An Incubator for the Simulation of a Fluctuating Light Climate in Studies of Planktonic Primary Productivity

A laboratory system for the quantification of phytoplankton photosynthesis under fluctuating light climate conditions is described. It consists of 2 temperature-controlled incubators with a variable light supply, an algal batch culture in incubation bottles with appropriate stirrers and a set of oxygen electrodes to monitor algal photosynthesis. By the rotation of special grey filters between the incubator and the light source, a regular up and down movement in the water column is simulated in up to 7 parallel bottles. Different ratios of euphotic depth to mixing depth and different velocities can be applied. Simultaneously, 8 bottles can be incubated under constant light. The system is demonstrated in experiments with Chlamydomonas sp. Further possibilities of application are proposed.     

Pigment Content of Selected Planktonic Algae in Response to Simulated Natural Light Fluctuations and a Short Photoperiod

The lipophilic photosynthetic pigments in Limnothrix redekei, Planktothrix agardhii (cyanobacteria), Stephanodiscus minutulus, Synedra acus (diatoms), Scenedesmus acuminatus, and Scenedesmus armatus (chlorophycean) all isolated from an eutrophic lake were quantitatively determined by HPLC. The algae were grown semi-continuously under nutrient sufficient conditions at 20°C at a 12/12 h light/dark cycle with constant irradiance or with simulated natural light fluctuations as well as at a 6/18 h light/dark cycle with constant irradiance, all at the same daily light exposure. The zeaxanthin and the myxoxanthophyll contents of cyanobacteria were not influenced by fluctuating light, a short photoperiod or a different sampling time. The chlorophyll b/a ratio, the lutein/chlorophyll a ratio, and the neoxanthin content of chlorophycean as well as the chlorophyll c/a and the fucoxanthin/chlorophyll a ratio of diatoms were only slightly influenced by these factors. Therefore in some cases marker pigment contents and in other cases marker pigment/chlorophyll a ratios may be more useful for quantifying the relative importance of different taxonomic groups in natural phytoplankton. Simulated natural light fluctuations or the length of the photoperiod only slightly influenced the pigment content or the marker pigment/chlorophyll a ratio.     

Light climate and phytoplankton photosynthesis in maritime Antarctic lakes

The responses of phytoplankton populations to seasonal changes in radiation flux in two Antarctic lakes with extensive winter ice-cover are described. A phytoplankton capable of photosynthesis was found throughout the year in both systems. During winter, low incident radiation combined with thick layers of snow and ice prevented in situ photosynthesis becoming detectable. The beginning of spring was marked by a reduction in snow cover which resulted in a considerable increase in surface penetrating radiation. Planktonic algae rapidly adapted to utilise these increased levels efficiently, though they still showed characteristics of strong shade adaptation.Loss of ice cover at the start of the short open water period further increased the radiation levels and a summer population developed which was much less shade adapted. Saturation and photoinhibition effects were widespread during this period as the algae proved unable to utilise high radiation levels efficiently. They were however effective at the radiation fluxes prevalent in the lower part of the rapidly circulating water columns.     

不同土壤水分条件下珍珠油杏的光合光响应特征

用CIRAS-2便携式光合仪测定了不同土壤水分条件下(土壤相对含水量为84.7%～22.8%)2年生珍珠油杏叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、胞间CO2浓度等光合生理参数的光响应过程,探讨其光合生理特性对土壤水分和光照强度的响应规律。结果表明:(1)随着土壤水分含量的降低,珍珠油杏叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点均呈降低趋势,表观量子效率先升高后降低,光补偿点先降低后升高。(2)利于珍珠油杏进行高光合作用并维持高水分利用效率的土壤相对含水量为43.6%～84.7%,适宜的光照强度为800～2 000μmol.m-2.s-1,即珍珠油杏对土壤水分和光照强度适应范围较广。(3)在土壤相对含水量43.6%～73.5%范围内,气孔限制是导致珍珠油杏光合速率下降的主要原因,在低于43.6%范围内,非气孔限制是导致光合速率下降的主要原因。研究认为,珍珠油杏是一种抗旱性比较强的植物,适合在华北干旱瘠薄山地引种栽培。     

