Inhibition of breathing associated with gallbladder stimulation in dogs

The effect of mechanical stimulation of the gallbladder on breathing was studied in anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. Measurements of tidal volume, breathing frequency, rib cage and abdominal diameter, transdiaphragmatic pressure, and electrical activity of the diaphragm were made while traction or compression was applied to the gallbladder for periods of 30 s. Both forms of mechanical stimulation produced similar changes, including large decreases in tidal volume, respiratory rate, electrical activity of the diaphragm, and transdiaphragmatic pressure swings. Inspiratory rib cage expansion was little affected, but abdominal expansion was greatly reduced, and swings in gastric pressure were reduced more than swings in pleural pressure, indicating a selective decrease in diaphragmatic activity. Recovery of all measured parameters returned toward control values, despite continued traction or compression. Some inhibition persisted after the stimulus was withdrawn. The very brief interval between stimulus and response suggested that the mechanism was a neural reflex. The afferents involved are unknown but are not purely vagal in nature, since qualitatively similar results were seen in animals after vagotomy. The alteration in breathing frequency indicates that at least part of the reflex is supraspinally mediated. The change in pattern of breathing closely resembles that seen in subjects after abdominal surgery and supports the theory that reflex inhibition of breathing contributes to postoperative pulmonary complications seen in those subjects.     

全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉与全身麻醉对老年腹部肿瘤手术患者的影响

目的:探究全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉与全身麻醉对老年腹部肿瘤手术患者影响。方法:选择2015年10月-2018年10月于我院进行手术治疗的老年腹部肿瘤患者96例,随机分为两组,每组48例患者。其中,对照组患者给予全身麻醉,研究组患者联合硬膜外麻醉,对比两组患者的麻醉指标、围术期指标、应激激素指标、肺功能指标和不同时间点血清NSE、S100β浓度的变化。结果:研究组患者的瑞芬太尼用量、异丙酚用量、苏醒时间、拔管时间均显著少于(短于)对照组(P<0.05);对照组患者术后肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、皮质醇等指标水平均比术前显著升高(P<0.05);研究组患者术后的去甲肾上腺素水平显著高于术前(P<0.05),但肾上腺素、皮质醇与术前无显著性差异(P<0.05);随着治疗时间推移,两组患者手术1 h时、手术时2 h时、术毕时血清NSE、S100β浓度呈逐渐升高趋势,且研究组患者以上指标均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);对照组患者术后的(MVV-VE)/FEV1、MVV/FEV1指标水平均比术前显著降低(P<0.05);RV/TLC水平比术前显著升高(P<0.05);但研究组患者术后的(MVV-VE)/FEV1、MVV/FEV1、RV/TLC等指标与术前无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:与全身麻醉相比,全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉可更有效改善老年腹部肿瘤患者手术指标,并控制机体应激反应和降低麻醉过程对脑部的损伤,且对其肺功能影响较小。     

Diaphragmatic contractility after upper abdominal surgery

Postoperative dysfunction of the diaphragm has been reported after upper abdominal surgery. This study was designed to determine whether an impairment in diaphragmatic contractility was involved in the genesis of the diaphragmatic dysfunction observed after upper abdominal surgery. Five patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery were studied. The following measurements were performed before and 4 h after surgery: vital capacity (VC), functional residual capacity (FRC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Diaphragmatic function was also assessed using the ratio of changes in gastric pressure (delta Pga) over changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure (delta Pdi). Finally contractility of the diaphragm was determined by measuring the change in delta Pdi generated during bilateral electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves (Pdi stim). Diaphragmatic dysfunction occurred in all the patients after upper abdominal surgery as assessed by a marked decrease in delta Pga/delta Pdi from 0.480 +/- 0.040 to -0.097 +/- 0.152 (P less than 0.01) 4 h after surgery compared with preoperative values. VC also markedly decreased after upper abdominal surgery from 3,900 +/- 630 to 2,060 +/- 520 ml (P less than 0.01) 4 h after surgery. In contrast, no change in FRC and Pdi stim was observed 4 h after surgery. In contrast, no change in FRC and Pdi stim was observed 4 h after upper abdominal surgery compared with the preoperative values. We conclude that contractility of the diaphragm is not altered after upper abdominal surgery, and diaphragmatic dysfunction is secondary to other mechanisms such as possible reflexes arising from the periphery (chest wall and/or peritoneum), which could inhibit the phrenic nerve output.     

