Effectiveness of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on bone healing is still uncertain and it has not been established as a standardized treatment. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the effect of PEMF on bone healing in patients with fracture. We searched CNKI, Wan Fang, VIP, EMbase, PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Open Grey websites for randomized controlled trials (published before July 2019 in English or Chinese) comparing any form of PEMF to sham. Reference lists were also searched. Related data were extracted by two investigators independently. The bias risk of the articles and the evidence strength of the outcomes were evaluated. Twenty-two studies were eligible and included in our analysis (n = 1,468 participants). The pooled results of 14 studies (n = 1,131 participants) demonstrated that healing rate in PEMF group was 79.7% (443/556), and that in the control group was 64.3% (370/575). PEMF increased healing rate (RR = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10–1.35; I² = 48%) by the Mantel–Haenszel analysis, relieved pain (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.49; 95% CI = −0.88 to −0.10; I² = 60%) by the inverse variance analysis, and accelerated healing time (SMD = −1.01; 95% CI = −2.01 to −0.00; I² = 90%) by the inverse variance analysis. Moderate quality evidence suggested that PEMF increased healing rate and relieved pain of fracture, and very low-quality evidence showed that PEMF accelerated healing time. Larger and higher quality randomized controlled trials and pre-clinical studies of optimal frequency, amplitude, and duration parameters are needed. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.     

Preattentive auditory information processing under exposure to the 902 MHz GSM mobile phone electromagnetic field: A mismatch negativity (MMN) study

Previous studies on the effects of the mobile phone electromagnetic field (EMF) on various event‐related potential (ERP) components have yielded inconsistent and even contradictory results, and often failed in replication. The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an auditory ERP component elicited by infrequent (deviant) stimuli differing in some physical features from the repetitive frequent (standard) stimuli in a sound sequence. The MMN provides a sensitive measure for cortical auditory stimulus feature discrimination, regardless of attention and other contaminating factors. In this study, MMN responses to duration, intensity, frequency, and gap changes were recorded in healthy young adults (n = 17), using a multifeature paradigm including several types of auditory change in the same stimulus sequence, while a GSM mobile phone was placed on either ear with the EMF (902 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz; SAR_1g = 1.14 W/kg, SAR_10g = 0.82 W/kg, peak value = 1.21 W/kg, measured with an SAM phantom) on or off. An MMN was elicited by all deviant types, while its amplitude and latency showed no significant differences due to EMF exposure for any deviant types. In the present study, we found no conclusive evidence that acute exposure to GSM mobile phone EMF affects cortical auditory change detection processing reflected by the MMN. Bioelectromagnetics 30:241–248, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The effects of prenatal exposure to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old male rat heart

Abstract

The growing spread of mobile phone use is raising concerns about the effect on human health of the electromagnetic field (EMF) these devices emit. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on rat pup heart tissue of prenatal exposure to a 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF. For this purpose, pregnant rats were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group rats were exposed to a 900?MHz EMF (1?h/d) on days 13–21 of pregnancy. Measurements were performed with rats inside the exposure box in order to determine the distribution of EMF intensity. Our measurements showed that pregnant experimental group rats were exposed to a mean electrical field intensity of 13.77?V/m inside the box (0.50?W/m²). This study continued with male rat pups obtained from both groups. Pups were sacrificed on postnatal day 21, and the heart tissues were extracted. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase values were significantly higher in the experimental group rats, while glutathione values were lower. Light microscopy revealed irregularities in heart muscle fibers and apoptotic changes in the experimental group. Electron microscopy revealed crista loss and swelling in the mitochondria, degeneration in myofibrils and structural impairments in Z bands. Our study results suggest that exposure to EMF in the prenatal period causes oxidative stress and histopathological changes in male rat pup heart tissue.     