不同光照强度对四季金花茶光合生理特性的影响

采用四季金花茶(Camellia perpetua) 2年生扦插苗为试材,设置10%光照、20%光照、40%光照和全光照等4个光照强度处理,植株适应45 d后测定其叶片光合指标和生理指标。结果表明,10%光照处理的叶片光合速率和气孔导度最高,20%光照和40%光照之间无显著差异,但均显著高于全光照处理;全光照处理的胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率显著高于其他三个处理,20%光照和10%光照处理的胞间CO2浓度差异不明显,但均显著低于40%光照处理,20%光照和40%光照处理的蒸腾速率差异不明显,但均显著高于10%光照处理。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量以40%光照处理的为最高,显著高于其他处理;10%光照处理的植株叶片蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性最高,各处理间蛋白质含量差异显著,全光照处理的POD活性显著低于其他处理;可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以全光照处理为最高,而10%光照处理的最低。遮阴的低光照环境更适合于四季金花茶生长,有利于植株进行光合作用,而高强度光照环境对四季金花茶光合生理产生不同程度的抑制作用。     

不同光强下红松幼树光合作用和营养物质含量的季节模式

一、前言原始红松林下幼树生长缓慢,死亡率高,若干文献通过与桦木林光照和水热条件的对比观察,认为光是影响生长的主要原因。但同时也发现,在植物一切代谢活动最旺盛的生长季(6—9月),上述二种林下的光强(lx)     

不同土壤水分下4种沙生灌木的光合光响应特性

采用盆栽试验在适宜水分、中度干旱和重度干旱(土壤田间持水量的70%-75%、45%-50%和30%-35%)条件下,研究了4种沙生灌木柠条、花棒、沙木蓼和杨柴1年生幼苗的光合光响应特性。结果表明:各灌木光响应曲线的变化趋势基本一致,采用非直角双曲线模型拟合良好;各灌木净光合速率在同等光合有效辐射时均表现为适宜水分中度干旱重度干旱;各灌木在干旱条件下叶片表观量子效率与最大净光合速率均较适宜水分下降低,两项参数在中度与重度干旱下的平均降幅柠条均为最小,反映出柠条光合作用对干旱胁迫较强的适应性;干旱条件下光饱和点的降低是造成4种沙生灌木对光照需求改变的主要原因,光补偿点和饱和点的协同变化表明柠条具有对光环境良好的适应性;4种沙生灌木在干旱条件下暗呼吸速率均降低。在西北沙区人工植被建设中从光合特性考虑,柠条更宜作为土壤水分较差立地上的先锋树种。     

蓝光对浮游状态和生物膜内铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌作用

目的：探讨450 nm-470 nm可见光（蓝光）是否具有杀灭浮游状态和生物膜内铜绿假单胞菌的作用。方法：分别采用不同能量密度的蓝光照射浮游状态铜绿假单胞菌,与红光对照组、空白对照组相比,将照射后细菌采用平板涂板法评价蓝光杀菌效果;制作铜绿假单胞菌生物膜模型,16 J/cm2能量密度蓝光照射后通过激光共聚焦显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察生物膜内细菌存活情况以及生物膜结构变化。结果：与空白对照组相比,2 J/cm2及以上能量密度组蓝光照射后,细菌数目明显减少,杀菌率明显增加（P〈0.05）,并呈剂量效应关系;16 J/cm2能量密度光照后生物膜内细菌死亡数较空白对照组明显增加且生物膜结构变稀疏。结论：450 nm-470 nm可见光（蓝光）具有高效杀灭浮游状态和生物膜内铜绿假单胞菌的作用。     

