人鼠对决何时休？

鼠类是生态系统中的主要成员,在草地生态系统中起着重要的作用。20世纪70年代以来,我国北方草原地区暴发过数次严重的鼠害。在灾害发生的高峰年,害鼠危害草场的面积占可利用面积的60%,即使在正常年份也达     

退化草场砂质暗栗钙土的土壤水份状况及不同改良措施对它的影响

在干旱与半干旱地区。草场退化现象十分普遍,据报道,内蒙古自治区退化草场的面积已占到可利用草场总面积的43.8%。草场退化不仅使产草量降低,而且会对土壤产生一定的不良影响。本文探讨了退化草场砂质暗栗钙土的土壤水分状况及几种改良措施对它的影响。     

黄土峁状丘陵区天然草场类型及可持续利用研究

以黄土高原峁状丘陵区为对象,研究了该区各类草场生境特点及生态条件,探讨了该地区草场草种组成及生产力变化因素,根据典型样区草场物种及生镜,将本区草场资源划分为低湿地草甸草场、农田隙地草场、干草原草场、草甸草原草场及人工灌木草丛草场5个类型,并对其产量及载畜量进行了分析。结果表明：该地区低湿地草甸草场单位面积产草量最高,牧草质量好,但仅占总土地面积的0.5%左右。只能作为辅助草场;干草原草场面积最大,约占总土地面积的5.1%左右,但单位面积产草量较低,而人工灌木草丛草场群落总盖度70%左右,产草量3500kg/hm^2,载畜量最大,是该区主要草场。同时本文对天然草场的更新能力及人工改良技术进行了研究,提出了适草补种、轮封轮收、固定草场使用权等草场复壮措施。     

内蒙古典型草原优化割草对策

在内蒙古草原,随着畜牧业的发展,冬春饲草的需求量不断增加,从草场割制和储备干草,就是为了满足这一需要。在割草场中,采取适当的割草对策,可以获取最优的生物量。一定面积的割草场(S 平方米),在割草年份,一年内只收割一次,植物群落可供割草     

布氏四鼠杀灭方法的试验研究

布氏田鼠是我国呼伦贝尔草原上的主要害鼠之一。是一种繁殖力强、数量波动大的群居小型啮齿动物。在高数量年份,它的活动可以使大片草场遭到严重破坏;即使是中常年份,由于强烈的挖掘活动及大量啃食牧草等,对局部草场的破坏也是极为严重的。     

气候变化对呼伦湖湿地及其周边地区生态环境演变的影响

利用呼伦湖湿地的气象资料、水体面积、水位深度和生态环境等资料,回归统计分析表明:(1)呼伦湖湿地近45 a来的气候变化呈现出暖干化趋势,并且是造成水资源短缺和周边地区生态环境恶化等问题的重要原因.(2)呼伦湖水域面积和水位逐渐减小的变化趋势一致.水域面积和水位变化率分别为34.78km2/10a、 0.27m/10a.且1959～1963年、1983～1991年为缓慢的增加(上升)时期,1964～1982年、1992～2006年为逐年减少(下降)时期,21世纪初至今减少(下降)幅度最大.(3)降水量与湖面面积、水位呈正相关,年及四季降水量增加10mm,湖面面积约增加2～19km2.气温和蒸发量与湖面面积、水位相关为显著的负相关,年及四季气温升高1℃,湖面面积约减少28～80km2,水位约下降4cm左右.(4)受显著的暖干化影响,湖周边沙漠化面积已超过100km2;到1997年草场的退化面积占可利用草场总面积的30%以上;1974年以来植被的盖度降低15%～25%,连续干旱的2003～2005年与降水量较多的2002年相比,克氏针茅高度降低11cm,羊草、苔草、多根葱和小针茅降低2～4cm;草地初级生产力下降30%～50%;优良牧草比重下降,严重退化草场的产草量不足原来的20%.     

江河源区“黑土滩”型退化草场的形成过程与综合治理

江河源区草场退化严重,超载过牧是主要原因,啮齿动物危害是重要原因,气候变化起了促进作用,“黑土滩”型退化草场的形成演替依照未退化→轻度退化→中度退化→重度退化→极度退化的方向进行。江河源区退化草场的治理应该以减轻放牧压力为出发点,防止退化草地面积的进一步扩大和蔓延。在此基础上,采用封育、除杂和施肥等人工调控策略,对不同程度退化草场采用不同模式进行治理,同时全面贯彻落实“草原法”和“草地有偿承包责任制”措施,以冬春草场为重点,合理利用草场,开展草场建设,增加投入,提高牧民文化素质,加强牧区人才建设,恢复治理“黑土滩”型退化草场,实现江河源区草地畜牧业的可持续发展。     

