植物激素信号间的相互作用(综述)

本文从植物激素信号转导过程中特殊基因的鉴定、植物激素信号间、激素与糖之间的相互作用,以及激素对种子萌发和发育的影响等方面,概述近年来植物激素信号间相互作用的研究进展。     

小分子RNA在植物激素信号通路中的调控功能

植物激素是调控植物生长发育的信号分子。近年来的研究发现,小分子RNA作为基因表达调控网络的组分,参与植物激素信号途径,在植物生长发育和胁迫反应方面发挥重要作用。本文综述了miRNA和次级siRNA(Short interfering RNAs)介导的基因调控与植物激素信号通路相互作用的研究进展,主要包括生长素、赤霉素、油菜素内酯和脱落酸途径涉及的miRNA及其功能,并对不同发育过程中miRNA参与的不同激素信号通路的交叉和互作进行了讨论。     

芸薹素与其他植物激素相互作用的研究进展

芸薹素是植物中发现的固醇类激素,对植物的生长和发育等起着非常重要的作用,而这些重要的生理功能通常又需要通过与其它植物激素的相互作用.主要对芸薹素与其他植物激素之间相互作用的研究进展进行了综述.     

一氧化氮与植物激素的相互作用及其关系

NO在植物的生长发育、生理及信号传递过程中有着重要的调节作用。本文通过从植物根系的生长、种子萌发、程序性细胞死亡、光形态的建成、气孔的关闭及抑制其开放、成熟和衰老等方面对一氧化氮(NO)作为植物激素下游的信号分子发挥的生理功能进行了综述,进而对NO与植物激素生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸以及乙烯的相互作用加以讨论,来阐明NO与植物激素之间的关系,并对未来的研究方向作出展望,为NO与植物激素关系的研究提供理论参考。     

糖在植物中的感知与信号传导研究进展

糖在植物中不仅用于能量的代谢,同时还作为信号分子调控植物的生长和发育.本文对植物体内糖信号的产生、糖类对植物体生长发育与胁迫反应的调节作用、糖与植物激素信号之间的传感关系以及糖信号调节的分子机制等的研究进展进行了综述.     

高等植物赤霉素生物合成及其信号转导途径

赤霉素是一种重要的植物激素,调节植物生长和发育的各个阶段,如促进种子萌发、茎杆伸长、叶片展开、花的发生及果实与种子的发育。综述了赤霉素合成、信号转导途径、与其他植物激素间的相互作用、对环境信号的响应以及DELLA泛素化降解过程的研究进展,这将有助于人们对赤霉素生理作用和分子调节机制的了解,有利于对赤霉素各方面的机理进行深入地研究。     

茉莉酸调控植物生长发育和胁迫的研究进展

植物作为不可移动的生物，感知外界刺激通过改变自身信号转导对其做出反应。植物激素作为重要的信号分子，在植物应对不同生物和非生物胁迫反应中发挥作用，以调节植物生长发育并适应不断变化的环境。茉莉酸是植物体内的重要激素之一，目前它的合成途径、生理作用等已有大量研究，但对其感知环境变化并做出反应的信号转导途径以及与其他植物激素的相互作用方面的研究还有空白之处。本文主要阐述茉莉酸在调控植物生长发育、胁迫应答及其与其他植物激素的相互作用方面的研究进展。     

独脚金内酯调控植物侧枝发育的分子机制及其与生长素交互作用的研究进展

对独脚金内酯（strigolactones,SLs）调控植物侧枝发育的分子机制及其与生长素相互作用的相关研究结果进行了总结和归纳,在此基础上提出今后的重点研究方向。相关的研究结果显示：在拟南芥[Arabidops~thaliana（Linn．）Heynh．]、豌豆（Pisum sativum Linn．）和水稻（Oryza sativa Linn．）等植物多枝突变体中SLs作为可转导信号参与侧枝发育的分子调控,从这些植物中已克隆获得参与SLs生物合成及信号应答途径的一些基因。作为一种植物激素,SLs在侧枝发育调控网络中与生长素相互作用;腋芽发育与其中生长素的输出密切相关,SLs通过调控芽中生长素的输出间接抑制腋芽发育和侧枝生长,而生长素则在SLs生物合成中起调节作用。     

