薇甘菊研究历史与现状

薇甘菊是一种危害极大的杂草,６０年代末就已传入我国的海南,而传入广东大陆沿岸及邻近岛屿如香港、内伶仃岛等并造成较大生态危害是在８０年代末期。９０年代初期,论文从薇甘菊的危害性、生物学、生态学及防治等方面的研究进行综述。     

薇甘菊对内伶仃岛植被危害的相关分析

对广东内伶仃岛群落受薇甘菊危害的植物种类分析表明,58种乔木、小乔木和灌木种不同程度地受薇甘菊的影响,约占样地中木本种类的67%;其中受薇甘菊影响最大的主要是小乔木和阳生性灌木.薇甘菊危害与群落类型的关系表现为,由5、6个优势种组成的结构复杂的具有较大郁蔽度的群落受薇甘菊的危害轻微,而仅由2个优势种组成结构简单且郁蔽度很小的群落受薇甘菊的危害较严重.薇甘菊危害与群落结构的相关分析表明,群落垂直高度越大、片层越丰富,群落中薇甘菊的盖度越小;群落物种越丰富,群落密度越大,个体受害比例越小;群落中其他藤本盖度越大,个体受薇甘菊危害的程度越高.     

入侵杂草薇甘菊的化学防除

在广东内伶仃岛选择薇甘菊危害较严重的地段,采用内吸传导型除草剂森草净进行了化学防除试验.持续两年半的试验结果表明,0.01～0.1g·m^-2(有效成分)的森草净对样地薇甘菊有极好的杀灭效果.试验还表明,森草净对岛上的大多数木本、藤本和草本植物都较安全,对样地的物种多样性无不良影响.因此,森草净是防治薇甘菊的首选除草剂.     

外来杂草薇甘菊种群土壤种子库动态

研究了内伶仃岛不同群落中薇甘菊土壤种子库动态。结果表明,在薇甘菊土壤种子库中,上层(0～3cm)土壤种子库密度显著高于下层(3～5cm),从地表向下随着深度的增加,活力种子逐渐减少,幼苗主要由上层土壤中的种子萌发而成。群落所处的演替阶段影响薇甘菊种群的开花结实,从而影响到薇甘菊种子的产生和种子库的储量。处于演替后期的群落中种子库储量下降。     

海南岛外来植物薇甘菊危害现状及入侵动态研究

为全面了解薇甘菊在海南的危害现状与入侵动态,提供有效防治的科学依据,对海南全岛薇甘菊入侵现状进行了调查,分析其入侵动态,并对其分布区进行预测。结果表明,自2003年在海口、文昌首次发现以来,薇甘菊已侵入到海南10余个市县,由于其繁殖力强、生长迅速、适应性好,与本地植物进行强烈的资源竞争,对本地农林业生产已构成一定危害,而且有向整个海南岛扩散蔓延的趋势。因此,必须引起高度重视,采取综合防治,有效减少薇甘菊大面积入侵造成的危害和损失。     

广东内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害与生态因子的关联度分析

用灰色关联度分析对广东内伶仃岛草本群落、草灌(或灌草)丛群落和灌木林受薇甘菊危害与环境因子的关联性进行分析。结果表明薇甘菊对草本群落的危害与环境因子的关联度中主要受土壤水分和电导率的影响较大,对草灌丛群落的危害与各环境因子的关联度差异不大,但其中受土壤含水量、pH值和群落透光度的影响稍大些,对灌丛群落的危害与各环境因子的关联度差异也不大,其中受土壤有机质、群落透光度和土壤含水量的影响较大。各环境因子对不同群落受薇甘菊危害的影响由强到弱的顺序为土壤含水量>土壤pH值、有机质含量>群落透光度、土壤养分。     

薇甘菊入侵扩散机制研究进展与改进思考

从薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H B.k)的入侵分布、入侵能力以及群落可侵入性等方面对其入侵机制研究进展进行了分析和总结.以往的研究工作没有重视对薇甘菊入侵过程的整体性研究、对入侵扩散影响因素分析、空间尺度约束影响分析,以及分析方法和技术手段的缺陷.因此,未来应重点开展薇甘菊入侵扩散过程重建及潜在危害区域预测、景观结构对薇甘菊入侵危害的影响等研究,并完善薇甘菊入侵扩散的动态监测网络及风险评估体系.     

