马铁菊头蝠不同状态下回声定位声波分析

在自建网室(9 m×4 m×4 m)内驯养马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum),利用超声波探测仪录制蝙蝠不同状态下回声定位声波,声波录制与红外摄像保持同步。结果表明,马铁菊头蝠回声定位声波为调频(FM)/恒频(CF)/调频(FM)型;在蝙蝠接近猎物过程中,声脉冲持续时间和间隔时间显著变短,下调FM(即tFM)组分变得愈为显著,捕捉猎物瞬间,产生捕食蜂鸣;飞行与悬挂状态相比,声脉冲重复率、主频率、声脉冲时间、声脉冲间隔和能率环的差异均达到显著水平。     

皮氏菊头蝠夏季的捕食行为对策

利用蝙蝠超声波探测器和CoolEditor 2 0 0 0声波分析软件研究了皮氏菊头蝠 (Rhinolophuspearsoni)的超声波信号 ,同时在野外研究了其捕食行为。研究结果显示皮氏菊头蝠是FM/CF/FM型的食虫蝙蝠。其回声定位信号的CF声波两端均附有短暂的FM信号 ,每次声波脉冲包含 2段信号 ,第 1段信号的CF频率为 (6 1 0 8±0 0 19)kHz ,持续时间为 (4 6 85± 3 72 )ms ;第 2段信号的CF频率为 (6 0 97± 0 0 3)kHz ,持续时间为 (35 12± 2 6 7)ms。在对皮氏菊头蝠的捕食行为研究中 ,通过运用生物多样性指数分析和Spearman相关性分析 ,结果表明皮氏菊头蝠在常绿阔叶落叶混交林中主要以式捕食鳞翅目 (Lepidoptera)、鞘翅目 (Coleoptera)等中型个体的昆虫 ,对食物种类及其体型具有选择性。此外 ,其形态与回声定位功能之间还表现出相关性。     

马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)回声定位声波与生境类型和环境因子的关系

2007年在吉林省罗通山自然保护区,利用超声波探测仪（Avisoft-SASLAB PRO）录制并分析不同生境中马铁菊头蝠的回声定位声波。结果显示马铁菊头蝠在不同类型生境中活动;各生境中回声定位声波参数存在显著差异（one-way ANOVA,P〈0.05）。从环境因子中通过主成分分析筛选出与其回声定位声波相关的植被、气候和地形因子,探讨回声定位声波与这些因子的相关性。结果显示FM1和FM2带宽与乔木高（r=-0.948,-0.825;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率和FM2终止频率与林冠面积（r=-0.967,-0.958;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率、FM2终止频率和峰频与湿度（r=-0.776、-0.875和-0.794,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间和脉冲间隔与平均灌木高均呈显著负相关（r=-0.911,-0.990;P〈0.05）,峰频与植被株数（r=0.756,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间与冠下高呈显著正相关（r=0.870,P〈0.05）。表明各种环境因子（植被因子、气候因子和地形因子）都在一定程度上影响回声定位声波,回声定位声波具有表型可塑性和生境适应性,这些特性决定了马铁菊头蝠生境利用的程度和可利用的资源。     

同地共栖四种蝙蝠食性和回声定位信号的差异及其生态位分化

本研究于 2 0 0 2年 5月初至 2 0 0 3年 9月中旬在北京房山区霞云岭四合村蝙蝠洞进行 ,分析了共栖同一山洞四种蝙蝠的形态特征、食性和回声定位信号。大足鼠耳蝠食谱中以宽鳍等三种鱼为主 (体积百分比为5 3% ) ,回声定位主频 4 1 87± 1 0 7kHz;马铁菊头蝠主要掠捕鳞翅目昆虫 (73% ) ,恒频叫声主频 74 70± 0 13kHz ;中华鼠耳蝠以近地面或在地表活动的鞘翅目昆虫步甲类和埋葬甲类为主要食物 (6 5 4 % ) ,声脉冲主频较低 35 73± 0 92kHz;白腹管鼻蝠捕食花萤总科和瓢虫科等鞘翅目昆虫 (90 % ) ,回声定位信号主频为 5 9 4 7±1 5 0kHz。结果证实同地共栖四种蝙蝠种属特异的回声定位叫声和形态结构的差异 ,以及不同的捕食生境和捕食策略 ,导致取食生态位分离是四种蝙蝠同地共栖的原因     

