多次交配对松褐天牛精子数量消耗、产卵量和孵化率的影响

通过解剖松褐天牛雌虫受精囊和室内饲养观察，研究了多次交配对松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内精子数量消耗、产卵量、卵孵化率、产卵历期和寿命的影响，并对松褐天牛雌性生殖系统、精子形态及精子在雌性生殖系统中的分布动态进行了详细的描述，其结果表明：多次交配的松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内的精子数量长期保持在12万个左右，而只交配一次的松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内精子数量不断消耗，交配16天后降到5万个以下。多次交配的雌虫产卵量(167.087 0粒)和卵孵化率(94.38%)都显著大于单次交配雌虫的产卵量(113.521 7粒)和卵孵化率(83.79%)；但是多次交配的雌虫与单次交配的雌虫相比较，产卵历期和寿命差异都不显著。     

交配次数对云斑天牛雌虫精子消耗量及产卵量的影响

通过室内饲养观察和解剖云斑天牛雌虫生殖系统,研究了单次和多次交配对云斑天牛雌虫精子数鼍的消耗、产卵量、产卵历期和寿命的影响,并对云斑天牛雌虫生殖系统、精子形态及精子在雌虫生殖系统中的分布动态进行了研究.结果表明,多次交配的云斑天牛雌虫交配一受精腔内的精子数量长期保持在80万个左右,而单次交配的云斑天牛雌虫交配一受精腔内...     

多次交配对异色瓢虫雌虫寿命及适合度的影响

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)为多次交配型昆虫,通过设计不同的交配次数,观察并记录不同交配组的雌虫产卵量、卯孵化率及成虫寿命等参数,探究多次交配对异色瓢虫雌虫适合度的影响.结果 表明多次交配对雌性异色瓢虫成虫的寿命有显著影响(P<0.05),交配次数越多雌性瓢虫的寿命越短;单次交配组在交配后第一周的产卵量明显低于多次交配组,为55.00±17.90枚,而4次、7次、14次交配组产卵量分别为102.29±11.97枚、93.60±13.09枚和93.36±14.95枚;多次交配可以提高异色瓢虫卵的孵化率,多次交配组卵的孵化率明显高于单次交配组,其中7次交配组最高(88.71%±0.29%),多次交配对异色瓢虫雌虫有直接利益,多次交配可以提高雌性异色瓢虫的适合度.     

延迟交配对昆虫生殖行为的影响以及与性信息素防治害虫的关系

对鳞翅目昆虫延迟交配对昆虫生殖力、卵孵化率、交配成功率、成虫寿命等进行了总结。雌虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率及与雄虫成功交配率,但可以延长雌虫寿命。雄虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率、产卵时间,雄虫的精子质量下降但寿命有所增加。已发现延迟交配在迷向法中控制害虫起着重要的作用,对进一步认识迷向法中不同作用机理以及延迟交配在迷向法防治害虫中的潜力进行了探讨。     

广聚萤叶甲成虫交配时长对产卵量与孵化率的影响

【目的】明确不同交配时长对广聚萤叶甲雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率的影响。【方法】在室内条件下,对不同交配时长下广聚萤叶甲的雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率进行观察:(1)选取羽化第3d的广聚萤叶甲雌雄虫随机配对,观察24 h,记录交配情况和时长;(2)在交配开始1、5、15、30、60 min时,强行分开雌雄成虫,然后将不同交配时长的雌虫进行单独饲养,以正常交配一次的雌虫作为对照,每个处理选取23组;(3)将15～30 cm健壮豚草小苗插入注满水的塑料小瓶内,将配对的一组雌雄成虫和豚草小苗放入养虫盒中饲养,每天更换带卵的小苗并记录叶片上的产卵量;(4)将上述带卵的小苗至于适宜条件下培养,记录5～7 d内卵块孵化的情况。【结果】广聚萤叶甲正常交配一次的对照组的产卵水平显著高于各处理组,单雌产卵为889粒,交配时间15 min以下各组雌虫的产卵量明显低于交配30 min以上的各组雌虫。同时交配时长5 min以下雌虫产的卵基本不能孵化,而交配时间达到30 min以上的各组卵块的孵化率明显提高。【结论】雄虫转移雌虫受精所需精子量需要耗费的时间为30 min左右,且雄虫有延长交配时间的趋性。该结果为研究广聚萤叶甲的生态特性以及优化种群繁殖提供科学依据。     