中国东北草场的研究

中国东北包活辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省及内蒙东部,其草场丰富多样,包括沼泽、草甸、草甸草原及草原,从东到西,可划分3个区:Ⅰ.穆棱-三江平原的草甸、沼泽草场, Ⅱ.松辽平原的草甸草原草场, Ⅲ.蒙古高原的草原草场。文内不仅论述了各区草场的植被组成及分布规律,并为合理经营、利用与保护不同类型的草场,提供理论依据及采取有效措施的途径。     

我国草地螟轻发年份时空特征及其气候背景

揭示我国草地螟在长时间序列上的年度间变化规律,探明轻发年份特点和研究意义,阐释气候变化背景对草地螟发生的影响方式。分析了1949—2012年我国草地螟发生面积的时间序列和轻重年份差异,利用2006—2012年北方主发区每年各代次各虫态发生期出现时间、有效持续时间和发生县点数等数据分析了轻发年份的时空分布特征。在1951—2012年可追溯的时间序列上,研究了北方草地螟主发区(169个具有连续气象资料的发生站点)年平均气温、1月月平均气温、6—8月累计降雨量等气候背景变化趋势与草地螟年度发生动态的相关性。结果表明:(1)在62年的长时间序列上,我国草地螟轻发年份频次多于重发年份;(2)轻发年份的总体特征是发生期迟、发生盛期短、发生区域少;(3)大尺度气象条件变化是引起草地螟年度发生动态波动的重要因素,与1951—2012年年度发生面积进行相关分析发现,年平均气温和1月份月平均气温与草地螟发生面积呈显著正相关关系,6—8月累计降雨量与发生面积呈显著负相关关系。分析指出,轻发年份是草地螟种群长期消长动态中不可忽视的环节,对轻发年份的研究是揭示其年度发生变化规律的重要途径;在长时间序列的分析方法上,可采用年度发生(幼虫)面积作为判断轻重年份发生程度的主要量化指标;利用草地螟发生区多点大尺度气象数据,与年度发生面积进行相关性分析,可作为阐释气候背景影响草地螟长期发生趋势的方法之一。     

放牧对鄂尔多斯高原油蒿草场生物量及植被-土壤碳密度的影响

以围封保护和自由放牧油蒿草场为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了围封和放牧条件下沙地草场生物量和植被-土壤碳密度。结果表明:(1)自由放牧使油蒿群落中植物种类增加,但降低了植物群落盖度。自由放牧不仅导致油蒿草场地上、地下总生物量降低,也使得油蒿地上、地下生物量占群落地上、地下总生物量的比例减小。生长季自由放牧样地凋落物生物量显著大于围封保护样地(P0.05);(2)围封保护样地植被碳密度大于自由放牧样地,土壤碳密度却小于自由放牧样地,但两个样地间差异不显著(P0.05);(3)油蒿草场90%以上的碳储存于土壤中,围封保护样地和自由放牧样地油蒿草场土壤碳密度占植被-土壤系统碳密度的91%、93%;(4)围封保护油蒿草场碳密度为2.29 kg/m2,自由放牧油蒿草场碳密度为2.68 kg/m2,两个样地间差异不显著,自由放牧对油蒿草场碳密度影响不大。     

人为干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局——变动趋势与敏感性反应

2002～2004年,在阿拉善荒漠区的典型地区,选择了4种不同干扰条件的样地,分别为开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区,在两种尺度上研究啮齿动物群落的变动趋势及其种群的敏感性反应,在每种干扰条件的地段设计了标志流放区,面积为0.95hm2,采用标志重捕法,每月连捕4d,同时在4种不同干扰条件的地区选择了4条线路取样,每条线路面积约10 km2,采用铗日法调查,分别在4、7、10月份取样.用不同干扰条件下每个群落组成种的捕获量构成变量矩阵,应用PCA（主成分分析）方法分析群落中种群对不同干扰条件的敏感性反应.结果表明,3个年度中在两个观察尺度上,啮齿动物群落的格局在4种不同的干扰条件下表现出不同特征,各个群落的组成种类和主要种类的数量均有较大差异,特别是在开垦区和过牧区两种干扰条件下啮齿动物群落的组成种类及主要种类的数量均有较大的改变.同时PCA分析结果表明,在3个年度的两种观察尺度上,啮齿动物群落中的主要种群在4种不同干扰条件下的敏感性反应具有明显的差别.在开垦区黑线仓鼠的敏感性反应最强,在禁牧区的反应也较明显;在轮牧区各鼠种的敏感性反应差别不明显,而在过牧区三趾跳鼠和小毛足鼠的反应最强.     