Drosophila oogenesis as a bio-marker responding to EMF sources

The model biological organisms Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis have been utilized to assess effects on apoptotic cell death of follicles during oogenesis and reproductive capacity (fecundity) decline. A total of 280 different experiments were performed using newly emerged flies exposed for short time daily for 3–7?d to various EMF sources including: GSM 900/1800?MHz mobile phone, 1880–1900?MHz DECT wireless base, DECT wireless handset, mobile phone-DECT handset combination, 2.44?GHz wireless network (Wi-Fi), 2.44?GHz blue tooth, 92.8?MHz FM generator, 27.15?MHz baby monitor, 900?MHz CW RF generator and microwave oven’s 2.44?GHz RF and magnetic field components. Mobile phone was used as a reference exposure system for evaluating factors considered very important in dosimetry extending our published work with D. melanogaster to the insect D. virilis. Distance from the emitting source, the exposure duration and the repeatability were examined. All EMF sources used created statistically significant effects regarding fecundity and cell death-apoptosis induction, even at very low intensity levels (0.3?V/m blue tooth radiation), well below ICNIRP’s guidelines, suggesting that Drosophila oogenesis system is suitable to be used as a biomarker for exploring potential EMF bioactivity. Also, there is no linear cumulative effect when increasing the duration of exposure or using one EMF source after the other (i.e. mobile phone and DECT handset) at the specific conditions used. The role of the average versus the peak E-field values as measured by spectrum analyzers on the final effects is discussed.     

Helix-coil transition of poly-gamma-N-carbobenzoxy-L-alpha, gamma-diaminobutyrate and poly-delta-N-carbobenzoxy-L-ornithine

The helix–coil transition of poly-γ-N-carbobenzoxy-L -α,γ-diaminobutyrate (PCLB) and poly-δ-N-carbobenzoxy-L -ornithine (PCLO) in chloroform–dichloroacetic acid mixtures was followed by optical rotatory dispersion. PCLB displays a “normal” temperature-induced transition, but PCLO an “inverse” one. The thermodynamic parameters for helix formation of the two polymers were determined using the Zimm-Bragg theory. The enthalpy for adding an amide residue to a helical region, ΔH, and the initiation factor σ were ΔH = ?180 cal/mole and σ = 9.2 × 10^?5 for PCLB and ΔH = +490 cal/mole and σ = 1.9 × 10^?5 for PCLO.     

No effects of a single 3G UMTS mobile phone exposure on spontaneous EEG activity,ERP correlates,and automatic deviance detection

Potential effects of a 30 min exposure to third generation (3G) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile phone‐like electromagnetic fields (EMFs) were investigated on human brain electrical activity in two experiments. In the first experiment, spontaneous electroencephalography (sEEG) was analyzed (n = 17); in the second experiment, auditory event‐related potentials (ERPs) and automatic deviance detection processes reflected by mismatch negativity (MMN) were investigated in a passive oddball paradigm (n = 26). Both sEEG and ERP experiments followed a double‐blind protocol where subjects were exposed to either genuine or sham irradiation in two separate sessions. In both experiments, electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded at midline electrode sites before and after exposure while subjects were watching a silent documentary. Spectral power of sEEG data was analyzed in the delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. In the ERP experiment, subjects were presented with a random series of standard (90%) and frequency‐deviant (10%) tones in a passive binaural oddball paradigm. The amplitude and latency of the P50, N100, P200, MMN, and P3a components were analyzed. We found no measurable effects of a 30 min 3G mobile phone irradiation on the EEG spectral power in any frequency band studied. Also, we found no significant effects of EMF irradiation on the amplitude and latency of any of the ERP components. In summary, the present results do not support the notion that a 30 min unilateral 3G EMF exposure interferes with human sEEG activity, auditory evoked potentials or automatic deviance detection indexed by MMN. Bioelectromagnetics 34:31–42, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

No effects of mobile phone use on cortical auditory change‐detection in children: An ERP study