白马蝠蛾生殖习性的研究

本文首次报道了白马蝠蛾的生殖系统和生殖习性。白马蝠蛾雌性生殖系统与鳞翅目其他昆虫不同：无粘液腺器官;成虫产卵行为特殊,卵散产,产后有用尾和足扫土盖卵的习性;成虫交配授精以精包方式进行。交配除提供雌蛾精子外,还能刺激产卵。雌蛾生殖力强,生殖期短,产卵最多768粒,最少364粒,一生平均621粒,生殖期平均4.2天;成虫历期平均6.2天;卵平均历期48.5天(温度12.6 ℃)。最适宜成虫交配与产卵的温度为12.5-19.0 ℃,相对湿度75%-90%。     

松墨天牛成虫交配与产卵行为的观察

观察了养虫笼中松墨天牛Monochamus alternatusHope的交配和产卵行为。描述了雌、雄虫在交配过程中的多种行为,雌、雄虫间的交配时间可持续23~540 min,平均约200 min;有重复交配现象,重复交配次数可达2~18次;每次交配持续时间为2~100 s。雌虫背负雄虫,边取食边产卵;也可脱离雄虫单独产卵。雌虫在寄主枝条上咬槽产卵,通常日产卵1~2粒,最多3粒。产卵期的长短和产卵量的多少取决于雌虫个体寿命的长短。     

蛾类雄虫交配史对雌虫生殖适合度的影响:Meta分析

本文利用Meta分析方法,从29篇实例研究性文献中对27种雌性蛾类的适合度参数(产卵量、孵化率和寿命)进行分析,以确定雄虫的交配史如何影响雌虫的生殖适合度以及这种影响是否受科属和交配策略的影响。结果表明:雄虫的交配史对自身的精包大小或精子数量以及雌虫的生殖适合度具有明显的负作用,且这种负作用明显受科属和交配策略的影响;在菜蛾科、草螟科、螟蛾科、潜蛾科和蓑蛾科中,与有交配经历的雄虫交配后,雌蛾产卵量明显下降,但在卷蛾科和夜蛾科中没有差异;在潜蛾科、蓑蛾科、卷蛾科和夜蛾科中,与有交配经历的雄虫交配后,雌蛾卵孵化率明显下降,但在菜蛾科、草螟科和螟蛾科中没有差异;草螟科和螟蛾科中的雌蛾寿命随雄蛾的交配史而缩短,而卷蛾科和夜蛾科的雌蛾寿命随配偶的交配史而明显增加;尽管雄蛾交配史对单配制和多配制雌蛾的产卵量和孵化率具有明显的负作用,但雄虫的交配史明显缩短了单配制雌蛾的寿命而延长了多配制雌蛾的寿命;因此我们认为,在蛾类昆虫中,雄虫的交配史是影响雌虫生殖适合度的关键因素之一。     

三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为

【目的】研究三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri成虫的交配与产卵行为,丰富三叶虫萤的生物学研究,推动三叶虫萤的人工繁育。【方法】采用室内试验与野外观察相结合、仪器拍摄和人工观察相结合的方法研究三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为。【结果】本文先描述了三叶虫萤成虫交配前雄雄相遇、雌雌相遇、雌雄相遇分别会发生的情况,然后较为详细地描述了交配的过程。交配姿势有上下体位(或称"∠"型)和尾对尾体位(或称"—"型),后者由前者转换而来。雌雄成虫可以多次交配,雄虫有交配干扰和假交配现象。成虫24 h内均有交配现象,交配高峰出现在20:00-22:00(交配率20.8%)和12:00-14:00(交配率15.1%)。雌虫多数喜将卵产在潮湿的苔藓上,卵常聚集成一丛或成簇排列。雌虫可多次产卵,但初次产卵数量最多(高达67.82%),随后产卵量则随产卵次数增加而减少。雌雄虫多次交配后单只雌虫的第一次产卵量[(45±5)粒]多于单次交配后单只雌虫第一次产卵量[(20±4)粒]。雌虫的产卵次数和产卵量与其体重相关,体重越重则其产卵次数和产卵量越多。【结论】三叶虫萤的交配产卵行为与以往报道的萤火虫交配产卵行为很多相似之处,但也有一些特殊行为或规律。     

