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1.
Pectinesterase is present in green tomato fruit and increases several-fold during ripening. Several isoenzymes of pectinesterase are known to exist in tomatoes, but one isoenzyme predominates in the fruit of most cultivars. A few cherry tomato cultivars have been identified that contain low levels of this isoenzyme and much higher levels of another pectinesterase that is unique to those cultivars. The two major pectinesterases were purified to homogeneity and characterized. There were significant differences in the pectinesterases but they cross-reacted with antibodies raised against them and their N-terminal amino acid sequences were similar. 相似文献
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Julie Gray Steve Picton Junaid Shabbeer Wolfgang Schuch Don Grierson 《Plant molecular biology》1992,19(1):69-87
Considerable progress in tomato molecular biology has been made over the past five years. At least 19 different mRNAs which increase in amount during tomato fruit ripening have been cloned and genes for enzymes involved in cell wall degradation (polygalacturonase and pectinesterase) and ethylene synthesis (ACC synthase) have been identified by conventional procedures. Transgenic plants have been used to identify regions of DNA flanking fruit-specific, ripening-related and ethylene-regulated genes and trans-acting factors which bind to these promoters have also been identified.Antisense genes expressed in transgenic plants have proved to be highly effective for inhibiting the specific expression of ripening-related genes. These experiments have changed our understanding of how softening occurs in tomato fruit. Antisense techniques have also been used to identify genes encoding enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis (phytoene synthase) and ethylene biosynthesis (the ethylene-forming enzyme). The altered characteristics of fruit transformed with specific antisense genes, such as retarded ripening and resistance to splitting, may prove to be of value to fruit growers, processors and ultimately the consumer. 相似文献
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Inheritance and effect on ripening of antisense polygalacturonase genes in transgenic tomatoes 总被引:28,自引:0,他引:28
Christopher J. S. Smith Colin F. Watson Peter C. Morris Colin R. Bird Graham B. Seymour Julie E. Gray Christine Arnold Gregory A. Tucker Wolfgang Schuch Steven Harding Donald Grierson 《Plant molecular biology》1990,14(3):369-379
The role of the cell wall hydrolase polygalacturonase (PG) during fruit ripening was investigated using novel mutant tomato lines in which expression of the PG gene has been down regulated by antisense RNA. Tomato plants were transformed with chimaeric genes designed to express anti-PG RNA constitutively. Thirteen transformed lines were obtained of which five were analysed in detail. All contained a single PG antisense gene, the expression of which led to a reduction in PG enzyme activity in ripe fruit to between 5% and 50% that of normal. One line, GR16, showed a reduction to 10% of normal PG activity. The reduction in activity segregated with the PG antisense gene in selfed progeny of GR16. Plants homozygous for the antisense gene showed a reduction of PG enzyme expression of greater than 99%. The PG antisense gene was inherited stably through two generations. In tomato fruit with a residual 1% PG enzyme activity pectin depolymerisation was inhibited, indicating that PG is involved in pectin degradation in vivo. Other ripening parameters, such as ethylene production, lycopene accumulation, polyuronide solubilisation, and invertase activity, together with pectinesterase activity were not affected by the expression of the antisense gene. 相似文献
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Belinda Martineau Catherine M. Houck Raymond E. Sheehy William R. Hiatt 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》1994,5(1):11-19
This paper describes the analysis of tomato plants transformed with a chimeric gene consisting of the promoter region of a fruit specifically expressed tomato gene linked to the ipt gene coding sequences from the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The pattern of expression of this chimeric gene was found to be consistent with the expression of the endogenous fruit-specific gene and consequently, plants expressing the chimeric gene were phenotypically normal until fruit maturation and ripening. A dramatically altered fruit phenotype, islands of green pericarp tissue remaining on otherwise deep red ripe fruit, was then evident in many of the transformed plants. Cytokinin levels in transformed plant fruit tissues were 10 to 100-fold higher than in control fruit. In the leaves of a fruit-bearing transformant, despite a lack of detectable ipt mRNA accumulation, approximately fourfold higher than control leaf levels of cytokinin were detected. It is suggested that cytokinin produced in fruit is being transported to the leaves since accumulation in leaves of PR-1 and chitinase mRNAs, which encode defense-related proteins known to be induced by cytokinin, occurred only when the transformant was reproductively active. Effects of elevated cytokinin levels on tomato fruit gene expression and cellular differentiation processes are also described. 相似文献
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Recent advances in fruit development and ripening: an overview 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
White PJ 《Journal of experimental botany》2002,53(377):1995-2000
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Genetic mapping of ripening and ethylene-related loci in tomato 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
J. Giovannoni H. Yen B. Shelton S. Miller J. Vrebalov P. Kannan D. Tieman R. Hackett D. Grierson H. Klee 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(6-7):1005-1013
The regulation of tomato fruit development and ripening is influenced by a large number of loci as demonstrated by the number
of existing non-allelic fruit development mutations and a multitude of genes showing ripening-related expression patterns.
Furthermore, analysis of transgenic and naturally occurring tomato mutants confirms the pivotal role of the gaseous hormone
ethylene in the regulation of climacteric ripening. Here we report RFLP mapping of 32 independent tomato loci corresponding
to genes known or hypothesized to influence fruit ripening and/or ethylene response. Mapped ethylene-response sequences fall
into the categories of genes involved in either hormone biosynthesis or perception, while additional ripening-related genes
include those involved in cell-wall metabolism and pigment biosynthesis. The placement of ripening and ethylene-response loci
on the tomato RFLP map will facilitate both the identification and exclusion of candidate gene sequences corresponding to
identified single gene and quantitative trait loci contributing to fruit development and ethylene response.