We investigated the effect of mobile phone use on the auditory sensory memory in children. Auditory event‐related potentials (ERPs), P1, N2, mismatch negativity (MMN), and P3a, were recorded from 17 children, aged 11–12 years, in the recently developed multi‐feature paradigm. This paradigm allows one to determine the neural change‐detection profile consisting of several different types of acoustic changes. During the recording, an ordinary GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phone emitting 902 MHz (pulsed at 217 Hz) electromagnetic field (EMF) was placed on the ear, over the left or right temporal area (SAR_1g = 1.14 W/kg, SAR_10g = 0.82 W/kg, peak value = 1.21 W/kg). The EMF was either on or off in a single‐blind manner. We found that a short exposure (two 6 min blocks for each side) to mobile phone EMF has no statistically significant effects on the neural change‐detection profile measured with the MMN. Furthermore, the multi‐feature paradigm was shown to be well suited for studies of perception accuracy and sensory memory in children. However, it should be noted that the present study only had sufficient statistical power to detect a large effect size. Bioelectromagnetics 31:191–199, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base station – variability analysis

Abstract

The article describes the character of electromagnetic field (EMF) in mobile phone base station (BS) surroundings and its variability in time with an emphasis on the measurement difficulties related to its pulse and multi-frequency nature. Work also presents long-term monitoring measurements performed recently in different locations in Poland – small city with dispersed building development and in major polish city – dense urban area. Authors tried to determine the trends in changing of EMF spectrum analyzing daily changes of measured EMF levels in those locations. Research was performed using selective electromagnetic meters and also EMF meter with spectrum analysis.     

Retention model for the resolved enantiomers of felodipine on chiral-AGP using micellar mobile phases

A retention model for the chiral separation of an uncharged solute, felodipine, on CHIRAL-AGP, using a micellar mobile phase is proposed. The model assumes the presence of two stereoselective sites and each enantiomer was found to interact with different sites. Addition of a chiral aliphatic alcohol, (+)-(S)-2-octanol, preferentially interacted with the binding site for (?)-(S)-felodipine. The monomeric form of the micellar agent (Tween® 20) competed with the enantiomers for the adsorption sites, and the formation of a 1:1 complex between the enantiomers and the micelles was assumed. The retention of the solutes was effectively controlled by adding small quantities (<1.63 × 10^?3 M) of the nonionic detergent Tween 20 to the mobile phase. Baseline separation was achieved by addition of 1.0 mM n-octylamine to the mobile phase; 8.14 × 10^?4 M Tween 20 in phosphate buffer pH 7.0. The separation factor (α = 1.74) was unaffected by the detergent concentration in the presence of 1.0 mM n-octylamine. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cognitive and physiological responses in humans exposed to a TETRA base station signal in relation to perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) technology (“Airwave”) has led to public concern because of its potential interference with electrical activity in the brain. The present study is the first to examine whether acute exposure to a TETRA base station signal has an impact on cognitive functioning and physiological responses. Participants were exposed to a 420 MHz TETRA signal at a power flux density of 10 mW/m² as well as sham (no signal) under double‐blind conditions. Fifty‐one people who reported a perceived sensitivity to electromagnetic fields as well as 132 controls participated in a double‐blind provocation study. Forty‐eight sensitive and 132 control participants completed all three sessions. Measures of short‐term memory, working memory, and attention were administered while physiological responses (blood volume pulse, heart rate, skin conductance) were monitored. After applying exclusion criteria based on task performance for each aforementioned cognitive measure, data were analyzed for 36, 43, and 48 sensitive participants for these respective tasks and, likewise, 107,125, and 129 controls. We observed no differences in cognitive performance between sham and TETRA exposure in either group; physiological response also did not differ between the exposure conditions. These findings are similar to previous double‐blind studies with other mobile phone signals (900–2100 MHz), which could not establish any clear evidence that mobile phone signals affect health or cognitive function. Bioelectromagnetics 33:23–39, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The effect of a 94 GHz electromagnetic field on neuronal microtubules