延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾繁殖力及寿命的影响

为明确延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella的影响,在室内条件下,分别对初羽化未交配的马铃薯块茎蛾雌虫、雄虫及雌雄虫同时延迟1～5 d配对饲养,研究不同延迟交配处理对该虫产卵量、卵的孵化率及雌雄成虫寿命的影响.结果表明,从产卵量来看,分别将雄虫或雌虫延迟1～3 d交配对产卵量无显著影响,而延迟4和5 d交配能显著降低其产卵量,其中雄虫分别延迟4 d和5 d交配后使单雌产卵量分别降低了 20.50％和42.00％,雌虫分别延迟4 d和5 d交配后单雌产卵量分别降低了 26.01％和35.79％.当将雌雄同时延迟1～2 d交配,对单雌产卵量无显著影响,而延迟3 d、4 d和5 d交配时,产卵量分别降低了 12.50％、23.84％和44.57％.从卵的孵化率来看,延迟1～5 d交配对卵的孵化无明显影响.从成虫寿命来看,不同延迟交配对雌雄虫的寿命均无显著影响.由此表明,马铃薯块茎蛾延迟3d或4 d后交配有利于降低其产卵量,因此可通过在田间设置性诱剂以干扰马铃薯块茎蛾正常交配来降低产卵量,从而达到控制田间马铃薯块茎蛾下一代虫口数量的作用.     

Spermatogenesis, changes in reproductive structures, and time constraint associated with insemination in Podisus nigrispinus

Males of the predatory stinkbug, Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), accomplish long and multiple matings. We hypothesize that this behavior is due to time requirement for spermatozoa production and their transference to the females. Thus, this work investigated the effect of mating status of males and mating duration on spermatozoa transference to the females and the location of spermatozoa in the male reproductive tract during mating. On females, morphological alterations on female spermatheca and associated structures during a mating were investigated. Analyses of male reproductive tract showed presence of spermatozoa in the lumen of vas deferens was independent of mating status (ca. virgin, 0, 12 and 24 h after having a full mating), indicating continuous spermatogenesis which is supported by the absence of a seminal vesicle for spermatozoa storage. Female spermatheca had no changes associated with the duration of mating. However, females exhibited spermathecal elastic duct swelling by 30 min of mating duration. The success of males in filling the female spermatheca with spermatozoa depends on duration of mating. Thus, the results indicate that multiple mating is a requirement for reproductive success in the species by transference of spermatozoa and accessory substances stored in the female spermathecal duct. Likewise, the long mating is a male requirement to transfer materials in appropriate amount to the female but it is not dependent on spermatozoa alone.     

Effect of multiple mating on the reproductive performance of the rice leaffolder moth,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

To clarify whether multiple mating of females and males affects the reproductive performance of the rice leaffolder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), we examined the effect of the number of matings (once, twice, or three times) for females (female treatment) and males (male treatment) on the incidence of moth mating, number of eggs laid, egg hatchability, and adult longevity. We also compared the effect of multiple mating imposed on males or females separately with the effect of that imposed on both sexes simultaneously (both sexes treatment). The incidence of mating of females and males that mated three times (3-mated females and males) was significantly lower than for females and males that mated twice or once (2-mated or 1-mated females and males). The incidence of mating of 1-mated moths (both sexes) was significantly higher than for 2-mated or 3-mated moths (both sexes). Two-mated or 3-mated females laid significantly more eggs with significantly higher hatchability than 1-mated females. Females that mated with 1-mated males (second male mating) or 2-mated males (third male mating) laid significantly fewer eggs than those that mated with virgin males (first male mating). Females laid significantly more eggs after the second and third matings for moths of both sexes than after the first mating for moths of both sexes. The mechanisms of improvement and decline of female reproductive performance when multiple mating was imposed on males or females are also discussed in relation to the reproductive biology of C. medinalis.     

Polyandry in grain beetles, Tenebrio molitor, leads to greater reproductive success: material or genetic benefits?

Females that mate with more than one male may derive both materialand genetic benefits, and differentiating between the two benefitsis often difficult. We tested for both material and geneticeffects associated with multiple mating in the highly promiscuousyellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Females that matedfour times to the same male laid more eggs and produced morelarvae than females that mated only once. Whether copulationsoccurred on the same day or over several days, the result wasan immediate increase in the production of eggs by females.Some females were kept on a restricted diet to test whethernutrients in the spermatophore disproportionately benefittedfood-deprived females. Although females on poor diets producedfewer and smaller offspring, diet did not significantly affect the proportional benefit of mating treatment on female fecundity.By controlling for male mating history, we were able to separatethe effects of mating with different males from the effectsof receiving multiple spermatophores from the same male. Femalesthat mated with four different males achieved substantial gainsin numbers of eggs produced (32% increase) beyond those offemales that mated an identical number of times with the same male. We found no evidence that males allocate fewer sperm toprevious mates. Egg hatchability was unaffected by mating behavior,suggesting that genetic incompatibility at that stage is notresponsible for the low reproductive success of females matedwith a single male. These results suggest that females maydelay or reduce oviposition or may be incapable of achieving maximal fecundity until they have gained the material and/orgenetic benefits of mating with multiple males.     