Fluctuations and patterns of desert rodent communities under human disturbance: fluctuating tendency and sensitive response of their population

The four kinds of sites under different kinds of human disturbances, i.e. a farmland area, a rotational-grazing area, an over-grazing area and a prohibited-grazing area, were selected in the typical region of the Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia from April to October in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The fluctuating tendency of rodent communities and the sensitive response of their populations were studied using mark-recapture and trap-day methods. The four kinds of mark-recapture samples and line samples were taken in different human disturbance areas. The area of the mark-recapturing sample was 0.95 hm2 and that of the line sample was 10 km2. The samples were collected every month in the mark-recapturing sites for four consecutive days and in line sites in April, July and October every year. The variable matrix was composed of the numbers of captured rodents of the rodent communities. The sensitive response of the populations in the communities was analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that there were different types of rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on two scales in three years. In each scale, there were large differences in both the number of species and the number of main population in the rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on the farmland area and over-grazing area especially. The results of PCA showed that the sensitive response of the populations of the communities was significantly different under different kinds of human disturbance on the two scales in the three years. Cricetulus barabensis was the most sensitive on the farmland area, there were no differences in sensitive response of the various rodents on the rotational-grazing area, and Dipus sagitta and Phodopus roborovskii were the most sensitive in the over-grazing area.     

黄土高原东北缘的鼠类及某区划的研究

位于山西省东北部和河北省冀北山地张家口的黄土高原东北缘地区的鼠类,过去曾经有Thomas(1908;1909)、Allen(1938;1940)、Ho(何锡瑞,1934)、张俊等(1965)、郑宝赉等(1966)、柳枢(1977)、梁俊勋(1983)等报道。     

中国内蒙古最早始新世的啮齿类(英文)

描述了内蒙古二连盆地伯姆巴期Gomphos层的啮齿类新材料并命名了一个新属种:周氏原鼠(Yuanomys zhoui)。新属种与其他早始新世的梳趾鼠区别在于颊齿具有纤细且孤立的齿尖和小尖,前尖与后尖横向延伸,面对三角座盆的齿尖面陡直。这些特征在一定程度上与alagomyids类似。依据古地磁与生物地层对比,这些啮齿类的出现表明,现代类型的啮齿类最早的辐射演化,很可能位于中古新世到最早始新世这个时间段中。     

湖南农业鼠害防治技术研究 Ⅰ.害鼠的种类、害区和与防治有关的生物学特性

本文报道湖南省的农业鼠害防治技术,内容包括农业鼠害、鼠种组成、鼠害类型、鼠类生态等生物学特性,为大面积全生境灭鼠提供综合性的防治技术措施。     

THE UTILIZATION OF NATURAL PASTURES BY WILD ANIMALS IN THE RUKWA VALLEY, TANGANYIKA

The object of this paper is to elucidate the principles involved in the utilization of natural grasslands by an indigenous community of animals. The studies were carried out in the Rukwa valley during a period of fourteen years and it is suggested that the results are applicable to other similar ecological areas.
The various types of grassland and pasture which occur are described, and their ecology and seasonal development are discussed in relation to the climate and drainage in the valley. The incidence of fire is recorded and its influence is compared with the effects of grazing.
The utilization of the pastures by herbivorous animals is described, and it is explained how grazing pressure results in pasture rejuvenation which is manifest by the development of a grazing mosaic. It is shown that a sequence of animals, heavier ones followed by lighter ones, use the different pastures in rotation during the year and as a consequence alternate periods of optimum use and rest occur, and the harmful effects of over-grazing do not appear.
The species of animals which form the Rukwa valley grazing community are listed and the ecological stresses which they experience in a changeable environment are noted. Examples are quoted to support the view that dry periods favour the fauna whereas extremely wet ones are unfavourable. It is shown how the ability of the animals to establish biotic pressure on the pastures enables them to become rehabilitated even though conditions remain unfavourable.
It is opined that if the same principles are made use of in game management schemes elsewhere, successful conservation of both grasslands and animals is likely to be achieved.     

荒漠景观破碎化条件下啮齿动物群落beta 多样性变化特征

2002 ～2010 年,采用夹日法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4 种不同人为干扰生境中啮齿动物群落β 多样性进行了研究,同时分析不同生境的灌木植物群落特征来探讨人为干扰下的景观破碎化。依据人为干扰下景观破碎的情况将研究区域内生境梯度的变化按照:禁牧到轮牧、轮牧到过牧、过牧到开垦、禁牧到过牧、禁牧到开垦、轮牧到开垦进行划分,分别利用Jaccard 指数、Sorenson 指数和Cody 指数分析景观破碎化条件下啮齿动物群落β 多样性变化特征。结果表明,不同生境梯度间3 种β 多样性指数差异均显著(P <0. 05),禁牧到过牧梯度β 多样性差异最大。不同干扰生境间的灌木植物群落特征差异极显著(P < 0. 01),Shannon-Wiener 指数、Simpson 指数和物种数均表现为轮牧区> 过牧区> 禁牧区> 开垦区。环境变化程度与β 多样性变化的程度一致。人为干扰是该区域景观破碎化的主要原因,特别是放牧活动,导致环境异质性显著增加。在荒漠区,这种随环境梯度造成异质性加大而增加的β 多样性,并不是由物种增加较大导致,而是由啮齿动物群落物种组成差异和变化增大所致.     