皮氏菊头蝠回声定位声波与年龄的关系

皮氏菊头蝠 (Rhinolophuspearsoni)雌性成体 5只和幼体 2只采自贵州省贞丰县珉谷镇。采用超声波探测仪 (D980 ,ULTRASOUNDDETECTOR)接收皮氏菊头蝠的回声定位声波 ,转换到原频率的 1 / 1 0后导入计算机 ,然后用专业声谱分析软件 (Batsound 3 1 0 )进行分析。成蝠在飞行和悬挂状态下的声波结构相似 ,只是声波各项参数值略有不同 :它们发射FM CF FM型声波 ,具有 2～ 3个谐波 ,主频率在飞行时为 5 6 80± 0 6 2kHz ,悬挂时为 5 8 0 5± 0 2 4kHz ;声脉冲时间和间隔在飞行时分别为 3 4 6 2± 5 2 9ms和 86 5 0± 1 9 72ms ,悬挂时分别为 4 1 0 8± 5 87ms和 1 1 7 2 9± 6 6 4 4ms ;能率环飞行时为 ( 4 4 0 6± 1 2 5 8) % ,悬挂时为 ( 4 6 0 0±2 4 2 5 ) %。幼蝠声波为CF FM型 ,谐波数为 5～ 8个 ,主频率明显低于成体 ,FM带宽窄于成体 ,声脉冲时间和间隔短于成体 ,能率环低于成体。皮氏菊头蝠回声定位声波与年龄有关 ,这可能因成体的声波主要是探测食物和周围环境的详细信息 ,而幼体主要是与母蝠进行交流。     

两种扁颅蝠回声定位叫声的比较

对扁颅蝠 (Tylonycterispachypusa)和褐扁颅蝠 (T robustula)在飞行状态下的回声定位叫声进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,2种扁颅蝠的回声定位叫声的声谱图均呈调频 (FM)型 ,且波形相似 ;但叫声的最低频率、最高频率和主频率差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。扁颅蝠的频率范围较高 ,为 6 2 4～ 91 6kHz ,主频率为 (76 5± 2 1)kHz ;褐扁颅蝠的频率范围较低 ,为 4 2 7～ 72 4kHz ,主频率为 (49 2± 1 8)kHz ;而 2种蝙蝠的声脉冲时程、声脉冲间隔和声脉冲重复率差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。回声定位叫声差异与其体型、所处的生境有关     

日本伏翼的翼型、回声定位信号及出飞时间特征

对日本伏翼的翼型、回声定位信号及晚间出飞时间进行研究。结果表明,日本伏翼的翼型具有高翼载、低翼展比和中等偏高的翼型特征。日本伏翼发出具有1 - 2 个谐波结构的调频型(FM)回声定位信号叫声,其叫声时程、主频率的平均值分别为3.26 ms 和56. 27 kHz,所有叫声特征参数,个体间变异系数CVb 比个体内变 异系数CVw 大。日本伏翼的晚间出飞时间具有明显月变化,与当地日落时间、气温呈现显著相关。通过与文献比较,发现日本伏翼的回声定位信号特征与录音状态、飞行生境有关;此外,晚间出飞时间存在一定的地理差异。本研究结果将为蝙蝠回声定位信号特征的种属特异性及其生境选择的进一步研究提供有用的信息。     

回声定位蝙蝠耳蜗毛细胞静纤毛的长度特征

描电子显微镜下观察爪哇大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis adversus)、白腹管鼻蝠(Murina leucogaster)、山蝠(Nyctalus plancyi)和马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)耳蜗毛细胞静纤毛, 测量其长度, 并与五种非回声定位哺乳动物耳蜗静纤毛长度进行比较. 研究发现: 回声定位蝙蝠耳蜗外毛细胞静纤毛较非回声定位哺乳动物相应位置的短; 回声定位蝙蝠耳蜗内毛细胞静纤毛长于其外毛细胞静纤毛, 而非回声定位哺乳动物内毛细胞静纤毛长度并无此规律. 我们认为, 回声定位蝙蝠耳蜗听毛细胞静纤毛长度的特点可能是对高频声波和回声定位适应的结果.     