Regional differences in abdominal pressure swings in dogs

The pressure swings under the costal (Pcos) and crural diaphragms (Pcru) and between the intestinal loops (Pint) were compared with the swings in gastric pressure (Pga) in 13 supine anesthetized dogs. Pcos, Pcru, and Pint were measured with air-filled latex balloons in eight dogs and saline-filled catheters in five. Pga was measured with an air-filled balloon in all dogs. During quiet breathing differences were often present, the directions of which were variable from animal to animal. During mechanical ventilation, all pressures increased, but both Pcos and Pcru increased more than Pga, whereas only a small change was observed in Pint. During bilateral stimulation of the costal diaphragm, Pcos invariably increased more than Pga and Pint, whereas almost no change was observed in Pcru. During bilateral stimulation of the crural diaphragm, Pcru invariably increased more than Pga, Pint, and Pcos. During abdominal muscle stimulation as during external abdominal compression, Pint always increased more than Pcos and Pcru. During lower rib cage compression, Pga, Pcos, and Pcru increased more than Pint. During sternocleidomastoid stimulation, all pressure swings were negative, but the change in Pint was always smaller than in Pcos, Pcru, or Pga. Inhomogeneities observed with balloons and saline-filled catheters were similar. After the abdomen was filled with 2 liters of saline all pressure swings became much more homogeneous.     

Effect of hyperinflation and equalization of abdominal pressure on diaphragmatic action

We tested the hypothesis that the mechanical arrangement of costal (COS) and crural (CRU) diaphragms can be changed from parallel to series when direct or indirect transmission of tension occurs. Ratio of rib cage to abdominal displacement (RC/AB) resulting from separate COS and CRU stimulations were used to measure RC expanding action. Hyperinflation in six dogs caused RC/AB with COS and CRU stimulations to change progressively from 0.53 +/- 0.07 (SE) and 0.03 +/- 0.05 at functional residual capacity (FRC) to -0.48 +/- 0.08 and -0.46 +/- 0.05 at 68% inspiratory capacity, respectively. Liquid substitution of abdominal contents in six other dogs equalized abdominal pressure swings (delta Pab), without changing chest wall elastic properties or geometry, or costal RC/AB (0.35 +/- 0.07 before and 0.33 +/- 0.06 after) but caused crural RC/AB to change from 0.01 +/- 0.05 to 0.31 +/- 0.01. We conclude that hyperinflation changes fiber orientation, allowing direct transmission of tension between COS and CRU, which become linked mechanically in series (the diaphragm acts as a unit with RC deflating action); and equalization of delta Pab causes indirect transmission of tension between COS and CRU, which become linked in series (the diaphragm acts as a unit with RC inflating action).     

硬膜外复合全麻对老年高血压患者腹部手术后并发症的影响

目的：探讨硬膜外复合全麻对老年高血压患者腹部手术后并发生的影响。方法：收集2013 年6 月-2015 年6 月在两家医院 接受腹部手术的老年高血压患者100 例,根据麻醉方法不同分为研究组和对照组。研究组患者给予硬膜外复合麻醉,对照组给予 全凭静脉麻醉。观察并比较两组患者的麻醉时间、药物用量以及术后并发症的发生率。结果：两组麻醉时间比较,差异无统计学意 义（P>0.05）;研究组麻醉药物用量低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0. 05）;研究组患者术后苏醒时间、拔管时间以及住院时间均短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;研究组术后并发症的发生 率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：硬膜外复合全麻用于老年高血压患者腹部手术能够减少麻醉药物用量,降低 术后并发症的发生率,安全性较高。     