植物激素调控丛枝菌根发育的作用机制研究进展

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）是土壤中AM真菌和绝大多数维管植物根系长期进化过程中相互识别、相互作用形成的互利共生体。AM的发育与功能效应依赖AM真菌-寄主植物之间精准的“分子对话”，同时受到环境条件特别是土壤养分水平、干旱和盐渍化的制约。植物激素作为低浓度的小分子有机物，是参与调控AM共生过程的重要信号分子。其中，主要有9种植物激素参与AM发育过程且分工各有不同：独脚金内酯（strigolactones，SLs）参与AM真菌-寄主植物之间最初的共生识别，脱落酸（abscisic acid，ABA）和油菜素内酯（brassinosteroid，BR）促进前期的菌丝入侵，但水杨酸（salicylic acid，SA）和乙烯（ethylene，ET）抑制前期的菌丝入侵，生长素（auxin，Aux）、ABA和BR促进随后的丛枝形成而ET和赤霉素（gibberellin，GA）的作用则相反，茉莉酸（jasmonic acid，JA）对菌丝入侵与丛枝形成均可能存在正调控或负调控作用。目前细胞分裂素（cytokinin，CTK）在AM发育中的作用尚不明确。更为复杂的是，通常植物激素信号之间的交叉互作决定AM的发育进程。本文针对AM发育过程总结了不同植物激素的调控作用特点和不同植物激素信号之间的互作（协同或拮抗），以及胁迫条件下不同植物激素信号的可能调控机制。深入研究和系统阐明植物激素调控AM真菌-寄主植物共生的生理/分子机制，将有助于促进生物共生学理论研究及菌根技术的应用。     

《新发现的植物激素》书评

植物激素是植物体内合成的一批微量信号分子,通过整合不断变化的外界环境与内部发育信号,从分子、细胞、组织和器官水平上调控植物的生理生化反应和形态建成,确保植物正常的生长发育。近年来,有关植物激素作用机理的研究十分活跃,并在植物激素受体和信号转导途径等研究领域取得了重要进展,植物激素已由＂经典＂的5大类（生长素类、赤霉素类、     

Conservation and divergence of signalling pathways between roots and soil microbes – the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis compared to the development of lateral roots, mycorrhizal interactions and nematode-induced galls

This review compares endophytic symbiotic and pathogenic root–microbe interactions and examines how the development of root structures elicited by various micro-organisms could have evolved by recruitment of existing plant developmental pathways. Plants are exposed to a multitude of soil micro-organisms which affect root development and performance. Their interactions can be of symbiotic and pathogenic nature, both of which can result in the formation of new root structures – how does the plant regulate the different outcomes of interactions with microbes? The idea that pathways activated in plant by micro-organisms could have been `hijacked' from plant developmental pathways is not new, it was essentially proposed by P. S. Nutman in 1948, but at that time, the molecular evidence to support that hypothesis was missing. Genetic evidence for overlaps between different plant–microbe interactions have previously been examined. This review compares the physiological and molecular plant responses to symbiotic rhizobia with those to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, pathogenic nematodes and the development of lateral roots and summarises evidence from both molecular and cellular studies for substantial overlaps in the signalling pathways underlying root–micro-organism interactions. A more difficult question has been why plant responses to micro-organisms are so similar, even though the outcomes are very different. Possible hypotheses for divergence of signalling pathways and future approaches to test these ideas are presented.     