无尾蹄蝠的回声定位声波特征及分析

采用超声波监听仪U30录制无尾蹄蝠自由飞行状态的回声定位声波,经Batsound 3.0分析,其声波为高频 (145.4±10.9 kHz)、宽带(62.6±9.2 kHz)、具两个谐波的短(1.67±0.4 ms)FM型,不同于蹄蝠科其他蝙蝠的CF型,表明该科内物种声波类型存在多态性。头骨的形态测定分析支持其通过鼻腔发射声波,与蹄蝠科其他蝙蝠一致,表明该科内声波发射方式的单一性。适应环境的选择压力及翼型和声波的适应性可能是其选择FM型叫声的重要原因。     

高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征与分析

在自建的野外实验事内,录制雌雄成体高颅鼠耳蝠Myotis siligorensis不同行为状态(飞行、爬行、手持)回声定位声波,利用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)对不同状态及不同性别的回声定位声波参数进行均值多重比较和显著性差异分析.结果 表明,高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波为长的宽频带调频(FM)声波,有1~3个谐波,但能量主要集中在第一谐波.不同行为状态下,高颅鼠耳蝠声脉冲持续时间、声脉冲间隔和能率环均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),第一谐波起始频率和终止频率、主频率、带宽差异不显著;第一谐波终止频率、带宽、声脉冲持续时间和能率环的性别差异显著(P<0.05),具有性别二态性.高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征体现了其在捕食策略和捕食生境方面的生态适应.     

BIOACOUSTICS OF DOMESTICATION: ALARM AND COURTSHIP CALLS OF WILD AND DOMESTIC CAVIES

ABSTRACT

Comparisons of wild (Cavia aperea) and domestic (C. porcellus) cavies promote an understanding of the physiological and behavioral effects of domestication. The richness and peculiarities of Cavia acoustic repertoires encourage the use of this model for testing how domestication alters repertoires and the physical structure of calls. We present a comparison between alarm and courtship calls of domestic and two populations of wild cavies from different geographic regions, one of them with a short-term captivity history of 25 generations. We found significant differences between domestic and wild cavies in both calls, particularly in temporal parameters, and only spectral differences between two wild populations in alarm calls. There were also differences in the frequency of emission of calls: alarm calls were more frequent in the wild and courtship calls were more frequent in the domestic species. Our results suggest that domestication has influenced the temporal parameters of both alarm and courtship calls of C. porcellus, but not the spectral parameters that, instead, may be influenced by environment or population factors.     

ANNUAL CHANGES OF LEARNED BEHAVIOUR—VARIATION OF SONG PATTERN IN FREE-LIVING CHAFFINCHES,FRINGILLA COELEBS,DURING THE BREEDING SEASON

ABSTRACT

Seasonal changes of parameters of full song were studied in a free-living population of chaffinches Fringilla coelebs during one entire reproductive period. Approximately 7000 strophes sung by 14 male chaffinches were recorded and analysed by sonography and a particular oscillographic method. While the general pattern of song strophes, i.e. characteristics of elements, number and arrangement of phrases, and final flourish, remained constant throughout the reproductive period, full song varied with respect to the repetition rate of strophes, number of strophe types used, intensity of singing, duration of strophes, and percentage of incomplete strophes sung. These changes are discussed as results of learning processes, social interactions in the population, and endogenous mechanisms activating memorized information.     

AUTOMATIC FEATURE EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CROSSBILL (LOXIA SPP.) FLIGHT CALLS

ABSTRACT

In this paper a new method for the automatic classification of bird sounds is presented. Our method is based on acoustic parameters (features) taken from the first harmonic component computed from the sound spectrogram. The features are based on a line segment approximation of the first harmonic component. The final feature vectors, consisting of 16 real numbers, are then classified using a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network. Flight calls of four crossbill species (Loxia spp.) are used as a test example. In the first phase, an unsupervised network was trained and tested using common crossbill L. curvirostra flight calls recorded mainly in the Netherlands. The network was tested using two-barred L. leucoptera, Scottish L. scotica and parrot L. pytyopsittacus crossbill flight calls in the second phase. Finally, the results were validated applying the same network to flight calls of common crossbills and parrot crossbills recorded in Finland. The method automatically separated common crossbill flight calls from those of parrot crossbills. The classification accuracy of the Dutch recordings was 58% in the first phase and 54% in the second phase. The Finnish recordings were classified with 54% accuracy.     