光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用

为了研究光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用,以番茄品种浙粉202为材料,研究了低温弱光后恢复期全光照与遮荫对光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：低温弱光（8℃/12℃,PFD 80 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）导致番茄叶片P_n、Φ_PSⅡ、qP和F_v′/F_m′的下降,但诱导了NPQ的上升,未引起F_v/F_m的变化;全光照（100%光照）下恢复1 使得植株叶片P_n、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、qP、NPQ和F_v′/F_m′均大幅下降,随后光合和荧光参数可缓慢恢复至对照水平;遮荫（40%光照）恢复植株F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ和F_v′/F_m′仅在第一天稍有下降,而P_n和qP还略有上升,NPQ虽有所降低但仍显著高于对照水平,随后光合和荧光参数均可迅速恢复到对照水平。说明低温弱光虽抑制了光合作用的进行,但并未引起光抑制的发生;全光照恢复加剧了叶片光抑制的发生,而遮荫恢复可通过叶片PSⅡ光化学活性的快速恢复和天线色素热耗散能力的增强以保护光合机构免受伤害,有利于光合作用的迅速恢复。     

Seasonal Dynamics of Benthic and Planktonic Algae in a Nutrient‐Rich Lowland River (Spree,Germany)

We studied chlorophyll a (chl. a), biovolume and species composition of benthic algae and phytoplankton in the eutrophic lower River Spree in 1996. The chl. a concentration was estimated as 3.5 (2.7–4.5) µg/cm² for epipsammon, 9.4 (7.4–11.9) µg/cm² for epipelon and 6.7 (5.7–7.8) µg/cm² for the epilithon (median and 95% C. L.). The mean total biomass of benthic algae was significantly higher (6.0 µg chl. a/cm²) than the areal chl. a content of the pelagic zone (1.6 µg chl. a/cm²). Although certain phytoplankton taxa were abundant in the periphyton, benthic taxa generally dominated the assemblages. Seasonal dynamics of benthic algae were probably controlled by light and nitrate supply (sand), discharge fluctuations (sand, mud) and invertebrate grazing (stones). This paper shows the importance of benthic algae even in phytoplankton‐rich lowland rivers with sandy or muddy sediments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

不同光环境对紫背天葵和白背三七生长及光合荧光特性的影响

以紫背天葵(Begonia fimbristipula)和白背三七(Gynura divaricata)两种优良野生蔬菜为研究对象,研究了自然全光照(L0)、郁闭度约50%林下(L1)、郁闭度约70%林下(L2)3种光环境下植株的生长及光合和荧光参数变化,以明确其耐荫性以及林下套种的可行性。结果显示:(1)紫背天葵和白背三七地径和株高在L0和L1处理之间无显著差异,而在L2处理下显著低于L0。(2)两种野菜最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)均随光照强度减弱逐渐降低,表观量子效率(AQY)在3种光环境下无显著差异;PSⅡ潜在最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和电子传递速率(ETR)也随光照强度减弱而减小,非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)却随光照强度减弱而增加。(3)两种野菜光合和荧光参数在L0和L1处理之间无显著差异,而在L2处理下显著低于L0。研究表明,在较大郁闭度林分下,紫背天葵和白背三七叶片叶绿素分子捕获激发能的效率降低,其PSⅡ吸收光能用于光化学电子传递的份额减少,而用于热耗散的份额增加,电子传递活性和通过电子传递链传递的能量降低,净光合速率下降,植株生长受到抑制;两种野菜均具有一定的耐阴性,可以在林分郁闭度50%左右的林下正常生长。     

Interactions between Light Situation,Depth of Mixing and Phytoplankton Growth during the Spring Period of Full Circulation

Investigations lasting several years at the artificial Lake Saidenbach have shown that, due to the poor light situation expressed in terms of average daily radiation (Riley 1957), mean daily exposure (Reynolds 1973), extinction depth and the ratio ^zmis/^zeu, no mass development of the phytoplankton should actually occur during the spring complete circulation. In practice, however, the period of complete circulation of the water in spring is not only a prerequisite for, but often also the factor causing, the mass development (usually Asterionella formosa). The poor light situation and the fact that the vertical phytoplankton profile shows significant differences between the plankton concentrations at different depths indicate that the spring complete circulation does not represent a complete recirculation, and thus mixing, of the water down to the bottom but involves only episodic and local partial recirculations interspersed with periods of relatively slight turbulence. The actual mixing depth during this period of complete circulation is therefore obviously less than the mean depth of the water concerned, which is commonly assumed to equal. This permits the algae in the upper layers to grow. Respiratory losses of the phytoplankton at greater depths probably remain slight due to their adaptation to low light intensities in winter.     