薇甘菊在广东的传播及危害状况调查

薇甘菊在广东主要分布在珠江三角洲地区及东部沿海地区,以深圳为中心向东部、北部和西部逐渐传播开来。薇甘菊多定居在开旷和具有丰富有机质的潮湿环境,富含有机质的生活垃圾、堆积淤泥的水沟边及肥沃的弃耕地常为侵入薇甘菊的分布中心,大量的种子和快速的营养繁殖使其由定居地向外扩散和蔓延。长途交通运输等人为因素是造成薇甘菊远距离传播的主要原因。薇甘菊对灌木的危害最大,受人为干扰的次生林在一定程度上受其危害,果园的人工除草和施肥加速了薇甘菊的危害。     

几种除草剂对薇甘菊的杀灭试验

在广东内伶仃岛保护区东湾和深圳福田红树林自然保护区两地,用2,4-D、草甘膦、25%森泰、森草净4种除草剂对薇甘菊进行杀灭试验,结果表明50～500倍液的2,4-D和草甘膦均只能杀灭薇甘菊的地上营养体,不能杀死根部;用25%森泰水剂注射薇甘菊主根,0.1～3mL/株的用量,可以在5～6个月内彻底杀灭薇甘菊;用森草净水溶性粉剂配制成的溶液,喷洒薇甘菊的茎叶,用药量在1～1000g/hm     

几种除草剂对薇甘菊的杀灭试验

在广东内伶仃岛保护区东湾和深圳福田红树林自然保护区两地,用2,4-D、草甘膦、25%森泰、森草净4种除草剂对薇甘菊进行杀灭试验,结果表明：50～500倍液的2,4-D和草甘膦均只能杀灭薇甘菊的地上营养体,不能杀死根部;用25%森泰水剂注射薇甘菊主根,0.1～3mL/株的用量,可以在5～6个月内彻底杀灭薇甘菊;用森草净水溶性粉剂配制成的溶液,喷洒薇甘菊的茎叶,用药量在1～1000g/hm2时,可在2～3个月内彻底杀灭薇甘菊。     

海南岛霸王岭不同热带森林类型的种-个体关系

 比较分析了海南岛霸王岭自然保护区核心区热带低山雨林、山地雨林、云雾林、山地矮林等4种热带森林类型中不同大小径级树木的物种—个体关系。结果表明：各种植被类型中物种数与个体数对数成线性关系是一种普遍现象,且不受调查树木的径木级影响。在相同个体数的条件下,累积物种数随海拔增高而逐渐减少,也即物种数由热带低山雨林、山地雨林、云雾林到热带山地矮林逐渐减少。对于各种植被类型的种—多度关系,单个体、双个体的物种有相当高的比例,其后一般依个体数的增加,而逐渐降低物种的出现频率,呈典型的倒J型曲线,而且这一比例随树木径级的增加而增加。     

Spatial patterns of plant diversity and communities in Alpine ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains,Northwest Yunnan,China

Aims Conduct a quantitative, but rapid, regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across northwest Yunnan (NWY) to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the composition, diversity and health of alpine ecosystems across NWY.Methods A stratified random sampling design was employed to select sites across the different mountain ranges of NWY. Vegetation was sampled by stratifying each site by the three major alpine vegetation community types: meadow, dwarf shrub and scree. Two 50-m transects were randomly located within each community type at each sampling site with 10 1-m 2 subplots systematically placed along each transect. Environmental variables were recorded at each transect. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community assemblages and link community patterns to environmental and habitat variables.Important findings Forb species richness varied from 19 to 105 species per site (21 sites total) with an average of 59 species per site (60 m 2 sampled per site). Most species were patchily distributed with narrow distributions and/or small population sizes; over half the species occurred at only one or two sites. Distinct species assemblages were identified in the meadow vegetation that was strongly aggregated by geographic location suggesting the presence of distinct phytogeographic zones of the meadow alpine flora. Elevation and geographic location were the dominant environmental gradients underlying the variations in species composition. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity averaged only 10% among sites indicating there was little similarity in the alpine flora across the region. The alpine vegetation is highly heterogeneous across the complex landscape of the Hengduan Mountains of NWY. Conservation strategies need to take into account the large geographic differences in the flora to maximize protection of biodiversity.     

Diversity, regeneration status and socio-economic importance of the vegetation in the islands of Lake Ziway, south-central Ethiopia