基于结构方程模型分析荒漠啮齿动物优势种对不同放牧干扰的响应

放牧被认为是草地生态系统的主要干扰之一。许多研究表明,放牧影响了啮齿动物的个体条件、繁殖、种群动态、群落组成及群落多样性等多个方面。由于受传统统计学方法的限制,这些研究只是单独的对放牧作用进行假设检验,而没有将多个假设放在同一个框架内进行验证。2006—2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区不同放牧生境中啮齿动物优势种的数量进行研究并使用结构方程建模的方法将可能影响荒漠啮齿动物优势种的环境因子(气候条件、土壤硬度、植物隐蔽、植物生物量等19个指标)与啮齿动物优势种种群动态结合后进行多假设检验,旨在找出不同放牧干扰下制约优势啮齿动物环境因子的发生途径。结果表明:气候条件对五趾跳鼠和三趾跳鼠有直接不利影响,隐蔽对于两足活动的五趾跳鼠有负效应,而对四足活动的子午沙鼠有正效应。植物生物量对五趾跳鼠有正效应,但对子午沙鼠有负效应。土壤硬度的增加间接的有利于五趾跳鼠,对子午沙鼠有直接的正效应。因此荒漠啮齿动物优势种种群动态是多个过程共同作用的结果,气候条件是驱动啮齿动物种群动态的根本原因,而放牧会因为改变植物隐蔽而影响啮齿动物在群落中的组成。     

Fluctuations and patterns of desert rodent communities under human disturbance: fluctuating tendency and sensitive response of their population

The four kinds of sites under different kinds of human disturbances, i.e. a farmland area, a rotational-grazing area, an over-grazing area and a prohibited-grazing area, were selected in the typical region of the Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia from April to October in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The fluctuating tendency of rodent communities and the sensitive response of their populations were studied using mark-recapture and trap-day methods. The four kinds of mark-recapture samples and line samples were taken in different human disturbance areas. The area of the mark-recapturing sample was 0.95 hm² and that of the line sample was 10 km². The samples were collected every month in the mark-recapturing sites for four consecutive days and in line sites in April, July and October every year. The variable matrix was composed of the numbers of captured rodents of the rodent communities. The sensitive response of the populations in the communities was analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that there were different types of rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on two scales in three years. In each scale, there were large differences in both the number of species and the number of main population in the rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on the farmland area and over-grazing area especially. The results of PCA showed that the sensitive response of the populations of the commu nities was significantly different under different kinds of human disturbance on the two scales in the three years. Cricetulus barabensis was the most sensitive on the farmland area, there were no differences in sensitive response of the various rodents on the rotational-grazing area, and Dipus sagitta and Phodopus roborovskii were the most sensitive in the over-grazing area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 849–861 [译自:生态学报]     

放牧胁迫下沙质草地植被的受损过程

通过在科尔沁沙地为期5a的放牧试验,分析探讨了过牧条件下沙质草地植被的受损过程。试验结果表明,持续过牧下,植被严重受损。其基本过程是,随着植物茎叶被大量啃食,草地群落盖度、高度和地上现存生物量急剧下降,连续过牧5a已分别较禁牧区低82．1％、94．0％和97．9％。但草地的净初级生产力(现存生物量 家畜采食量)下降幅度较小,第5年仍为禁牧的49．5％,而其被家畜啃食的净牧草量与现存生物量的比值高达23：1,远远高于中牧和轻牧的1：1和0．3：1水平。过牧下,物种丰富度、植物多样性和均匀度也急剧下降。第5年分别为禁牧区的35．0％、29．8％和45．9％,家畜喜食的多年生和1年生植物被不喜食的1年生植物所取代,劣质牧草比例达到86％,草地生活型趋于简单。随着地上净初级生产力的下降,地下生物量也趋于下降．根层分布浅层化。在这一退化过程的后期,由于地面裸露,风沙活动强烈,植被退化进程加速,这和草甸草原植被放牧所引起的退化存在明显区别。轻牧和中牧对草地群落盖度、高度和现存生物量也有很大影响．但试验期内对草地物种丰富度和植物多样性尚未产生明显影响。