Effects of repeated mating and polyandry on the fecundity, fertility and maternal behaviour of female earwigs,Euborellia plebeja

I examined multiple mating and its function in female earwigs, Euborellia plebeja (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). Like other earwigs, females of this species care for their eggs and intermittently lay eggs in clutches (iteroparity). Analysis of two polymorphic allozyme loci revealed that wild-caught adult females laid clutches with low within-brood genetic relatedness (0.210), indicating that females were promiscuous under natural conditions. Rearing experiments in the laboratory revealed that: (1) repeated mating with a single male increased female fecundity (number of clutches laid) and hence the number of hatchlings produced; (2) estimated sperm number was positively correlated with hatchability; (3) when frequency of mating was controlled, polyandry enhanced hatchability, although this effect was not statistically significant; (4) duration of maternal care varied for clutches with low hatchability, and sometimes exceeded the mean interclutch interval. Thus, although a possible benefit of polyandry is suggested, the greater beneficial effect of repeated mating on female fecundity can explain polyandrous mating in this species. Because female earwigs invest considerable effort in brooding their clutches, it may be adaptive to suppress oviposition unless stored sperm ensures high fertility. Copyright 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.      

Delayed mating reduces reproductive output of female European grapevine moth,Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Virgin females of Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller were mated at ages of 1, 3, 5, 8, 12 and 16 days and the effect of mating delay on reproductive output assessed. Delayed mating did not affect female mating success but fertilization was reduced in 16-day-old females. Increased mating delays substantially affected daily oviposition pattern and resulted in a significant reduction of both fecundity and fertility, so that mean number of viable eggs laid decreased from 150 to 22 in 1- and 16-day-old mated females, respectively. Heavier females were more constrained than lighter ones by mating delays and female reproductive efficiency (no. viable eggs/female body weight) was also significantly reduced. Female longevity significantly increased and oviposition period gradually declined with mating delay. The number of viable eggs was positively correlated with both female weight and oviposition period; female longevity and female weight were also significantly correlated. However, the significance of these correlations declined with increased mating delay. Results overall indicated that mating delay drastically reduces female L. botrana reproductive output. The implications of delayed mating of females are discussed from an ecological perspective in relation to L. botrana control using mating disruption.     

延迟交配对山楂叶螨繁殖的影响

为了探索雌螨延迟交配对整个种群的负面效应, 采用叶碟饲养法, 在室内条件下研究了延迟交配对山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher繁殖及种群增长的影响。结果表明: 雌螨延迟交配主要影响寿命、产卵量, 进而影响种群增长率; 随着雌螨交配时间的延迟, 影响的程度逐渐加剧。交配延迟达到或超过7 d, 雌螨的寿命比对照延长20.17%, 产卵量比对照下降26.74%, 但对后代的孵化率、存活率无明显影响。对生命表参数的分析结果表明, 雌螨交配延迟达到或超过7 d, 会导致净生殖率显著下降、平均世代周期历期显著延长, 而内禀增长率则在交配延迟3 d时显著降低。未经交配的雌螨只能营孤雌生殖, 寿命延长了31.14%, 产卵量减少了30.08%。营孤雌生殖的雌螨可以通过与其后代回交而实现两性生殖。结果提示延迟交配会导致山楂叶螨的繁殖力降低。     

Reproductive costs of mating with a sibling male: sperm depletion and multiple mating in Cephalonomia hyalinipennis