Hardware that generates electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from 1 to 10 mm (millimeter waves, “MMW”) is being used in a variety of applications, including high‐speed data communication and medical devices. This raises both practical and fundamental issues concerning the interaction of MMW electromagnetic fields (EMF) with biological tissues. A 94 GHz EMF is of particular interest because a number of applications, such as active denial systems, rely on this specific frequency. Most of the energy associated with MMW radiation is absorbed in the skin and, for a 94 GHz field, the power penetration depth is shallow (≈0.4 mm). At sufficiently high energies, skin heating is expected to activate thermal pain receptors, leading to the perception of pain. In addition to this “thermal” mechanism of action, a number of “non‐thermal” effects of MMW fields have been previously reported. Here, we investigated the influence of a 94 GHz EMF on the assembly/disassembly of neuronal microtubules in Xenopus spinal cord neurons. We reasoned that since microtubule array is regulated by a large number of intracellular signaling cascades, it may serve as an exquisitely sensitive reporter for the biochemical status of neuronal cytoplasm. We found that exposure to 94 GHz radiation increases the rate of microtubule assembly and that this effect can be entirely accounted for by the rapid EMF‐elicited temperature jump. Our data are consistent with the notion that the cellular effects of a 94 GHz EMF are mediated entirely by cell heating. Bioelectromagnetics 34:133–144, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

No effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on auditory brainstem response

The present study investigated the possible effects of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by an ordinary GSM mobile phone (902.4 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz) on brainstem auditory processing. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded in 17 healthy young adults, without a mobile phone at baseline, and then with a mobile phone on the ear under EMF‐off and EMF‐on conditions. The amplitudes, latencies, and interwave intervals of the main ABR components (waves I, III, V) were compared among the three conditions. ABR waveforms showed no significant differences due to exposure, suggesting that short‐term exposure to mobile phone EMF did not affect the transmission of sensory stimuli from the cochlea up to the midbrain along the auditory nerve and brainstem auditory pathways. Bioelectromagnetics 31:48–55, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effect of exposure and withdrawal of 900-MHz-electromagnetic waves on brain,kidney and liver oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in male rats

Abstract

Increasing use of mobile phones in daily life with increasing adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), emitted from mobile on some physiological processes, cause many concerns about their effects on human health. Therefore, this work was designed to study the effects of exposure to mobile phone emits 900-MHz EMR on the brain, liver and kidney of male albino rats. Thirty male adult rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 each) as follows: control group (rats without exposure to EMR), exposure group (exposed to 900-MHz EMR for 1?h/d for 60?d) and withdrawal group (exposed to 900-MHz electromagnetic wave for 1?h/d for 60?d then left for 30?d without exposure). EMR emitted from mobile phone led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and significant decrease total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in brain, liver and kidneys tissues. The sera activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine and corticosterone were significantly increased (p?<?0.05), while serum catecholamines were insignificantly higher in the exposed rats. These alterations were corrected by withdrawal. In conclusion, electromagnetic field emitting from mobile phone might produce impairments in some biochemicals changes and oxidative stress in brain, liver and renal tissue of albino rats. These alterations were corrected by withdrawal.     

Altered morphology and biochemistry of the female rat liver following 900 megahertz electromagnetic field exposure during mid to late adolescence

ABSTRACT

Despite their benefits, technological devices such as cell phones may also have deleterious effects on human health. Considerable debate continues concerning the effects of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted during cell phone use on human health. We investigated the effects of exposure to 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF during mid to late adolescence on the rat liver. Control (ContGr), sham (ShmGr) and EMF (EMFGr) groups of female rats were established. We exposed the EMFGr rats daily to 900 MHz EMF on postnatal days 35?59. ShmGr rats underwent sham procedures. No procedure was performed on ContGr rats. Rats were sacrificed on postnatal day 60 and the livers were extracted. One part of the liver was stained with Masson’s trichrome or hematoxylin and eosin. The remaining tissue was used to measure oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and nitrotyrosine. Total antioxidant status and total oxidant status were used to calculate the oxidative stress index. We found normal hepatic morphology in the ContGr and ShmGr groups. The EMFGr group exhibited occasional irregularities in the radial arrangement of hepatocytes, cytoplasmic vacuolization, hemorrhage, sinusoid expansion, hepatocyte morphology and edema. Biochemical analysis revealed that 8-OHdG and SOD levels in EMFGr decreased significantly compared to the ContGr and ShmGr groups. Exposure to a continuous 900 MHz EMF for 1 h daily during mid to late adolescence may cause histopathological and biochemical alterations in hepatic tissue.     

