刺参粉和江汉粉的结构功能和演化

剌参粉和江汉粉具有独特的萌发器和结构.依据结构形态,联系其出现的环境,分析了它们的结构和结构功能.从化石花粉与现生亲缘属花粉的差异,它们在上白垩统中出现的先后和形态结构的异、似情况,探讨了剌参粉的演化.概略地推测了刺参粉植物可能是从风媒植物到典型虫媒植物;由灌木到多年生草本植物;从生长于低山、丘陵到高山.描述了5新种.     

叶下珠科花粉组织化学、花粉数和胚珠数及其与传粉者关系的研究

植物花粉中营养物质的储存形式以及单花的花粉数与胚珠数被认为与其传粉系统有一定的联系。本文研究了叶下珠科部分种类的花粉组织化学、花粉数和胚珠数, 以及它们与传粉者之间的关系。结果显示: 在叶下珠科内, 植物花粉所含营养成分和传粉者之间存在相关性: 蛾类传粉的类群主要属“淀粉型”花粉, 蝇类和蜂类传粉的类群主要属“非淀粉型”花粉。蝇类传粉和蛾类传粉的植物花粉数没有一定规律。蝇类传粉的类群比蛾类传粉的类群胚珠数少, 这可能是由于蝇类携带花粉能力及传粉精确性均较小, 导致植物以减少胚珠数来适应的结果。对同一属内不同生活型植物的花粉数比较, 发现乔木的单花花粉数高于灌木, 灌木的单花花粉数明显高于草本。这可能是由于不同生活型的植株, 其花朵大小不同, 导致花粉数出现明显差别。另外, 通过扫描电子显微镜对花粉形态的观察, 发现蝇类传粉的类群和蛾类传粉的类群间的花粉表面纹饰存在显著差异。     

12种鹅绒藤属（萝藦科）植物花粉器形态学研究

用光学显微镜对萝藦科（Asclepiadaceae）鹅绒藤属（Cynanchum）12种植物花粉器形态进行了观察。结果表明：花粉块的形态有3种类型：球形、长球形和超长球形。着粉腺的形态有6种类型：长圆形、方形、近方形、三角形、正三角形和近三角形。花粉器形态学结果对青羊参（Cynanchum otophyllum）在鹅绒藤属中的分类具有较大意义;支持《中国植物志》第63卷中对催吐白前组（Sect. Vincetoxicum）的分组处理;结合鹅绒藤属花粉块下垂,娃儿藤属（Tylophora）花粉块平展的特点,支持将娃儿藤属作为一个独特类群的观点。     

新疆胡颓子属三种植物的花粉形态及其分类学意义

该文采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,运用扫描电镜对新疆胡颓子属(Elaeagnus Linn.)落叶组大果沙(E. moorcroftii)、尖果沙枣(E. oxycarpa)和沙枣(E. angustifolia)共计18个样品的花粉形态进行了观察和研究;全面描述了新疆胡颓子属3个种花粉的极轴长、赤道轴长、极面观、赤道面观、孔沟形态和外壁纹饰等形态特点,并对其进行数据分析,通过对聚类结果的比较,讨论不同孢粉学特征对分类结果的影响。结果表明：(1)3个种的花粉均为中等大小;萌发孔类型均为三孔沟型。(2)花粉极面观形状从三角形、钝三角形到圆三角形;赤道面观形状从菱角形、半圆形到扁圆形;外壁纹饰从皱波状到穴状。(3)以筛选出的5个反映花粉形态的主成分指标进行聚类,结果显示所选指标不能区分种;以代表花粉形态的极面观形态和赤道面观形态为指标进行聚类同样也无法区分3个种;以花粉粒大小为指标进行聚类发现,大果沙枣的花粉大小可以区别于其他2个种。研究表明除了大果沙枣花粉的大小,尖果沙枣和沙枣的花粉形态不宜直接应用于种的划分。该研究结果为新疆胡颓子属落叶组植物花粉的种间鉴定和品种划分以及进化关系的研究提供了孢粉学依据。     

被子植物的花粉形态系列与系统发育

现代被子植物的花粉类型绝大部分可以归入两大形态系列——连续式系列和短轴式系列。这两个系列从原始到进化的诸多花粉类型不仅存在于现代植物中,而且地层中的化石花粉也揭示出类似的演化趋向。 本文着重讨论了与这些形态系列关系较为密切的一些植物类群,以及它们在系统发育方面的意义。     