Facilitative and antagonistic interactions between plant viruses in mixed infections

Mixed infections of plant viruses are common in nature, and a number of important virus diseases of plants are the outcomes of interactions between causative agents. Multiple infections lead to a variety of intrahost virus-virus interactions, many of which may result in the generation of variants showing novel genetic features, and thus change the genetic structure of the viral population. Hence, virus-virus interactions in plants may be of crucial significance for the understanding of viral pathogenesis and evolution, and consequently for the development of efficient and stable control strategies. The interactions between plant viruses in mixed infections are generally categorized as synergistic or antagonistic. Moreover, mixtures of synergistic and antagonistic interactions, creating usually unpredictable biological and epidemiological consequences, are likely to occur in plants. The mechanisms of some of these are still unknown. This review aims to bring together the current knowledge on the most commonly occurring facilitative and antagonistic interactions between related or unrelated viruses infecting the same host plant. The best characterized implications of these interactions for virus-vector-host relationships are included. The terms 'synergism' and 'helper dependence' for facilitative virus-virus interactions, and 'cross-protection' and 'mutual exclusion' for antagonistic interactions, are applied in this article.     

The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments

Both biotic and abiotic stresses are major constrains to agricultural production. Under stress conditions, plant growth is affected by a number of factors such as hormonal and nutritional imbalance, ion toxicity, physiological disorders, susceptibility to diseases, etc. Plant growth under stress conditions may be enhanced by the application of microbial inoculation including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi. These microbes can promote plant growth by regulating nutritional and hormonal balance, producing plant growth regulators, solubilizing nutrients and inducing resistance against plant pathogens. In addition to their interactions with plants, these microbes also show synergistic as well as antagonistic interactions with other microbes in the soil environment. These interactions may be vital for sustainable agriculture because they mainly depend on biological processes rather than on agrochemicals to maintain plant growth and development as well as proper soil health under stress conditions. A number of research articles can be deciphered from the literature, which shows the role of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae alone and/or in combination in enhancing plant growth under stress conditions. However, in contrast, a few review papers are available which discuss the synergistic interactions between rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae for enhancing plant growth under normal (non-stress) or stressful environments. Biological interactions between PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi are believed to cause a cumulative effect on all rhizosphere components, and these interactions are also affected by environmental factors such as soil type, nutrition, moisture and temperature. The present review comprehensively discusses recent developments on the effectiveness of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi for enhancing plant growth under stressful environments. The key mechanisms involved in plant stress tolerance and the effectiveness of microbial inoculation for enhancing plant growth under stress conditions have been discussed at length in this review. Growth promotion by single and dual inoculation of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi under stress conditions have also been discussed and reviewed comprehensively.     

Expanding roles for pectins in plant development

Pectins are complex cell wall polysaccharides important for many aspects of plant development. Recent studies have discovered extensive physical interactions between pectins and other cell wall components, implicating pectins in new molecular functions. Pectins are often localized in spatially‐restricted patterns, and some of these non‐uniform pectin distributions contribute to multiple aspects of plant development, including the morphogenesis of cells and organs. Furthermore, a growing number of mutants affecting cell wall composition have begun to reveal the distinct contributions of different pectins to plant development. This review discusses the interactions of pectins with other cell wall components, the functions of pectins in controlling cellular morphology, and how non‐uniform pectin composition can be an important determinant of developmental processes.     

Endophyte roles in nutrient acquisition,root system architecture development and oxidative stress tolerance

Plants associate with communities of microbes (bacteria and fungi) that play critical roles in plant development, nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress tolerance. The major share of plant microbiota is endophytes which inhabit plant tissues and help them in various capacities. In this article, we have reviewed what is presently known with regard to how endophytic microbes interact with plants to modulate root development, branching, root hair formation and their implications in overall plant development. Endophytic microbes link the interactions of plants, rhizospheric microbes and soil to promote nutrient solubilization and further vectoring these nutrients to the plant roots making the soil-plant-microbe continuum. Further, plant roots internalize microbes and oxidatively extract nutrients from microbes in the rhizophagy cycle. The oxidative interactions between endophytes and plants result in the acquisition of nutrients by plants and are also instrumental in oxidative stress tolerance of plants. It is evident that plants actively cultivate microbes internally, on surfaces and in soils to acquire nutrients, modulate development and improve health. Understanding this continuum could be of greater significance in connecting endophytes with the hidden half of the plant that can also be harnessed in applied terms to enhance nutrient acquisition through the development of favourable root system architecture for sustainable production under stress conditions.     