Anesthetic implications of laparoscopic surgery

Minimally invasive therapy aims to minimize the trauma of any interventional process but still achieve a satisfactory therapeutic result. The development of "critical pathways," rapid mobilization and early feeding have contributed towards the goal of shorter hospital stay. This concept has been extended to include laparoscopic cholecystectomy and hernia repair. Reports have been published confirming the safety of same day discharge for the majority of patients. However, we would caution against overenthusiastic ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the rational but unproven assumption that early discharge will lead to occasional delays in diagnosis and management of postoperative complications. Intraoperative complications of laparoscopic surgery are mostly due to traumatic injuries sustained during blind trocar insertion and physiologic changes associated with patient positioning and pneumoperitoneum creation. General anesthesia and controlled ventilation comprise the accepted anesthetic technique to reduce the increase in PaCO2. Investigators have recently documented the cardiorespiratory compromise associated with upper abdominal laparoscopic surgery, and particular emphasis is placed on careful perioperative monitoring of ASA III-IV patients during insufflation. Setting limits on the inflationary pressure is advised in these patients. Anesthesiologists must maintain a high index of suspicion for complications such as gas embolism, extraperitoneal insufflation and surgical emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Postoperative nausea and vomiting are among the most common and distressing symptoms after laparoscopic surgery. A highly potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, has proven to be an effective oral and IV prophylaxis against postoperative emesis in preliminary studies. Opioids remain an important component of the anesthesia technique, although the introduction of newer potent NSAIDs may diminish their use. A preoperative multimodal analgesic regimen involving skin infiltration with local anesthesia. NSAIDs to attenuate peripheral pain and opioids for central pain may reduce postoperative discomfort and expedite patient recovery/discharge. There is no conclusive evidence to demonstrate clinically significant effects of nitrous oxide on surgical conditions during laparoscopic cholecystectomy or on the incidence of postoperative emesis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has proven to be a major advance in the treatment of patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease.     

老年骨科手术患者麻醉后认知功能障碍的多因素分析及模型预测初步研究

摘要 目的：探讨分析影响老年骨科手术患者麻醉后的认知功能障碍的因素并建立预测模型。方法：将2016年1月至2019年1月于我院骨科行手术的227例老年患者根据术后认知功能障碍评分分为认知障碍组及无障碍组,比较两组一般资料及手术方式、麻醉方式等手术相关因素,使用多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响术后认知功能障碍发生的因素,使用R软件建立出现认知功能障碍的列线图预测模型,并验证其效能。结果：术后共有65例患者出现认知功能障碍,认知障碍组患者的年龄、行全麻的患者比例、术中失血量、手术时间及出现术后并发症患者比例均明显高于无障碍组,而术中血压及应用超前镇痛患者比例均明显低于无障碍组（均P＜0.05）;而两组患者性别、BMI及手术部位等指标则无明显差异（均P＞0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析示高龄、全麻、术中失血量过多、过长手术时间及术后出现并发症均是老年骨科手术患者术后出现认知障碍的独立危险因素（OR=1.077,3.796,3.826,1.712,6.937;均P＜0.05）;而术中高收缩压、舒张压及术前给予超前镇痛是术后出现认知功能障碍的保护因素（OR=0.953,0.913,0.333;均P＜0.05）;列线图预测认知功能障碍发生的一致性指数（C-index）为0.904（95%Cl 0.862~0.961）。结论：高龄、全麻、无超前镇痛、手术时间过长、术中失血量过多、术中低血压及术后出现并发症是出现术后认知功能障碍的危险因素,基于此构建的列线图可有效对术后认知功能障碍进行预测,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科手术患者术后短期 认知功能的影响