娃儿藤属(萝藦科)植物花粉器形态

用光镜对我国萝藦科(Asclepiadaceae)娃儿藤属(Tylophora)17种植物的花粉器形态进行了观察。结果表明,着粉腺的形态有4种类型:长圆形、近方形、三角形和倒立三角形。花粉块的形态有3种类型:球形、长球形和超长球形。花粉块柄的长度、着粉腺和花粉块的形态和大小在种间存在较显著的差异,可作为区分种的辅助特征,对娃儿藤属植物的分类有较大意义。     

北极巴罗地区2种灌木植物及其花粉形态

观察了北极巴罗(Barrow)地区2种灌木植物,全缘叶仙女木(Dryas integrifolia M.Vahl)和圆叶柳(Salix rotundifolia Trautv.)的形态、生境以及它们的花粉形态.这2种植物形态矮小或匍匐蔓生;全缘叶仙女木叶短小似披针状或扁平,全缘;圆叶柳叶圆形,叶脉显著,根、茎、叶均含丰富Vc.它们的花粉形态为球形、近球形或长球形,其萌发孔均为三孔沟或拟三孔沟,花粉均为辐射对称.全缘叶仙女木花粉外壁纹饰在光学显微镜下(LM)为细网状纹饰,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下为条纹状纹饰;圆叶柳在LM和SEM下均为细网状纹饰.通过与中国产和日本产相似种的比较研究,显示它们应是温带亚洲高山起源及部分起源于北极本部.     

中国罗汉松科花粉形态研究

本文用光学显微镜,结合扫描电镜和透射电镜对我国罗汉松科podocarpaceae植物花粉外壁的细微结构做了深入的研究,对比了我国仅有的两属花粉的形态特征,同时与形态上相似的松科花粉进行了比较,指出了它们之间的区别。     

花粉的形态

介绍了描述花粉的形态术语,包括花粉的极性与对称性;花粉的大小和形状;萌发孔的数目、形状、位置与结构,以及花粉的表面纹饰。这对于了解花粉形态,识别不同植物的花粉特点,进行花粉的科学研究具有一定的参考价值。     

孢粉形态研究进展

孢粉形态的研究起始于十七世纪末——从显微镜发明时开始。在十七世纪末到十九世纪期间,世界许多学者研究了各种植物花粉的形态结构,进行了与植物的性和传粉作用有关问题的研究及花粉类型和植物分类系统之间的联系的研究等。但在我国四十年代以前几乎是空白,自五十年代初开始了孢粉形态的研究。1954年,由     

New Late Cretaceous Pollen Genera and Species in the Jiaag Han Basin of Hubei

In this paper, five new pollen genera and twenty new pollen species of angiospermae from the Late Cretaceous of a certain basin in central China are described. Four new organ genera and their species include: Morinoipollenites normalis gen. et sp. nov., Morinoipollenites minor gen. et sp. nov., Morinoipollenites polyprojectus gen. et sp. nov., Morinoipollenites rhombiformis gen. et sp. nov., Jianghanpollis ringens gen. et sp. nov., Jianghanpollis, mikros gen. et sp. nov., Jianghanpollis radiatus gen. et sp. nov., Jianghanpollis sayangensis gen. et sp. nov., Jianghanpollis arciformis gen. et sp. nov., Myoporumpollonites variabilis gen. et sp. nov., Myoporumpollenites striatus gen. et sp. nov., Lythraites giganteus Yu, Guo et Mao gen. et sp. nov. Lythraites clavatus sp. nov., Lythraites dilutus sp. nov., Lythraites magnus sp. nov., Lythraites varrustriatus sp. nov., Lythraites pachyrrhachis sp. nov.; the new-form genus and its species are: Crassimarginpollenites reticulatus gen. et sp. nov., Crassimerginpollenites mirus gen. et sp. nov., Crassimarginpollenites psilatus gen. et sp. nov. The new pollen genera and their species described herein have been compared in some details with recent pollens and considered their affinity with such recent families as Dipsacaceae, Myoporaceae, Apocynaceae and Lythraceae. According to the age of the pollen-bearing strata, a preliminary discussion is made regarding to the taxonomy of the recent plants families with which our new described pollens are related. Hence, this study may provide some mieropalaeobotanical information for deciphering 'the phylogeny of these plants.     