Vocalization of the tree frogPolypedates maculatus (Rhacophoridae)

The period of calling activity ofPolypedates maculatus lies between April and October. Males possess an indistinct subgular vocal sac which turns yellow during the breeding season. Mating calls type I, type II and distress calls have been identified. Mating calls type I and type II consist of a single pulse group. Type I call comprises of 7–22 pulses, whereas type II call consists of 4–6 pulses. Pulses are short. The frequency spectrum is broad and continuous. Distress calls, with 6 hormonics, are given by the females with their mouth open.     

CALL ANALYSIS OF TRIPLOID HYBRIDS RESULTING FROM DIPLOID-TETRAPLOID SPECIES CROSSES OF HYLID TREE FROGS

ABSTRACT

Calls produced by hybrids resulting from laboratory crosses of tetraploid Hyla versicolor females and either diploid Hyla chrysoscelis (type I) or Hyla arborea (type II) males were induced through manipulation of environmental conditions. Type I hybrids produced trilled calls similar in note repetition to H. versicolor, but more similar in dominant frequency to H. chrysoscelis. Mean duration was shorter than in both parent calls. Type II hybrids produced calls which were longer in duration and lower in note repetition rate than H. versicolor, but shorter in duration and higher in note repetition rate than H. arborea. Dominant frequency of type II hybrids was lower than in H. arborea but not significantly different than in H. versicolor. Hybrid calls were not strictly intermediate, and may provide information regarding parental relationships.     

猕猴(Macaca mulatta)叫声特点的研究

本文对海南岛南湾半岛野生猕猴的正常和受惊叫声进行了分析和研究：成年母猴与幼体正常和受惊时的叫声是一种谐波结构,其叫声的变化表现为谐波频数上不同的幅值组台。成年母猴正常和受惊叫声的高幅谐波SHHA_1,2 分别为300Hz、550Hz和300Hz、1.2KHz;幼年猴正常和受惊叫声的高幅谐波SHHA_1,2,3． 分别为300Hz、1KHz、2KHz和350Hz、IKHz、3KHz。SHHA₁是波形结构中周期波上叠加的低幅波动LAP在功率谱上的反映,而SHHA_2,3,是与波行中高幅阵脉冲列HAPT相对应的,波形结构中周期波的平均周期T始终保持一致为20ms。     

MATING CALLS OF THE IBERIAN MIDWIFE TOADS ALYTES OBSTETRIC ANS BOSCAI AND ALYTES CISTERNASII

ABSTRACT

The mating calls of the Iberian midwife toads, A.o. boscai and A. cisternasii show clear differences. The calls of A.o. boscai have a shorter duration (104.8ms) and a lower fundamental frequency (1.33 kHz) than those of A. cisternasii (172.0 ms and 1.45 kHz), between 12° and 16°C. In both species signal duration was found to be influenced by temperature.     

THE COMMUNICATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF TONALITY IN BIRDSONG: RESPONSES TO SONGS PRODUCED IN HELIUM

ABSTRACT

“Pure tones” are a distinctive acoustic feature of many birdsongs. Recent research on songbird vocal physiology suggests that such tonal sounds result from a coordinated interaction between the syrinx and a vocal filter, as demonstrated by the emergence of harmonic overtones when a bird sings in helium. To investigate the communicative significance of vocal tract filtration in the production of birdsong, we used field playback experiments to compare the responses of male swamp sparrows Melospiza georgiana to normal songs and those same songs recorded in helium. We also measured responses to pure tone songs that had been shifted upward in frequency to match the average spectra of those songs with added harmonics. Male sparrows were significantly more responsive to the playback of normal songs than to either helium songs with added harmonics or frequency- shifted pure tone songs. Songs with harmonics retained a high degree of salience, however. We conclude that explanations for the occurrence of tonal sounds in birdsongs must consider perceptual attributes of songs as communicative signals, as well as problems of song production and transmission.