目的：探讨全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科手术患者术后短期认知功能的影响。方法：按随机数字方式将2010 年3 月至 2013 年5 月收治的全麻骨科手术老年患者64 例分为两组,全身麻醉组（32 例）给予全身麻醉进行手术,硬膜外麻醉组（32 例）给 予硬膜外麻醉进行手术,对比分析两组观察麻醉前后动脉血压与心率,睁眼、拔管及应答时间,术后6、12、24、72 h的MMSE 评分 差异,并统计术后POCD的发生情况。结果：两组的年龄、体重、麻醉时间、受教育时间、出血量等一般临床资料均无明显差异（P＞ 0.05）;两组麻醉前、麻醉后术前、手术0.5h 及手术结束时动脉血压和心率差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;全身麻醉组的睁眼、拔管及应 答时间分别为（30.3 ± 10. 5）min、（30.3 ± 7.8）min、（33.2 ± 9.6）min;膜外麻醉组的睁眼、拔管及应答时间分别为（30.6 ± 11.6）min、 （30.1± 6.6）min、（34.3 ± 8.5）min,两组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;全身麻醉组麻醉前MMSE 评分为29.2 ± 1.5,而膜外麻醉组麻醉前 MMSE 评分为29.1 ± 1.0,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;麻醉后,两组的MMSE 评分均出现先减少后恢复的变化,膜外麻醉组麻醉后 24h 时的MMSE 评分28.7 ± 1.0 明显高于全身麻醉组的27.3 ± 0.8（t=5.491,P=0.000<0.05）;全身麻醉组麻醉后6h 和12hPOCD 的发生率均明显高于膜外麻醉组的（P<0.05）,而两组在麻醉后24h 开始POCD的发生率无明显差异（P＞0.05）。结论：全身麻醉 对老年骨科手术患者术后短期认知功能的影响明显大于硬膜外麻醉。     

电针疗法联合全麻诱导对老年下肢关节置换手术患者血流动力学和术后恢复的影响

摘要 目的：评估电针预处理对行下肢关节置换术的老年患者术中血流动力学、术后心血管不良事件、恢复质量的影响。方法：选择择期行下肢关节置换术（膝关节置换或髋关节置换）的老年患者70例,采用随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组。试验组在全麻诱导前30 min于手术准备间予双侧内关、列缺、足三里电针治疗,对照组单纯行全身麻醉。两组全麻诱导后均采用静吸复合麻醉。记录气管插管时（T1）、手术开始后10 min（T2）、拔管后10 min（T3）时的血流动力学参数（HR、MAP、RPP）,术后24 h的心血管不良事件、VAS评分、恢复质量（QoR40）的情况。结果：与对照组相比,试验组T1、T2、T3三个时间点的HR、MAP、RPP均明显降低（P＜0.05）;试验组术后24 h心血管不良事件发生率高于对照组（P＜0.05）,VAS评分以及术后QoR40比较无差异（P>0.05）。结论：麻醉前电针预处理内关、列缺、足三里可以有效的降低患者心率、血压和心肌氧耗量,降低机体对围术期应激的反应,从而降低围术期不良心血管事件的发生率,提高麻醉的安全和质量。     

点针刺对全麻下行微创LC术后患者胃肠功能及血清NO、MPO、HSP90、OXA水平变化的影响

摘要 目的：探讨多点针刺对全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后患者胃肠功能及血清一氧化氮(NO)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、热休克蛋白90(HSP90)、食欲素A（OXA）水平的影响。方法：选取2018年9月~2020年9月我院全麻腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的患者107例,采用随机数字表法,将其分为针刺组（n=55例）及对照组（n=52例）。对照组术后给予常规治疗;观察组在对照组基础上给予多点针刺,时间分别为：术前30分钟（采血后）、术后4-6小时、术后两天,每日两次,每次留针30 min;取穴为双侧三阴交、足三里、上巨虚、内关、合谷、百会、印堂穴。检测两组术前30分钟（针刺前）、术后30分钟、术后第3 d的血清NO、MPO、HSP90、OXA水平的变化;记录术后第一次肛门排气时间、第一次肛门自主排便时间、肠鸣音的恢复时间,观察术后48 h恶心呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等发生情况。结果：术后30 min,与术前相比较,NO、MPO、HSP90升高,OXA下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后第3 d,与术后30 min相比较,NO、MPO、HPS90下降,观察组水平较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后第3 d,与术后30 min相比较,OXA升高,观察组水平较对照组高,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后48小时,观察组腹胀、恶心呕吐及腹痛的发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组术后首次排气排便时间、肠鸣音恢复时间低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：多点针刺可显著促进全麻LC术后胃肠功能恢复,加快术后腹胀、恶心呕吐及腹痛缓解;显著降低全麻LC术后患者血清NO、MPO、HSP90水平,升高血清OXA水平。我们推测,OXA信号通路增强,可能是多点针刺治疗全麻LC术后胃肠功能紊乱神经内分泌免疫调节机制中的一个靶点。     