Crosstalk between melatonin and nitric oxide in plant development and stress responses

Melatonin is widely involved in plant growth and stress responses as a master regulator. Melatonin treatment alters the levels of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and NO affects endogenous melatonin content. Melatonin and NO may induce various plant physiological behavior through interaction mechanism. However, the interactions between melatonin and NO in plants are largely unknown. The review presented the metabolism of endogenous melatonin and NO and their relationship in plants. The interactions between melatonin and NO in plant growth and development and responses to environmental stress were summarized. The molecular mechanisms of interaction between melatonin and NO in plants were also proposed.     

Molecular signals in the interactions between plants and microbes.

The field of plant-microbe interactions has witnessed several recent breakthroughs, such as the molecular details of vir gene induction, identification of Nod factors, and the cloning and characterization of avr genes. Other breakthroughs, such as the cloning and characterization of R genes, appear imminent. Parallels to mammalian systems are emerging in the world of plant-microbe interactions, for example, ion channels formed by Rhizobium proteins, similarities of hrp genes to pathogenicity genes of mammalian pathogens, and plant signal transduction via calcium and protein phosphorylation. We remain, however, largely ignorant of many facets of signaling in plant-microbe interactions. We know little about how microbial signals are perceived by plants or how subsequent signal transduction occurs within plant cells and are probably unaware of many of the microbe-generated signals to which plants respond or of plant-generated signals to which bacteria and fungi respond. Contributions from those working on the genetics, molecular biology, and physiology of bacteria, fungi, and plants will be required to address these questions. The many nonpathogenic plant-microbe interactions in addition to the Rhizobium-plant interaction remain relatively unexplored. Genetic and molecular approaches are being initiated to investigate the signaling that is likely to underlie interactions such as those between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots and between epiphytic bacteria and plant leaf surfaces. The importance of these interactions to plant growth and development makes it likely that they will figure more prominently at future symposia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Joining forces: feedback and integration in plant development

Feedback and integration of information are of paramount importance for the robust functioning and dynamics of biological systems. In plant developmental biology, experimentation is increasingly combined with computational modeling to obtain a better understanding of how such regulatory interactions shape the systems' behavior. Here we highlight experimental and modeling studies on feedback loops and integration mechanisms involved in plant development. These studies have substantially expanded our understanding of previously characterized gene regulatory networks (GRNs). In addition, they illustrate the pervasiveness of regulatory interactions between seemingly unrelated processes and levels of organization. Modelers in plant development will increasingly face the challenges of what level of detail, which processes and how many levels of organization to incorporate when trying to understand a particular process.     

Bacterial adaptation to life in association with plants - A proteomic perspective from culture to in situ conditions

Diverse bacterial taxa that live in association with plants affect plant health and development. This is most evident for those bacteria that undergo a symbiotic association with plants or infect the plants as pathogens. Proteome analyses have contributed significantly toward a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these associations. They were applied to obtain a general overview of the protein composition of these bacteria, but more so to study effects of plant signaling molecules on the cytosolic proteome composition or metabolic adaptations upon plant colonization. Proteomic analyses are particularly useful for the identification of secreted proteins, which are indispensable to manipulate a host plant. Recent advances in the field of proteome analyses have initiated a new research area, the analysis of more complex microbial communities. Such studies are just at their beginning but hold great potential for the future to elucidate not only the interactions between bacteria and their host plants, but also of bacteria-bacteria interactions between different bacterial taxa when living in association with plants. These include not only the symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria, but also the commensal bacteria that are consistently found in association with plants and whose functions remain currently largely uncovered.