of labeled nuclei was made for fertilized egg cells, as well as for central and antipodal cells. The first and second DNA synthetic phases in fertilized egg cells were found 8–12 h and 21–25 h after pollination, respectively. The durations of each cell-cycle phase in the egg cell were estimated to be 4–6 h for G₁, 4 h vor S and for G₂, and 2 h for M. In the central cell, the first DNA synthesis took place at 3–4 h after pollination, i.e., immediately after fertilization, followed by the formation of the primary endosperm nucleus. Antipodal cells also showed labeled nuclei in the early stages after fertilization. The first divisions of fertilized egg cell and primary endosperm nucleus were observed at 16–18h and at 4–6 h after pollination, respectively. The present observations suggest that sperm and egg nuclei participate in fertilization with haploid amount (1C) of DNA and fertilized egg cell originates thus in 2C state.     

Fertilization state of Ascaris suum determined by electrorotation

Electrorotation is a non-invasive technique that is capable of detecting changes in the morphology and physicochemical properties of microorganisms. The first detailed electrorotation study of the egg (ovum) of a parasitic nematode, namely Ascaris suum is described to show that electrorotation can rapidly differentiate between fertilized and non-fertilized eggs. Support for this conclusion is by optical microscopy of egg morphology, and also from modelling of the electrorotational response. Modelling was used to determine differences in the dielectric properties of the unfertilized and fertilized eggs, and also to investigate specific differences in the spectra of fertilized eggs only, potentially reflecting embryogenesis. The potential of electrorotation as an investigative tool is shown, as undamaged eggs can be subjected to further non-destructive and destructive techniques, which could provide further insight into parasite biology and epidemiology.     

Something Darwin didn't know about barnacles: spermcast mating in a common stalked species

Most free-living barnacles are hermaphroditic, and eggs are presumed to be fertilized either by pseudo-copulation or self-fertilization. Although the common northeast Pacific intertidal gooseneck barnacle, Pollicipes polymerus, is believed only to cross-fertilize, some isolated individuals well outside penis range nonetheless bear fertilized eggs. They must therefore either self-fertilize or—contrary to all prior expectations about barnacle mating—obtain sperm from the water. To test these alternative hypotheses, we collected isolated individuals bearing egg masses, as well as isolated pairs where at least one parent carried egg masses. Using 16 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, we confirmed that a high percentage of eggs were fertilized with sperm captured from the water. Sperm capture occurred in 100 per cent of isolated individuals and, remarkably, even in 24 per cent of individuals that had an adjacent partner. Replicate subsamples of individual egg masses confirmed that eggs fertilized by captured sperm occurred throughout the egg mass. Sperm capture may therefore be a common supplement to pseudo-copulation in this species. These observations (i) overturn over a century of beliefs about what barnacles can (or cannot) do in terms of sperm transfer, (ii) raise doubts about prior claims of self-fertilization in barnacles, (iii) raise interesting questions about the capacity for sperm capture in other species (particularly those with short penises), and (iv) show, we believe for the first time, that spermcast mating can occur in an aquatic arthropod.     

Development of eggs and larvae of Stolephorus commersonnii and taxonomic key to fish eggs of the Clupeidae and Engraulidae off China

Fish eggs of successive stages of embryonic development, which were identified as belonging to specimens of Commerson's anchovy Stolephorus commersonnii through comparative molecular techniques, were collected from Leqing Bay, Zhejiang, China. Some eggs were reared artificially to obtain samples of successive developmental stages of larvae. The fertilized eggs of S. commersonnii are ellipsoidal and non-adhesive. The surface of the egg membrane is smooth and the perivitelline space is narrow. There is a single oil globule in the irregularly segmented yolk. Newly hatched larvae are transparent and devoid of pigments. Development of the larvae occurs in the following sequence: 8?h after hatching, the anus unfolds; 12?h after hatching, the pectoral fins emerge; 24?h after hatching, the liver and branchial arches emerge, and the alimentary canal differentiates into the oesophagus and intestinal canal; 30?h after hatching, the eyes become pigmented; 36?h after hatching, the upper and lower jaws become distinct; 42?h after hatching, the stellate melanophores emerge; 72?h after hatching, the postlarval developmental stage begins with the emergence of the dorsal fin. Based on the morphology of eggs and larvae of S. commersonnii, a taxonomic key to fish eggs of the Clupeidae and Engraulidae off China is established to provide an efficient and convenient way to identify the egg specimens. The fish eggs of the Clupeidae and Engraulidae off China could be identified to some extent by the buoyancy, shape and diameter of eggs, the number of layers in the egg membrane, the size of the perivitelline space, the number and diameters of oil globules, and the distribution of pigments. Meanwhile, their prelarvae could be identified by the number and diameters of oil globules, the distribution of pigments, the location of the anus and the number of myomeres.