Electro-optic scattering studies on deoxyribonucleic acid

Measurements have been made of the intensity of light scattered from aqueous solutions of calf thymus DNA with and without the application of electric fields. For fields approaching 150 V/cm and frequencies below 2.5 KHz, changes (ΔI) of up to 10% in the residual scattered intensity were observed. In agreement with previous dielectric and electric birefringence measurements, a low frequency dispersion of ΔI was observed, from which a rotary diffusion constant (D) of 1200 s^?1 was determined. Interpreting the electric field data in terms of the classical dipolar orientation theory led to values of 2.4 × 10^?25 cm (7.4 × 10^?14 esu) and 4.3 × 10^?25 cm (13 × 10^?14 esu) for the permanent dipole moment and the anisotropy of the electric polarisabilities respectively. Furthermore the permanent dipole moment was along the major molecular axis and the particles orientated in the field as rigid entities. The zero field data indicated a molecular shape which was not rodlike but corresponded to the Kratky-Porod “stiffness” parameter of x = 24 for the wormlike coil model. Although curved, the molecules appeared to orientate in low-intensity electric fields as rigid, but not rodlike molecules. The implications of this on recent discrepancies in D determined by two or more dynamic relaxation methods is briefly discussed.     

Variations spectroscopiques induites par illumination et par action chimique observées à—196°C dans la chlorophylle a de Porphyridium

Spectroscopic Changes in the Chlorophyll a of Porphyridium Induced by Illumination and Chemical Action and Observed at ?196°C. Photo-oxidation of P700 by 708 nm light can take place under weak intensity (10^?6 W × cm^?2) when the medium is frozen. Spectral characteristics of “700 nm” and “690 nm” variations are accurately measured. The amplitude of the photoinduced changes of absorption are similar to those induced by chemical action. In the case of Porphyridium, an apparent increase of the extinction power of P700 at ?196°C is observed. This fact seems to be due to a diminution of the bandwith of the neighbouring pigments. Irradiation with red light (685 nm), of a relatively high intensity (10^?2 W × cm^?2), in the presence of oxygen at ?196°C, induces a slight shift (0.5 nm) of the red absorption band maximum towards longer wavelengths. This change is similar to the one promoted by ferricyanide in the dark. The origin and the functional significance of the phenomenon is discussed.     

Triple helix–coil transition of covalently bridged collagenlike peptides

The thermal triple helix–coil transition of covalently bridged collagenlike peptides with repeating sequences of (Ala-Gly-Pro)_n, n = 5–15, was studied optically. The peptides were soluble in water/acetic acid (99:1) and were found to form triple-helical structures in this solvent system beginning with n = 8. The thermodynamic analysis of the transition equilibrium curves for n = 9–13 yielded the parameters ΔH°_s = ?7.0 kJ per tripeptide unit, ΔS°_s = ?23.1 J deg^?1 mol^?1 per tripeptide unit for the coil-to-helix transition, and the apparent nucleation parameter σ ? 5 × 10^?2. It was suggested through double-jump temperature experiments that the rate-limiting step during refolding is not only influenced by the difficulties of nucleation, but also by cis–trans isomerization of the Gly-Pro peptide bond.     