Mechanical coupling of upper and lower canine rib cages and its functional significance

We studied rib cage distortability and reexamined the mechanical action of the diaphragm and the rib cage muscles in six supine anesthetized dogs by measuring changes in upper rib cage cross-sectional area (Aurc) and changes in lower rib cage cross-sectional area (Alrc) and the respective pressures acting on them. During quiet breathing in the intact animal the rib cage behaved as a unit (Aurc: 14.6 +/- 7.9 vs. Alrc: 15.1 +/- 9.6%), whereas considerable distortions of the rib cage occurred during breathing after bilateral phrenicotomy (Aurc: 21.0 +/- 5.1 vs. Alrc: 7.0 +/- 4.8%). These distortions were even more pronounced during phrenic nerve stimulation and separate stimulation of the costal and crural parts of the diaphragm (e.g., phrenic nerve stimulation; Aurc: -7.1 +/- 5.1 vs. Alrc: 6.9 +/- 3.5%). During the latter maneuvers the upper rib cage deflated along the relationship between upper rib cage dimensions and pleural pressure obtained during passive deflation, whereas the lower rib cage inflated close to the relationship between lower rib cage dimensions and abdominal pressure obtained during passive inflation. The latter relationship is expected to differ between costal and crural stimulation, since costal action has both an appositional and insertional component and crural action only has an appositional component. The difference between costal and crural stimulation, however, was relatively small, and the slopes were only slightly steeper for the costal than for the crural stimulation (2.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 2.2 +/- 1.0%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

全身麻醉下达芬奇机器人手术在老年腹部手术中应用观察

目的:探究全身麻醉下达芬奇机器人在老年腹部手术中的应用效果。方法:选择2019年1月至2020年12月于我院接受腹部手术治疗的200例老年患者,将其按照术式分为研究组(100例)与对照组(100例),研究组选择达芬奇机器人开展手术,对照组选择常规腹腔镜手术,对比两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、中转开腹率、术后排气时间、总住院费用、住院时间、术后患者自我效能及抑郁情况、术后疼痛度情况以及术后并发症发生情况。结果:(1)比较显示研究组患者的术中出血量、中转开腹率、术后排气时间均低于对照组(P<0.05),但其手术时间、总住院费用高于对照组(P<0.05);(2)术后研究组患者自我效能得分高于对照组,抑郁得分低于对照组(P<0.05);(3)术后24 h及48 h研究组疼痛得分均低于对照组(P<0.05);(4)研究组患者术后各类并发症发生率为4.00%,明显低于对照组的12.00%(P<0.05)。结论:全身麻醉下应用达芬奇机器人对老年患者实施腹部手术可行性较好,能够显著减小对患者的创伤,加快其术后康复,同时还能够降低其术后不良情绪和并发症发生,提高其自我效能,值得临床推广应用。     

胃复安与雷莫司琼对全麻腹腔镜胆囊摘除术患者呕吐及躁动的影响

目的:探讨胃复安与雷莫司琼对全麻下腹腔镜胆囊摘除术患者术后呕吐及躁动的影响。方法:选取我院收治的全麻下腹腔镜胆囊摘除术者86例,根据术后治疗方法不同,分为两组,其中对照组予以雷莫司琼治疗,实验组在对照组基础上予以胃复安治疗。观察并比较两组患者的临床疗效、呕吐、躁动及不良反应发生情况。结果:与对照组比较,实验组临床疗效明显,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者呕吐次数明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者躁动明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胃复安与雷莫司琼能够有效治疗全麻下腹腔镜胆囊摘除术患者术后呕吐及躁动情况,提高临床疗效。     

Transdiaphragmatic pressure and rib motion in area of apposition during paralysis