This study was conducted in the islands of Lake Ziway located in the main Ethiopian Rift Valley in south-central Ethiopia. Its main objective was to investigate the diversity, regeneration status, socio-economic importance and the factors that cause degradation of the plant resources in the islands. A total of 73 relevés, measuring 20×20 m, were established along line transects laid from the central part of each island to the lake edge in eight aspects. Herbaceous species were sampled by using a 2×2 m sub-relevé laid within each relevé. In each relevé, the cover/abundance of each species was estimated, woody species were counted, diameter at breast height and height of trees and shrubs and the environmental variables altitude, slope, aspect and position were measured. Participatory Rural Appraisal was employed to generate the socio-economic information. A total of 141 species belonging to 113 genera and 55 families were identified, of which 18.4% were trees, 21.3% trees/shrubs, 12.1% shrubs, 3.5% lianas, 4.3% herbaceous climbers and 40.4% herbs. The overall Shannon diversity and evenness of woody species in the islands were 2.60 and 0.62, respectively. The number of species on the islands correlated with island's size, habitat diversity and degree of human disturbance. The similarity in species composition between the islands was low, indicating that each island has its own unique flora. Nine plant communities were recognized and described. The total density and basal area of the vegetation were 2979 individuals ha⁻¹ and 191 m² ha⁻¹, respectively. The importance value index and the diameter and height class distribution revealed that some species are threatened and need the highest priority for conservation. The socio-economic survey showed that the island communities are highly dependent on the natural vegetation for various purposes. On the other hand, the islanders have maintained the soil and vegetation resources for centuries through their indigenous resource management systems and practices. Human population growth coupled with farmland expansion, soil erosion, free grazing and cutting trees for various purposes are the major threats to the vegetation resources in the islands. The implications of the results are discussed and recommendations are suggested for conservation, management and sustainable utilization of the fragile island ecosystems.     

Effect of Root Moisture Content and Diameter on Root Tensile Properties

The stabilization of slopes by vegetation has been a topical issue for many years. Root mechanical characteristics significantly influence soil reinforcement; therefore it is necessary to research into the indicators of root tensile properties. In this study, we explored the influence of root moisture content on tensile resistance and strength with different root diameters and for different tree species. Betula platyphylla, Quercus mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis, and Larix gmelinii, the most popular tree species used for slope stabilization in the rocky mountainous areas of northern China, were used in this study. A tensile test was conducted after root samples were grouped by diameter and moisture content. The results showedthat:1) root moisture content had a significant influence on tensile properties; 2) slightly loss of root moisture content could enhance tensile strength, but too much loss of water resulted in weaker capacity for root elongation, and consequently reduced tensile strength; 3) root diameter had a strong positive correlation with tensile resistance; and4) the roots of Betula platyphylla had the best tensile properties when both diameter and moisture content being controlled. These findings improve our understanding of root tensile properties with root size and moisture, and could be useful for slope stabilization using vegetation.     

Functional identity versus species richness: herbivory resistance in plant communities

The resistance of a plant community against herbivore attack may depend on plant species richness, with monocultures often much more severely affected than mixtures of plant species. Here, we used a plant–herbivore system to study the effects of selective herbivory on consumption resistance and recovery after herbivory in 81 experimental grassland plots. Communities were established from seed in 2002 and contained 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 60 plant species of 1, 2, 3 or 4 functional groups. In 2004, pairs of enclosure cages (1 m tall, 0.5 m diameter) were set up on all 81 plots. One randomly selected cage of each pair was stocked with 10 male and 10 female nymphs of the meadow grasshopper, Chorthippus parallelus. The grasshoppers fed for 2 months, and the vegetation was monitored over 1 year. Consumption resistance and recovery of vegetation were calculated as proportional changes in vegetation biomass. Overall, grasshopper herbivory averaged 6.8%. Herbivory resistance and recovery were influenced by plant functional group identity, but independent of plant species richness and number of functional groups. However, herbivory induced shifts in vegetation composition that depended on plant species richness. Grasshopper herbivory led to increases in herb cover at the expense of grasses. Herb cover increased more strongly in species-rich mixtures. We conclude that selective herbivory changes the functional composition of plant communities and that compositional changes due to selective herbivory depend on plant species richness.     

Vegetation trends following fire in the Roggeveld, Mountain Renosterveld, South Africa

The Mountain Renosterveld vegetation of the Roggeveld is an escarpment type renosterveld showing strong karroid affinities. Fire plays an important role as a landscape scale disturbance that shapes plant communities in this vegetation type, however, post-fire succession has never before been documented for renosterveld vegetation. A study was therefore conducted in the northern Roggeveld to improve our understanding of the recovery of the vegetation following fire. The natural vegetation recovery was analysed using line transect data accumulated at five different sites over a ten year period. This paper reports on the post-fire vegetation trends with respect to changes in species composition, species richness, life form composition and life form richness. Vegetation cover began to re-establish within the first nine months following the fire, and remained at a high level from years 3 to 10. At the first survey the species richness varied from 13 to 17 species, with the highest species richness (14 to 31 species) generally encountered at each transect after three years. The highest Shannon index values were generally found within the first three years and the lowest Shannon index values were found in years 9 and 10. In all cases the Principal Co-ordinate Analysis ordinations of the species composition data indicated a clear separation in the species composition between the first two years (years 1 and 2) following the fire and the remaining years (year 3 to 10). This study also supports the ‘initial floristic composition’ model of Egler (1954) in that all or the majority of species encountered during the succession were already present at the beginning of the recovery phase and there was a rapid re-establishment of the initial plant community.     

