Animal xenodiversity in Italian inland waters: distribution, modes of arrival, and pathways

The paper provides a list of the non-indigenous animal species occurring today in Italian inland waters. Xenodiversity was found to amount to 112 species (64 invertebrates and 48 vertebrates), which contribute for about 2% to the inland-water fauna in Italy. Northern and central regions are most affected, and Asia, North America, and the rest of Europe are the main donor continents. The large majority of non-indigenous species entered Italy as a direct or indirect effect of human intervention. A difference between invertebrates and vertebrates was found for their mode of arrival (unintentional for invertebrates and intentional for vertebrates). Accidental transport, in association with both fish (for aquaculture or stock enhancement) and crops, has been the main vector of invertebrate introductions, whereas vertebrates were mostly released for stocking purposes. Overall stock enhancement (47.92%) and culture (37.5%) prevailed over the other pathways. Seventeen and 7 species of our list are included among the 100 worst invasive species of Europe (DAISIE) and of the world (IUCN), respectively. For some (but not all) non-indigenous species recorded in Italy the multilevel impact exerted on the recipient communities and ecosystems is known, even if rarely quantified, but knowledge on their chronic impact is still missing. Additional research is needed to provide criteria for prioritizing intervention against well established invaders and identify which new potential invader should be targeted as “unwanted”.     

Host-age discrimination during host location byCotesia glomerata, a larval parasitoid ofPieris brassicae

Some parasitoids are restricted with respect to the host stage that they attack and even to a certain age within a stage. In this paper we investigate whether the parasitoidCotesia glomerata can discriminate between old and young caterpillar instars of its host,Pieris brassicae, before contacting these hosts, since contacts with older instars are very risky with a chance of being killed, due to the aggressive defensive behaviour of the caterpillars. Flight chamber dual choice tests showed that volatile chemicals emitted by Brussels sprouts plants (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) after feeding damage by 1st and 5th larval instars are equally attractive to the wasps. Simulated herbivore damage by 2nd and 5th larval instars, obtained by treating mechanically damaged leaves with carterpillar regurgitant, was also equally attractive, even when the wasps were exposed to repeated experience on different larval instars to increase their discriminatory ability. In contrast, single choice contact bioassays showed that the time spent searching on a leaf with feeding damage of 1st instar larvae was significantly longer than the time spent on 5th instar feeding damage or on mechanically damaged leaves. Both flight and contact bioassays did not show any effect of egg-related infochemicals. The results demonstrate thatC. glomerata can discriminate between young and old larval instars ofP. brassicae, without contacting the caterpillars. This is not done through volatile herbivore-induced synomones but through cues that are contacted after arrival at a caterpillar-infested leaf.     

地黄内生放线菌的分离及地黄轮纹病拮抗菌Streptomyces folium leaf-16的新种鉴定

药用植物内生放线菌具有合成天然活性化合物的潜力,放线菌新种是寻找新型抗生素先导化合物的一个重要来源。【目的】挖掘药用植物地黄内生放线菌资源,并对地黄轮纹病拮抗菌株leaf-16进行新种鉴定。【方法】本研究采用五步消毒法分离河南道地药材地黄的内生放线菌,以地黄轮纹病原真菌草茎点霉(Phoma herbarum)为指示菌,采用平板对峙法筛选对该病菌有抑制作用的菌株,16S rRNA基因测序发现一株抗地黄轮纹病的放线菌新种leaf-16。通过形态、生理生化、细胞壁化学组分和分子生物学等特征对菌株leaf-16进行多相分类学鉴定。【结果】经平板对峙实验得到8株抗地黄轮纹病的放线菌,其中菌株leaf-16经16S rRNA基因测序、形态比较、生理生化、化学组分和分子生物学以及DNA-DNA杂交分析,确定菌株leaf-16为1株链霉菌新种,并命名为Streptomyces folium。【结论】菌株leaf-16为1株链霉菌新种,具有抑制地黄轮纹病原真菌的活性,为进一步分离新型抗地黄轮纹病的生物制剂奠定物质基础。     

Arthromyces and Blastosporella, two new genera of conidia-producing lyophylloid agarics (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from the neotropics

Two new genera encompassing three new species of lyophylloid agarics that produce conidia on the basidiomata are described. Arthromyces is a genus comprised of two very different arthrospore-producing mushroom species found in the Greater Antilles and Central America. Blastosporella is a monotypic genus with spherical balls of blastospores covering the pileus surface with age and is known from Hispaniola and Colombia. A key to the species of Arthromyces is included.     