Changes in pleural surface pressure in area of apposition of diaphragm to rib cage (delta Ppl,ap), changes in abdominal pressure (delta Pab), and redial displacement of the 11th rib have been recorded in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs during lung inflation or deflation. Above functional residual capacity (FRC) changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure in area of apposition (delta Pdi,ap) were essentially nil in intact (INT) dogs either in lateral or supine posture, and in partially eviscerated (EVS) dogs in lateral posture, either in the 10th or 11th intercostal space. Below FRC delta Pdi,ap could be positive (INT lateral and EVS), nil (EVS), or negative (INT supine and EVS); it could be different in the 10th and 11th intercostal spaces. Hence, with stretched (like with contracted) diaphragm, delta Ppl,ap measured at one site often differs from delta Pab and is not representative of average pressure acting on area of apposition. With volume increase above FRC, the 11th rib moved slightly in and then out in EVS and linearly out in INT. With volume decrease below FRC it moved out progressively in EVS, and it moved in and eventually reversed in INT. In paralyzed dogs in lateral posture the factor having the greatest influence on displacement of the abdominal rib cage is Pab. Mechanical linkage with pulmonary rib cage becomes relevant at large volume, whereas insertional traction of diaphragm becomes relevant at low volume.     

Differential timing of respiratory muscles in response to chemical stimuli in awake dogs

We assessed changes in respiratory muscle timing in response to hyperpnea and shortened inspiratory and expiratory times caused by chemoreceptor stimuli in six awake dogs. Durations of postinspiratory inspiratory activity of costal and crural diaphragm (PIIA), the delay in diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) after the initiation of inspiratory airflow, postexpiratory expiratory activity of the transversus abdominis (PEEA), and the delay of abdominal expiratory muscle activity after the initiation of expiratory airflow were measured. In control, four out of six dogs showed PIIA [8-10% of expiratory time (TE)]; all showed delay of diaphragm [19% of inspiratory time (TI)], delay of abdominal muscle activation (21% of TE), and PEEA (24% of TI). Hypercapnia decreased PIIA (4-9% of TE), maintained diaphragm delay at near control values (23% of TI), increased PEEA (36% of TI), eliminated delay of abdominal muscle activation (4% of TE), and decreased end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). Hypocapnic hypoxia increased PIIA (24-25% of TE), eliminated diaphragm delay (3% of TI), eliminated PEEA (3% of TI), reduced delay of abdominal muscle activation (14% of TE), and increased EELV. Most of these effects of hypoxic hypocapnia vs. hypercapnia on the within-breath EMG timing parameters corresponded to differences in the magnitude of expiratory muscle activation. These changes exerted significant influences on flow rates and EELV.     

Restriction of regional blood flow and diaphragmatic contractility

We have tested the hypothesis that the diaphragmatic head-to-head arterial anastomosis system should maintain adequate diaphragmatic function even during occlusion of some of its arteries. In six anesthetized open-chest dogs, left phrenic vein blood flow (Qphv) was measured by pulsed Doppler flowmetry. Contractility was measured by sonomicrometry in the left costal and crural diaphragm. The diaphragm was paced for 15 min by continuous bilateral supramaximal phrenic nerve stimulation. In five separate runs the following arteries were occluded at minute 5: 1) left phrenic artery, 2) internal mammary artery (IMA), 3) left phrenic artery and IMA, 4) descending aorta, and 5) descending aorta and IMA. Occlusion was then released at minute 10 of the run. In runs 1-3 there were no changes in contractility in costal or crural diaphragm and no changes in Qphv. However, in runs 4 and 5, Qphv decreased to 55.2 +/- 7.4 and 24.0 +/- 6.5% of control values, respectively. In run 4, percent maximum shortening from functional residual capacity (%LFRC) of the crural diaphragm decreased by 39.1%, while %LFRC of the costal diaphragm increased by 41.4% and abdominal pressure decreased by 47.0%. In run 5, abdominal pressure decreased by 53.5% and %LFRC of the crural and costal diaphragm decreased by 45.5 and 5.8%, respectively. Also relative postocclusion hyperemia was greater in run 5 (64.8%) than in run 4 (40.2%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