Received: 26 October 1998 / Accepted: 13 November 1998 相似文献
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Raviv Azari Yaakov TadmorAyala Meir Moshe ReuveniDalia Evenor Sahadia NahonHaviva Shlomo Lea ChenIlan Levin 《Biotechnology advances》2010
Due to its economic importance, ease of genetic manipulation, cultivation and processing, the tomato plant has been a target for increasing and diversifying content of fruit phytonutrients by transgenic and non-transgenic approaches. The tomato high pigment (hp) mutations exemplify the latter alternative and due to their positive effect on fruit lycopene content, they were introgressed into elite tomato germplasm for cost effective extraction of this important carotenoid. Interestingly, hp mutant fruits are also characterized by higher fruit levels of other functional metabolites, phenotypes caused by mutations in central genes regulating light signal-transduction. This gene identification suggests that modulation of light signaling machinery in plants may be highly effective towards manipulation of fruit phytonutrients but has never been thoroughly reviewed. This review therefore summarizes the progress which has been made on this valuable approach, emphasizing the consequences of transgenic modulation of light signaling components on the functional properties of the tomato fruit. 相似文献
10.
Jill Deikman 《Physiologia plantarum》1997,100(3):561-566
11.
Induction of parthenocarpy in tomato via specific expression of the<Emphasis Type="Italic"> rolB</Emphasis> gene in the ovary 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The molecular signals for the development of the ovary into fruit following ovule fertilization are not clear. However, in many species, including tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), auxins and auxin transport inhibitors can substitute for fertilization as activators of fruit set, suggesting that this plant hormone plays a key role in this process. In agreement, transgenes for auxin biosynthesis expressed under ovary- or ovule-specific promoters were shown earlier to enable parthenocarpic (i.e. seedless) fruit development. In the present study, we tested an alternative approach for the induction of parthenocarpy that is based on ovary-specific expression of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes-derived gene rolB. This gene was chosen because rolB transgenic plants manifest several syndromes characteristic of auxin treatment. Tomato plants transformed with a chimeric construct containing the rolB gene fused to the ovary- and young-fruit-specific promoter TPRP-F1 developed parthenocarpic fruits. Fruit size and morphology, including jelly fill in the locules of the seedless fruits, were comparable to those of seeded fruits of the parental line. Although it is not known whether ROLB signals for the same cassette of genes involved in fertilization-dependent fruit development, it clearly activates a battery of genes that enable successful completion of seedless fruit development in tomato. 相似文献
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Sink Metabolism in Tomato Fruit : IV. Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Sucrose Accumulation 总被引:9,自引:8,他引:1
Fruit of domesticated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) accumulate primarily glucose and fructose, whereas some wild tomato species, including Lycopersicon chmielewskii, accumulate sucrose. Genetic analysis of progeny resulting from a cross between L. chmielewskii and L. esculentum indicated that the sucrose-accumulating trait could be stably transferred and that the trait was controlled by the action of one or two recessive genes. Biochemical analysis of progeny resulting from this cross indicated that the sucrose-accumulating trait was associated with greatly reduced levels of acid invertase, but normal levels of sucrose synthase. Invertase from hexose-accumulating fruit was purified and could be resolved into three isoforms by chromatofocusing, each with isoelectric points between 5.1 and 5.5. The invertase isoforms showed identical polypeptide profiles on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, consisting of a primary 52 kilodalton polypeptide and two lower molecular mass polypeptides that appear to be degradation products of the 52 kilodalton polypeptide. The three invertase isoforms were indistinguishable based on pH, temperature, and substrate concentration dependence. Immunological detection of invertase indicated that the low level of invertase in sucrose-accumulating fruit was due to low levels of invertase protein rather than the presence of an invertase inhibitor. Based on comparison of genetic and biochemical data we speculate that a gene either encoding tomato fruit acid invertase or one required for its expression, plays an important role in determining sucrose accumulation. 相似文献
18.
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Ailsa Craig) were transformed with a gene construct having 244 bp of the 5 end of a polygalacturonase (PG) cDNA, coding for a 71 amino acid N-terminal extension to the mature protein, fused to 1320 bp of a pectinesterase (PE) cDNA encoding the full sequence of the mature PE protein. This chimaeric gene was inserted in a sense orientation between a CaMV 35S promoter and terminator for constitutive expression. In transformed tomato plants expression of the endogenous PG and PE genes in the fruit was inhibited; there was little or no observable PG and PE mRNA and a substantial reduction in the level of PG and PE enzyme activity. The transgene was expressed in the leaves of the transformed plants as demonstrated by the accumulation of mRNA, but no protein product could be identified. However, no transgene mRNA or protein were observed in the transgenic fruit.This paper represents the first report of the down-regulation of two non-homologous endogenous genes using a single gene construct. A sense gene construct was responsible for these effects. These findings are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of action of co-suppression. 相似文献
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Abscisic acid and sucrose regulate tomato and strawberry fruit ripening through the abscisic acid‐stress‐ripening transcription factor
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Haifeng Jia Songtao Jiu Cheng Zhang Chen Wang Pervaiz Tariq Zhongjie Liu Baoju Wang Liwen Cui Jinggui Fang 《Plant biotechnology journal》2016,14(10):2045-2065