Influence of the mixing regime on algal photosynthetic performance in laboratory scale enclosures

The photosynthesis of plankton sampled from the eutrophic Lake Loosdrecht was studied in Laboratory Scale Enclosures (LSEs) with regard to the rate of mixing. First, two LSEs were operated at different mixing rates. No significant differences in photosynthetic performance were found, with the exception of a depressed photosynthesis in the afternoon in the LSE which had a low mixing rate. Secondly, when mixing was stopped, the phytoplankton which stayed in the dark due to the steep light gradient in the LSE responded by changing its maximal photosynthetic capacity. The results show that the filamentous cyanobacteria in the lake can respond rapidly to changes in the depth of the mixed layer by altering their photosynthetic performance.This is publication 567 of the Centre for Estuarine and Coastal Ecology.     

Oxygen Evolution from Algae Illuminated by Short and Long Flashes of Light

The oxygen produced by illuminating Ankistrodesmus braunii withsingle light flashes has been determined using the Hersch galvanicoxygen cell. Measurements were made with the cells suspendedin alkaline solution equilibrated with nitrogen containing oxygenat a partial pressure of 10^–4 mm. Hg.

1. A single light flash, if very brief (less than 5 millisec.)results in no measurable oxygen production; a longer flash (35millisec.) gave a yield of approximately 1 mole O₂/800 moleschlorophyll.
2. A pair of flashes suitably spaced gave a greateryield thanthe sum of the yields when given individually, althoughonewas so brief that by itself it produced no measurable oxygen.The yield of a long flash preceded by a short flash was twiceas great as that of the long flash given alone; when the flashorder was reversed the combined yield was smaller but stillgreater than for the long flash alone.
3. The combined yieldof a pair of flashes varies with the intervalseparating theflashes, rapidly rising to a maximum and thendecaying moreslowly. With a long and short flash the optimalinterval was0.7 sec. but some enhancement of yield was observedwhen theflashes were separated by as long as 10 or 15 sec.
4. When theflashes were superimposed on background illuminationthe yieldswere increased and were measurable even for the shortflashes.Measured with background illumination the optimal yieldfora pair of short flashes was obtained with flashes separatedby about 0.05 sec.

     

Performance and Photosynthetic Ecophysiology of Three Photo-Types of Dioscorea zingiberensis under Differing Light Intensities

Abstract: The performance and photosynthetic ecophysiology of three photo-types of Dioscorea zingiberensis were studied. The three types are designated DzTL, DzTM and DzTH, according to their adaptation to low (LL), medium (ML) and high (HL) light intensities, respectively. Under LL (23 - 55 μmol m^-2 s^-1) and simulated natural light (SNL), DzTM grows well with increased longevity, and green leaves which are unspotted; while its leaves became small, light yellow and short-lived under HL (550 - 850 μmol m^-2 s^-1). In contrast, under LL the leaves of DzTH were very large, spotted, light yellow and short-lived; while they were small, green and long-lived under HL. Under HL, DzTH had a much higher chlorophyll content than DzTM. Under LL, DzTM and DzTL had a higher Chl content than DzTH. Among the three types, DzTM had the highest peroxidase activity. DzTL had a higher electron transport rate (ETR), maximal quantum yield (MQY) and effective quantum yield (EQY) than DzTH and DzTL under LL, while DzTH had higher ETR, MQY and EQY than the other two types under ML and HL. Therefore, three different photo-types can be characterized according to their adaptation to LL, ML and HL: DzTL, DzTM and DzTH, respectively.     

持续低温弱光对黄瓜叶片气体交换、叶绿素荧光猝灭和吸收光能分配的影响

持续常温弱光(25℃/18℃,l00umol m-2 s-1)、低温弱光(12℃/12℃,100 umol m-2 s-1和7℃/7℃,l00μmolm-2s-1)均导致黄瓜生长减慢或停滞、叶绿素含量、气孔导度和净光合速率、光合电子传递速率下降以及胞间CO2浓度上升.常温弱光和12℃弱光处理对光系统II的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm无显著影响,而7℃弱光处理导致Fv/Fm的可逆性下降.常温弱光和7℃、12℃弱光处理均导致了光化学反应速率的降低以及天线热耗散和反应中心过剩能量的增加.在胁迫后,12℃弱光0比7℃弱光更有利于植株光合功能的恢复.     