右美托咪定联合去甲肾上腺素在全麻下腰椎手术中对患者围术期循环及术后恢复质量的影响

摘要 目的：探究右美托咪定联合去甲肾上腺素在全麻下腰椎手术中对患者围术期循环指标及术后恢复指标的影响。方法：选择2019年1月至2020年12月于我院接受治疗的68例行全麻下腰椎手术患者为研究对象,按照随机、双盲、对照的方式区分为研究组与对照组（每组各34例患者）,对照组患者术中应用右美托咪定,研究组患者在对照组基础上加用去甲肾上腺素,对比两组患者围术期血流动力学（血压、心率）变化、术中出血量、手术时间、麻醉时间、术后疼痛度、苏醒指标的影响。结果：比较显示术前（T0）、插管时（T1）两组患者的平均动脉压（Mean arterial pressure,MAP）与心率（heart rate,HR）组间差异不大（P>0.05）,但手术30 min（T2）、手术60 min（T3）、手术结束拔管（T4）时研究组MAP和HR均高于对照组（P<0.05）;研究组患者术中出血量与对照组比较无明显差异（P>0.05）,研究组患者麻醉时间低于对照组患者（P<0.05）;研究组患者苏醒躁动评分以及术后6 h疼痛度评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：全麻下腰椎手术患者联用右美托咪定与去甲肾上腺素能够显著稳定患者围术期血流动力学,缩短麻醉苏醒时间,且不增加术中出血量,不增加患者术后苏醒躁动及应激性疼痛现象,值得临床推广应用。     

Wave intensity in the ascending aorta: effects of arterial occlusion

We examine the effects of arterial occlusion on the pressure, velocity and the reflected waves in the ascending aorta using wave intensity analysis. In 11 anaesthetised, open-chested dogs, snares were used to produce total arterial occlusion at 4 sites: the upper descending aorta at the level of the aortic valve (thoracic); the lower thoracic aorta at the level of the diaphragm (diaphragm); the abdominal aorta between the renal arteries (abdominal) and the left iliac artery, 2 cm downstream from the aorta iliac bifurcation (iliac). Pressure and flow in the ascending aorta were measured, and data were collected before and during the occlusion. During thoracic and diaphragm occlusions a significant increase in mean aortic pressure (46% and 23%) and in wave speed (25% and 10%) was observed, while mean flow rate decreased significantly (23% and 17%). Also, the reflected compression wave arrived significantly earlier (45% and 15%) and its peak intensity was significantly greater (257% and 125%), all compared with control. Aortic occlusion distal to the renal arteries, however, caused an indiscernible change in the pressure and velocity waveforms, and in the intensities and timing of the waves in the forward and backward directions. The measured pressure and velocity waveforms are the result of the interaction between the heart and the arterial system. The separated pressure, velocity and wave intensity are required to provide information about arterial hemodynamic such as the timing and magnitude of the forward and backward waves. The net wave intensity is simpler to calculate but provides information only about the predominant direction of the waves and can be misleading when forward and backward waves of comparable magnitudes are present simultaneously.     

全麻联合椎旁神经阻滞在胸腔镜下肺叶切除术中的麻醉效果及对术后认知功能和炎症反应的影响

摘要 目的：研究全身麻醉联合椎旁神经阻滞在胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者的应用效果,探讨其对患者术后认知功能和炎 症反应的影响。方法：选取2017年-2021年在我院接受胸腔镜下肺叶切除术治疗的患者100例,根据其麻醉方式的不同分为对照组（50例）和研究组（50例）,对照组给予全身麻醉,研究组给予全身麻醉联合椎旁神经阻滞。比较两组患者手术时间、麻醉时间、术中出血量、舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼用量、术后疼痛情况、简易智力状态检查量表（MMSE）评分和血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）水平。结果：两组患者手术时间、麻醉时间和术中出血量比较无显著差异（P>0.05）,而研究组患者舒芬太尼用量和瑞芬太尼用量均低于对照组（P<0.05）;研究组患者术后6、12、24和48小时疼痛评分均较对照组患者低（P<0.05）;两组患者术前MMSE评分无差异（P>0.05）,研究组患者术后6、12、24和48小时MMSE评分均较对照组高（P<0.05）;两组患者术前血清CRP和IL-6水平无显著差异,但研究组患者术后24小时血清CRP和IL-6水平均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：全身麻醉联合椎旁神经阻滞用于胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者可有效减少手术中麻醉药物用量,术后镇痛效果更好,对患者认知功能损伤更低,并且术后炎症更低。