The evolution of the human mind and logic--mathematics structures

The evolution of the human mind is discussed based on: (i) the fact that living beings interchange matter, energy and information with their environment, (ii) an ontological interpretation of the "reality" of the quantum world, of which logic-mathematics structures are considered constitutive parts, (iii) recent theories according to which living beings are considered as dynamic complex systems organized by information, and (iv) the fact that the evolution of living beings is guided by information about the environment and by intrinsic information on living systems (auto-organization). Assuming the evolution of vision as a model we observe that the driving forces that directed the evolution of the eyes, as dynamic complex systems, are the information about the environment supplied by sunlight and the intrinsic information-gaining mechanism of living organisms. Thus, there exists a convergence toward a visual system with the greatest ability to obtain light information, like the human eye, and also a divergence that leads to the development of specific qualities in some species. As in the case of vision the evolution of the human mind-brain cannot be a consequence of factors unrelated to the object of its own functioning. The human mind was structured for the acquisition from reality of the logic-mathematics structures that underlie the whole universe and consequently of an internal representation of the external world and of its own self. Thus, these structures are, together with the intrinsic capacity for auto-organization of the human brain, the predominant driving force of the human mind evolution. Both factors are complementary.     

大小兴安岭泥炭的孢粉记录及演变过程研究

根据３个高位泥炭剖面孢粉分析,揭示大注兴安岭分别于５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．、２７００ａＢ。．Ｐ．以来孢粉组合特征和植物群与气候演变过程。小兴安岭北部山地森林疲宣传早分为２个时期,５０００－３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．桦为主落叶阔叶林;３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．－－现今为红松、云冷杉为主,混有少量桦寒温必殖阔叶混交林。气候由温凉偏干向冷偏湿方向发展大兴安岭北部山地,２７００～１８００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来,已构成针叶林为主（樟子松     

刺参粉和江汉粉

刺参粉和江汉粉两属,至目前仅见于我国。在我国东部和陆棚区,呈南北向散布。笔者简述了晚白垩世的四个孢粉植物地理区:北半球有“鹰粉区”和“正型粉区”;南半球有“君士坦丁粉区”和“假山毛榉粉区”。就刺参粉和江汉粉的古生态和古地理、古气候的特殊性,指出了以刺参粉、江汉粉和山龙眼粉的发育为依据,可进一步细分孢粉植物地理区。对江汉粉和刺参粉的6个新种,作了详细的对比和描述     

卫矛科16种藤本与乔木次生木质部比较解剖学研究

本文对卫矛科(Celastraceae)16种生长于不同生境的藤本和乔木次生木质部的结构,进行比较解剖学的观察,比较它们之间的异同。本科中南蛇藤属(Celastrus L.)独子藤属(Mo-nocelastrus Wang et Tang)和雷公藤属(Tripterygium Hoook.f.)为典型藤本结构,次生木质部特化水平较高;假卫矛属(Microstropis Wall.et Mcissn)、十齿花属(Dipentoden Dunn)和盾柱属(Pleurostylia Wight.et Arn.)为乔木,次生木质部结构特化水平较低;卫矛属(Eu-onymus L.)中既有藤本,又有乔木,其藤本结构与乔木相似,表现出一系列原始性和保守性。本研究初步探讨藤本与乔木的木质部结构、生活习性与生境之间的关系,为进一步研究卫矛科的系统演化提供一些解剖学的证据。     

Convergent evolution of modularity in metabolic networks through different community structures