Red Sea corals under Artificial Light Pollution at Night (ALAN) undergo oxidative stress and photosynthetic impairment

Coral reefs represent the most diverse marine ecosystem on the planet, yet they are undergoing an unprecedented decline due to a combination of increasing global and local stressors. Despite the wealth of research investigating these stressors, Artificial Light Pollution at Night (ALAN) or “ecological light pollution” represents an emerging threat that has received little attention in the context of coral reefs, despite the potential of disrupting the chronobiology, physiology, behavior, and other biological processes of coral reef organisms. Scleractinian corals, the framework builders of coral reefs, depend on lunar illumination cues to synchronize their biological rhythms such as behavior, reproduction and physiology. While, light pollution (POL) may mask and lead de‐synchronization of these biological rhythms process. To reveal if ALAN impacts coral physiology, we have studied two coral species, Acropora eurystoma and Pocillopora damicornis, from the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba, Red Sea, which is undergoing urban development that has led to severe POL at night. Our two experimental design data revealed that corals exposed to ALAN face an oxidative stress condition, show lower photosynthesis performances measured by electron transport rate (ETR), as well as changes in chlorophyll and algae density parameters. Testing different lights such as Blue LED and White LED spectrum showed more extreme impact in comparison to Yellow LEDs on coral physiology. The finding of this work sheds light on the emerging threat of POL and the impacts on the biology and ecology of Scleractinian corals, and will help to formulate specific management implementations to mitigate its potentially harmful impacts.     

不同光照条件下假俭草生长格局的分形研究

应用分形几何的原理和方法,研究不同光照条件下假俭草的生长格局。结果表明,假俭草具有自相似性的生长过程。不同光照条件下,假俭草具有不同的分形维数和相应的生物量积累规律。生物量积累速率随着分形维数的增大而增大。分形维数同时反映了假俭草的分枝能力和对空间的占据能力。假俭草种群具有依据外界条件而调节生长格局的生态适应能力。     

Growth rates of phytoplankton under fluctuating light

• 1 The effect of light fluctuations on the growth rates of four species of freshwater phytoplankton was investigated. Experimental light regimes included constant irradiance and fluctuations of a step function form, with equal proportion of high (maximum of 240 µmol photons m^‐2 s^‐1) and low light (minimum of 5 µmol photons m^‐2 s^‐1) (or dark) in a period. Fluctuations of 1, 8 and 24‐h periods were imposed over several average irradiances (25, 50, 100 and 120 µmol photons m^‐2 s^‐1).
• 2 Growth rate responses to fluctuations were species‐specific and depended on both the average irradiance and the period of fluctuations. Fluctuations at low average irradiances slightly increased growth rate of the diatom Nitzschia sp. and depressed growth of the cyanobacterium Phormidium luridum and the green alga Sphaerocystis schroeteri compared to a constant irradiance.
• 3 Fluctuations at higher average irradiance did not have a significant effect on the growth rates of Nitzschia sp. and Sphaerocystis schroeteri (fluctuations around saturating irradiances) and slightly increased the growth rates of the cyanobacteria Anabaena flos‐aquae and Phormidium luridum (when irradiance fluctuated between limiting and inhibiting levels).
• 4 In general, the effect of fluctuations tended to be greater when irradiance fluctuated between limiting and saturating or inhibiting levels of a species growth‐irradiance curve compared to fluctuations within a single region of the curve.
• 5 The growth rates of species under fluctuating light could not always be predicted from their growth‐irradiance curves obtained under constant irradiance. When fluctuations occur between limiting and saturating or inhibiting irradiances for the alga and when the period of fluctuations is long (greater than 8 h), steady‐state growth‐irradiance curves may be insufficient to predict growth rates adequately. Consequently, additional data on physiological acclimation, such as changes in photosynthetic parameters, may be required for predictions under non‐constant light supply in comparison to constant conditions.