赣南地区森林地表死可燃物载量与环境因子的关系

森林可燃物载量分布格局是植被与地形等环境因子之间相互作用的结果。本研究通过野外实测赣南地区主要7种森林类型地表死可燃物载量数据,依据时滞可燃物分类标准,构建了地表可燃物载量与地形、植被等环境因子间的结构方程模型,并分析了各因子的影响路径及其直接、间接和总效应。结果表明: 7种不同森林类型中,1、10和100 h时滞可燃物载量均是针阔混交林内最高,毛竹林内最低。对1 h时滞载量影响最大的变量依次为:坡度(影响系数为0.40)＞树冠高度(0.07)＞树种(-0.03)＞郁闭度(0.01);对10 h时滞载量影响最大的变量依次为:胸径(0.15)＞树种(-0.09)＞坡向(-0.08)＞郁闭度(-0.06);对100 h时滞载量影响最大的变量依次为:坡向(0.25)＞胸径(0.19)＞郁闭度(-0.08)＞树种(0.02);对可燃物总载量影响最大的变量依次为:坡度(0.22)＞树种(-0.04)、郁闭度(-0.04)＞树冠高度(-0.01)。     

Vegetation Thresholds for the Occurrence and Dispersal of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcebus griseorufus</Emphasis> in Southwestern Madagascar

Primate populations are declining the world over due to anthropogenic threats, including habitat loss and degradation. This raises the important question of how much habitat degradation a species can cope with. Habitat degradation is pronounced in Madagascar, where most of the human population depends on the direct exploitation of natural resources. We aimed to identify the response of Microcebus griseorufus (the gray-brown mouse lemur) to forest degradation and to define the structural traits of the vegetation that might be crucial for the species’ occurrence in anthropogenic landscapes. We documented the occurrence of Microcebus griseorufus in relation to vegetation structures along a gradient of forest degradation, at the edge of and west of Tsimanampetsotsa National Park in April and May 2007 and from October to December 2015. We confirmed the occurrence of Microcebus griseorufus using trapping and visual surveys, and measured vegetation structure. Logistic regression models showed that Microcebus griseorufus has a threshold response to tree density and the diameter of thick trees. The thresholds of occurrence were at 10–15% of the tree density recorded in intact forest and a mean diameter of trees with a diameter at breast height of >10 cm of 14.3 cm. The definition of such thresholds might help to maintain suitable habitat for this species and other primates living in anthropogenic landscapes, providing connectivity between isolated protected areas and allowing dispersal between populations.     

Availability of hollow‐bearing trees and their utilization by small animals in Cawston ranch,Zimbabwe

The objective of this study was to characterize hollows found in selected tree species (in Cawston Ranch in Zimbabwe) as a potential habitat for small mammals because cavities are important as resources for wildlife: for foraging, shelter, roosting and nesting purposes. Four vegetation types were chosen for analysis: Baikiaea plurijuga, Colophospermum mopane, Combretum molle and Commiphora mollis according to abundance and dominance in the plots they occurred. Transect sampling was done to collect vegetation data. The total number of living trees and stags were recorded in each plot. Trees in a plot were thoroughly inspected for hollows. The following dimensions were measured on cavity trees: hollow size (diameter), hollow location and diameter at breast height. The results indicate that the rate of hollow formation and utilization is significantly dependent on tree species. There was a significant difference in the provision of hollows in stem and crown of a tree in each of the vegetation classes analysed. B. plurijuga hollows had the highest utilization whilst C. molle had the least utilization. Hollows are utilized irrespective of their location as long as the animal finds a niche, and stags at advanced stages of decay are not important in providing habitats for animals.     

Selecting Species for Passive and Active Riparian Restoration in Southern Mexico

In revegetation projects, distinguishing species that can be passively restored by natural regeneration from those requiring active restoration is not a trivial decision. We quantified tree species dominance (measured by an importance value index, IVI_i) and used abundance–size correlations to select those species suitable for passive and/or active restoration of disturbed riparian vegetation in the Lacandonia region, Southern Mexico. We sampled riparian vegetation in a 50 × 10–m transect in each of six reference (RE) and five disturbed (DE) riparian ecosystems. Those species representing more than 50% of total IVI in each ecosystem were selected, and Spearman rank correlation between abundance and diameter classes was calculated. For eight species, it was determined that passive restoration could be sufficient for their establishment. Another eight species could be transplanted by means of active restoration. Five species regenerate well in only one ecosystem type, suggesting that both restoration strategies could be used depending on the degree of degradation. Finally, two species were determined to not be suitable for restoration in the RE (based on the above selection criteria) and were not selected during this initial stage of our restoration project. The high number of tree species found in the RE suggests that the species pool for ecological restoration is large. However, sampling in both ecosystem types helped us reduce the number of species that requires active restoration. Restoration objectives must guide the selection of which methods to implement; in different conditions, other criteria such as dispersal syndrome or social value could be considered in the species selection.