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been reported that the modularity of metabolic networks of bacteria is closely relatedto the variability of their living habitats. However, given the dependency of the modularityscore on the community structure, it remains unknown whether organisms achieve certainmodularity via similar or different community structures. RESULTS: In this work, we studied the relationship between similarities in modularity scores andsimilarities in community structures of the metabolic networks of 1021 species. Bothsimilarities are then compared against the genetic distances. We revisited the associationbetween modularity and variability of the microbial living environments and extended theanalysis to other aspects of their life style such as temperature and oxygen requirements. Wealso tested both topological and biological intuition of the community structures identifiedand investigated the extent of their conservation with respect to the taxomony. CONCLUSIONS: We find that similar modularities are realized by different community structures. We findthat such convergent evolution of modularity is closely associated with the number of(distinct) enzymes in the organism's metabolome, a consequence of different life styles ofthe species. We find that the order of modularity is the same as the order of the number ofthe enzymes under the classification based on the temperature preference but not on theoxygen requirement. Besides, inspection of modularity-based communities reveals thatthese communities are graph-theoretically meaningful yet not reflective of specificbiological functions. From an evolutionary perspective, we find that the communitystructures are conserved only at the level of kingdoms. Our results call for moreinvestigation into the interplay between evolution and modularity: how evolution shapesmodularity, and how modularity affects evolution (mainly in terms of fitness andevolvability). Further, our results call for exploring new measures of modularity andnetwork communities that better correspond to functional categorizations.     

Viruses: are they living entities?

The essence (living or nonliving entities) of viruses has today become an aporia, i.e. a difficulty inherent in reasoning because they shared four fundamental characteristics with livings (multiplication, genetic information, mutation and evolution) without having the capacity to have an independent life. For much time, however, they were considered minuscule pathogenetic micro-organisms in observance of Koch and Pasteur's 'germ theory' albeit no microbiologist could show their existence except their filterability and pathogenetic action. Only some voices based on experimental results raised against this dogmatic view, in particular those of Beijerinck, Baur and Mrowka, without dipping effectively into the dominant theory. The discovery relative to their nucleoprotein nature made between 1934 and 1936 (Schlesinger as for the phage, and Bawden and co-operators as for Tobacco mosaic virus; TMV), together with the first demonstrations of their structures thanks to electron microscopy (from 1939 onwards) started on casting a new light on their true identity, which could be more clearly identified when, from 1955 onwards, phage and TMV proved to be decisive factors to understand the strategies of replication of the genetic material. Following the new knowledge, the theoretical view relative to viruses changed rather radically and the current view looks on these pathogenetic agents as nonliving aggregates of macromolecules provided with biological properties. There is, however, a current of thought, made explicitly by Lwoff that places viruses as compromise between living and non living and, perhaps, as primitive forms of life which have had great importance for the evolution of cellular life. At any rate, viruses are peculiar entities whose importance cannot be unacknowledged.     

Diamonds in the desert: The discovery of Otavipithecus namibiensis

The mountains and deserts of Namibia hide many treasures—diamonds, gold, uranium, strategic minerals. But on the afternoon of June 4, 1991, we were searching Namibia's mountains for a rarer kind of stone, fossilized evidence of human evolution in southern Africa. What we found instead was the rarest “diamond” of all, one that no one had ever seen before on the African continent south of equatorial East Africa. What we found was incontrovertible evidence that prehuman “apes” were living in southern Africa millions of years before Australopithecus roamed the veld.     

进化细胞生物学的提出及其任务

作者提出应创建一门源于进化生物学与细胞生物学两者的交叉学科一进化细胞生物学(细胞的进化生物学)。其根本任务在于用进化的观点考察真核细胞的一切方面,从它们的起源和演化来认识它们的现在。文中列举了其具体的研究内容,并分析了其研究方法上的特点,指出在这里需要把进化生物学的综合性分析与细胞生物学的实验研究最紧密地结合起来。文中还论述了真核细胞的细胞器的“不进化”现象,指出其根本原因在于进化焦点的转移。     

中国西南岩溶山地石漠化演变趋势

为揭示20世纪50年代末至今中国西南地区岩溶山地石漠化转型演变的时空分布及其特征,运用文献计量分析方法,对石漠化演变相关文献的总量和主题词进行了分析,并提取文献中石漠化演变的时间、类型、程度、驱动因素等信息,从县(市)域尺度对中国西南岩溶山地石漠化演变趋势及其空间分布进行综合分析,并进行了典型案例研究。研究表明,从20世纪50年代末至今,西南岩溶山地石漠化演变经历了由自然基础及人为破坏相互激发的严重石漠化向多种人为干扰、综合治理下的演变转型,即由高等级石漠化转向低等级石漠化的过程。在此基础上,研究认为石漠化存在由扩张向收缩转型演变的现象,同时对其转型演变的驱动机制和启示意义进行了探讨,以期为乡村振兴时代岩溶山地生态建设提供参考。