担子菌门总革菌科中国新记录种紫黑点壳菌

[背景] 在陕西省的毛泡桐腐木桩上观察和采集到一株绒毛状真菌子实体,编号为HMNWAFU-CF-HS002。[目的] 为了确定该菌的分类地位,对其进行形态观察及分子鉴定。[方法] 获取宏观彩色图像并对显微结构进行测量、统计和绘图。此外,用PDA培养基分离纯化该菌的培养物,并结合最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法进行rDNA ITS分子系统学研究。[结果] HMNWAFU-CF-HS002的形态特征与Punctularia atropurpurascens高度相似。系统发育分析将HMNWAFU-CF-HS002聚在P.atropurpurascens的单系分支中。[结论] 结合形态学特征与系统发育结果,HMNWAFU-CF-HS002被鉴定紫黑点壳菌（Punctularia atropurpurascens）,为中国的新记录种。此外,毛泡桐为其新记录寄主。至此,Punctularia属下的3个种,均在中国有分布记录。     

Molecular phylogenetic studies show Omphalina giovanellae represents a new section of Clitopilus (Agaricomycetes)

After reconsidering the specific characters of Omphalia giovanellae and applying data from the sequences of the D1–D2 domain of the 28S rRNA gene and the ITS region of material collected in Italy and Spain, the species is ascribed to the genus Clitopilus. Considering the rather peculiar characters, especially the smooth spores, C. giovanellae is ascribed to the new section Omphaloidei sect. nov. The species is illustrated with drawings of fresh basidiomata observed in situ, as well as with SEM micrographs of the spores. Also based on DNA sequence data, O. farinolens, recently described from Spain, is shown to be a synonym of C. giovanellae.     

四川毛莨科翠雀属一新种

描述四川翠雀属一新种,拟粗距翠雀花。     

纳帕海毛茛, 云南毛茛科一新种

描述了在云南发现的毛茛属一新种,纳帕海毛茛,此种在亲缘关系上与川滇毛茛甚为相近,但茎有1叶或无叶,叶较小,基部截形或心状截形,侧全裂片不等3～5浅裂,花较小,花瓣倒卵形,长4～5mm,宽2～3mm,雄蕊7枚而与后者区别。     

甘南铁线莲, 甘肃毛茛科一新种

该文描述了自甘肃南部发现的毛茛科铁线莲属的一新种,甘南铁线莲.     

东川铁线莲, 云南毛茛科一新种

描述了自云南东北部发现的毛茛科铁线莲属一新种,东川铁线莲。此种由于其叶为单叶,萼片直立,雄蕊的花丝和花药均被短柔毛而与曲柄铁线莲近缘,与后者的区别在于其叶呈心状卵形,叶缘具粗牙齿,花序为二歧聚伞花序,以及花药顶端钝,不具短尖头。     

柔毛赤车, 广西荨麻科一新种

描述了自广西西南部发现的荨麻科(Urticaceae)赤车属(Pellionia)一新种,柔毛赤车(P.mollissima)。此种的特征是其瘦果具短线纹和瘤状突起,据此果实特征,可将此种与赤车属的其他种相区别。     

东川铁线莲, 云南毛茛科一新种

描述了自云南东北部发现的毛茛科铁线莲属一新种,东川铁线莲。此种由于其叶为单叶,萼片直立,雄蕊的花丝和花药均被短柔毛而与曲柄铁线莲近缘,与后者的区别在于其叶呈心状卵形,叶缘具粗牙齿,花序为二歧聚伞花序,以及花药顶端钝,不具短尖头。     

柔毛赤车, 广西荨麻科一新种

描述了自广西西南部发现的荨麻科(Urticaceae)赤车属(Pellionia)一新种,柔毛赤车(P. mollissima)。此种的特征是其瘦果具短线纹和瘤状突起,据此果实特征,可将此种与赤车属的其他种相区别。     

怀宁毛茛,安徽毛茛科一新种

该文描述了自安徽发现的毛茛科毛茛属一新种,怀宁毛茛(Ranunculus hainingensis)。此新种与猫爪草(R. ternatus)在亲缘关系上甚为相近,两者的区别在于怀宁毛茛植株具丝形,有块根的匍匐茎,具三出复叶的基生叶的二侧生小叶分裂成二不等大的小叶,心皮的花柱比子房稍短或与子房等长。     

靖西铁线莲, 广西毛茛科一新种

该文描述了自广西发现的毛茛科铁线莲一新种,靖西铁线莲,此新种与宝岛铁线莲在亲缘关系上接近,与后者的区别在于本种的茎疏被短柔毛,小叶卵形或狭卵形,不分裂,聚伞花序有1～3花,萼片较大长1.7～2 cm,宽0.5～0.7 cm。     

短丝绿绒蒿, 青海罂粟科一新种

该文描述了自青海南部发现的罂粟科绿绒蒿属一新种,短丝绿绒蒿。此种可能隶属琴叶绿绒蒿亚属,滇西绿绒蒿组,滇西绿绒蒿系,与此系其它种的区别在于此种的披针状条形花瓣,较少、较短的雄蕊(花丝长1～5 mm),无花柱的雌蕊,和被具短毛的硬毛的子房。     

克钦楼梯草, 缅甸荨麻科一新种

该文描述了自缅甸北部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属一新种,克钦楼梯草。此种在体态上与骤尖楼梯草甚为相似,与后者的区别在于本种的每一茎节具正常叶和一退化叶,托叶狭披针状条形和无脉,雌总苞苞片无角状突起,雌小苞片较大,呈楔状长圆形,雌花具一小花被片,以及雌蕊具一宽倒卵球形柱头。