Cytogenetic implications of artificial hybrids between the hawaiian silversword alliance and North American tarweeds (Asteraceae: Heliantheae—Madiinae)

Two vigorous transoceanic, bigeneric hybrids, Dubautia laevigata (n = 14) × Raillardiopsis muirii (n = 8) and [Dubautia knudsenii × laxa] (n = 14) × Madia bolanderi (n = 6), and one vigorous transoceanic trigeneric hybrid, Dubautia scabra (n = 14) × [M. bolanderi × R. muirii], between mainland tarweeds and Hawaiian silversword allies were artificially produced and subjected to cytogenetic analysis. In addition to univalents, ≈46–80% of the microsporocytes scored from these hybrids exhibited from one to four bivalents. However, some of the bivalents scored in the second bigeneric hybrid represented infragenomic association of Dubautia chromosomes. Stainable pollen of these hybrids ranged from 4.4 to 49%, mostly comprising large, tetracolporate, apparently diploid grains. The functionality of such grains was demonstrated in the primary hybrid M. bolanderi × R. muirii that was used to produce the trigeneric hybrid, and suggests the possible mode of origin of the Hawaiian genome via allopolyploidy. Illustrations of parents and F₁s indicate that the hybrids produced in this study generally exhibit intermediate character states. However, the phenotypes of the “ray” flowers in hybrids between discoid and radiate species were noticeably unpredictable; in one case intermediacy appeared to be expressed largely in quantitative terms, while in two others intermediacy appeared to be expressed largely in qualitative terms.     

The Short‐Term Effect of Occupational Levels of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Human Heart Rate Variability

Previous studies have indicated that there is no consensus on the effects of extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic (ELF‐EMF) exposure on the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to explore the short‐term effect of ELF‐EMF exposure on heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV). The sample consisted of 34 healthy males aged 18–27 years. The participants were randomly assigned to the EMF (n = 17) or the Sham group (n = 17). We employed a double‐blind repeated‐measures design consisting of three 5 min experimental periods. The chest region of each individual in the EMF group was exposed to 50 Hz, 28 μT, linear polarized, continuous EMF during the EMF exposure period. HR and HRV data were recorded continuously by using a photoplethysmography sensor. Within‐subject statistical analysis indicated a significant HR deceleration in both the EMF and Sham groups. However, the standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), low‐frequency (LF), and high‐frequency (HF) powers increased only in the EMF group and remained stable in the Sham group. We also compared the same HRV indices measured during the EMF and Sham periods between the two experimental groups. The between‐subject analysis results demonstrated significantly higher SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF values in the EMF group than in the Sham group. The LF/HF ratio did not change significantly within and between groups. On the basis of these results, we concluded that short‐term exposure of the chest region to ELF‐EMF could potentially enhance parasympathetic predominance during the resting condition. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:60–75. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.     

Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field from mobile phone on serum hepcidin and iron status in male albino rats

Background: Electromagnetic fields (EMF) created by mobile phones during communication have harmful effects on different organs.

Objectives: To explore the effects of exposure to EMF of mobile phones for different durations on hematological parameters and serum hepcidin in male albino rats.

Methods: Three groups of eight rats: Sham group: rats were exposed to a mobile phone while it was switched off, Experimental group I: rats were exposed to microwave radiation from a mobile phone at 9 am for 30 min. Experimental group II: rats were exposed to microwave radiations from a mobile phone at 9 am for an hour. In all groups, the exposure was conducted daily for a total period of 5 months, followed by estimation of serum hepcidin, total leukocyte count (TLC), interleukin 6 (IL6), serum iron, serum ferritin, plasma hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit value (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and 1.25 dihydroxycholecalciferol levels.

Results: In Experimental group II, there was a significant increase in serum hepcidin, TLC, IL6 and serum ferritin; however, serum iron, TIBC, UIBC, 1.25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, plasma Hb, Hct, MCV and MCH were significantly lower in comparison to sham-exposed group. In Experimental group I, there was a significant increase in serum hepcidin, IL6 and TLC, along with non-significant changes in the remaining studied parameters in comparison to the sham-exposed group. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to EMF from mobile phones increases hepcidin level with subsequent impairment of iron parameters, in addition to negatively affecting both UIBC and TIBC.