Polygynous parasitoid males may be limited by the amount of sperm they can transmit to females, which in turn may become sperm limited. In this study, I tested the effect of male mating history on copula duration, female fecundity, and offspring sex ratio, and the likelihood that females will have multiple mates, in the gregarious parasitoid Cephalonomia hyalinipennis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Epyrinae), a likely candidate for sperm depletion due to its local mate competition system. Males were eager to mate with the seven females presented in rapid succession. Copula duration did not differ with male mating history, but latency before a first mating was significantly longer than before consecutive matings. Male mating history had no bearing on female fecundity (number of offspring), but significantly influenced offspring sex ratio. The last female to mate with a given male produced significantly more male offspring than the first one, and eventually became sperm depleted. In contrast, the offspring sex ratio of first‐mated females was female biased, denoting a high degree of sex allocation control. Once‐mated females, whether sperm‐depleted or not, accepted a second mating after a period of oviposition. Sperm‐depleted females resumed production of fertilized eggs after a second mating. Young, recently mated females also accepted a second mating, but extended in‐copula courtship was observed. Carrying out multiple matings in this species thus seems to reduce the cost of being constrained to produce only haploid males after accepting copulation with a sperm‐depleted male. I discuss the reproductive fitness costs that females experience when mating solely with their sibling males and the reproductive fitness gain of males that persist in mating, even when almost sperm‐depleted. Behavioural observations support the hypothesis that females monitor their sperm stock. It is concluded that C. hyalinipennis is a species with a partial local mating system.     

多次交配对小菜蛾精包形成与生殖力的影响

【目的】小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是主要为害十字花科作物的一种世界性害虫,强大的生殖能力是其成为田间最难防治的害虫的主要原因之一。交配是营两性生殖昆虫繁衍后代必要的一个生理过程,明确小菜蛾雌雄成虫的交配行为及交配后的生理响应,对于小菜蛾种群监测和综合防治具有重要意义。【方法】解剖观察小菜蛾成虫生殖腺及精包形成;利用行为学与生物学实验,测定和分析小菜蛾成虫交配与再交配能力、精包形成与消化,以及交配次数对精包形成以及雌虫生殖力的影响。【结果】小菜蛾雄成虫在交配过程中精液以精包的形式传递给雌成虫,在交配囊中精包呈白色、不透明、气球状结构,交配结束后精包可被充分消化和吸收。成虫交配能力观测结果显示,小菜蛾雌雄成虫均具有多次交配行为。首次交配后,雄成虫表现出短暂的再交配延迟,20 min内其交配成功率为54.6%,显著低于首次交配。虽然交配次数不会影响雄成虫的交配时长,但雄成虫交配史对其自身的精包大小以及雌成虫的生殖力均具有显著的抑制作用。雌成虫表现出明显的再交配抑制性,交配过的雌成虫在12 h内的交配率显著低于未交配雌成虫的,这可能取决于首次交配后精包的消化和吸收速率。雌成虫多次交配后,其产卵量和卵孵化率与单次交配的相比没有显著差异。【结论】多次交配会使小菜蛾雄成虫再交配延迟,雌成虫再交配受到抑制;多次交配产生的雄成虫精包显著减小,雌成虫产卵量与卵孵化率并没有从多次交配中获得收益。本研究为解析小菜蛾雌雄成虫生殖调控机制奠定理论基础。     

The effect of mating frequency and mating pattern on female reproductive fitness in cabbage beetle,Colaphellus bowringi

It is generally thought that females can receive more of the material benefits from males by increasing mating frequency and polyandry can lead to greater reproductive success. The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a highly promiscuous species, in which females or males can readily mate repeatedly with a given partner or multiple partners at a very high frequency. In the present study, the effect of mating frequency (number of matings) and mating pattern (polyandry vs. monogamy) on female reproductive fitness was investigated by measuring fecundity, fertility, and female longevity. The results indicated that increased female mating frequency with the same male did not result in variation in lifetime fecundity, but significantly increased fertility and decreased female longevity. Moreover, five copulations were sufficient to acquire maximal reproductive potential. Female lifetime fecundity also did not differ between polyandrous and monogamous treatments. However, monogamous females exhibited a significant increase in fertility and significant prolongation of longevity compared with polyandrous females, further demonstrating that monogamy is superior to polyandry in this beetle.     

Reproductive regulation in the female Japanese minnow, Pseudorasbora parva (Cyprinidae)

The Japanese minnow, Pseudorasbora parva, is a multiple spawner that lays eggs repeatedly during the spawning season. In laboratory aquaria, 19 of 63 females did not spawn, whereas 44 other females laid 167 to 6285 eggs in 1 to 14 mating sequences. Neither fish density nor sex ratio (number of males per female) affected fecundity, but the increase in fish density significantly decreased the growth rate of females. The increase in male length significantly increased fecundity in aquaria which contained only a single male, whereas it decreased female growth rate. These relationships were not evident in aquaria housing three or ten males. Since larger males were more dominant and had larger testes than smaller males, the correlation between fecundity and male size strongly suggests that individual females regulated fecundity to increase their reproductive success.