Variation in sex pheromone composition in large fruit-tree tortrix Archips podana Scop. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Variation in sex pheromone composition was studied in large fruit-tree tortrix. The pheromone contained cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate and trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate as macrocomponents as well as microcomponents cis-11-tetradecenol and trans-11-tetradecenol with the prevalence of cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate and cis-11-tetradecenol. The pheromone composition depended in part on the genotype of the male parent. Inbreeding increased the proportion of trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate and trans-11-tetradecenol.     

Variation in antennal sensory system in different phenotypes of large fruit-tree tortrix Archips podana scop. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Quantitative composition of antennal sensilla was studied in different phenotypes of large fruit-tree tortrix imago. Changes in the number of sensilla were observed in individuals reared on lilac: male phenotypes AB and B differed by the number of chaetoid, coeloconic, auriculate, and basiconic sensilla; female offspring of males with AB and B phenotypes differed by the number of short trichoid sensilla and auriculate sensilla of the first type. The relationship between male phenotype and the number of sensilla as well as the impact of parental male genotype on the variation in antennal sensory system in female offspring are discussed.     

Influence of ionizing radiation on the formation of adult antennae in large fruit-tree tortrix <Emphasis Type=Italic>Archips podana</Emphasis> Scop. (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae)

The influence of sterilizing doses of X-radiation on the formation of adult antennae during the pupa period of development of Archips podana was studied. We found a change in the number of coeloconic and auriculate sensilla in those imago whose pupae were exposed to radiation. A slow-down in the process of antennae formation at the pupal stage was registered after the irradiation of instar five larvae and newly formed pupae.     

Fecundity of large fruit-tree tortrix <Emphasis Type="Italic">Archips podana</Emphasis> Scop. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on different host plants

We studied pupal weight, fecundity, and potential and achieved fecundity of imagoes of large fruit-tree tortrix Archips podana Scop. for caterpillars reared on apple, currant, pear, lilac, and plum plants. Pupal weight had no effect on fecundity in the first generation but was reflected in the second generation. The dependence of potential and achieved fecundity of imago on pupal weight was nonlinear with a trend to optimum within certain limits.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 253–256.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Safonkin, Triseleva.     

The influence of ionizing radiation on oocyte development and reproductive activity in Archips podana scop. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

The influence of ionizing radiation on oocyte development and male reproductive success in Archips podana has been studied. The increase of the percentage of the vitellogenous oocyte and the decrease of the percentage of the chorion oocyte against the control have been shown. Additionally, increases in the percentage of sterile females and the number of sterile eggs have been pointed out when control females mated with irradiated males.     

Genetic bases for heterogeneity of a population of omnivorous Archips podana Scop. leaf roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by morphological and behavioral traits

Inheritance of morphological characters related to male and female genitalia was examined in Archips podana Scop. The position and number of aedeagus prongs had a monogenic diallelic mode of inheritance. In contrast to homozygous for P1 (prong A) and heterozygous (prong A + B) males, males homozygous for P2 (prong B) were characterized by much more active courtship. The gene correlates with a set of characters controlling individual ecology, exploring behavior of females, and feeding on different cultures. Morphological adult type 0 is an extremely weak form of phenotype B. Exploring activity of adults having phenotype B is the highest at the ratio of cis-tetradecenol to the other components of the female sex pheromone that leads to a somewhat lower activity of males of other phenotypes. In females, no regularities in inheritance of phenotypic characters were revealed. A hypothesis on a mechanism for maintenance of population stability for the given phenotypes is advanced and a possible mechanism for microevolution of a polymorphic species is proposed.     

Influence of precocene II on the sensory system of antennae and mouthparts in larvae of the fruit tree tortricid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Archips podana</Emphasis> Scop. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The influence of precocene II, an antijuvenile agent, on morphological characters of the chemoreceptor apparatus of antennae and mouthparts was studied in fifth instar A. podana larvae. Treatment with different doses of precocene was performed at the egg stage. It proved to cause changes in the form and number of basiconic sensilla on the maxillary palps and galea and in the size of basiconic sensilla on the second and third antennal segments. The results are discussed with respect to the influence of precocenes on the insect sensory system and the role of the juvenile hormone in regulation of its development.     

Genetic and morphological variety in Lepidoptera: Evidence from monomorphic Panolis flammea L. and polymorphic Archips podana Scop.

The variability of the mtDNA locus COI and morphology of male reproductive structures were analyzed in a monomorphic (Panolis flammea) and a polymorphic (Archips podana) moth species. The level of population heterogeneity was related to reproductive behavior and the feeding range. In P. flammea, in contrast to A. podana, copulation does not depend on particular guiding structures. The continuous character of variation in the number and size of prongs on the aedeagus indicates that P. flammea is monomorphic by these traits. The level of nucleotide variation in the COI locus of mtDNA was also higher in the polymorphic A. podana than in the monomorphic P. flammea, possibly correlating with morphological intraspecies variation.     

Genetic Basis of Heterogeneity for Morphological and Behavioral Characters in a Population of Archips podanaScop. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Inheritance of morphological characters related to male and female genitalia was examined in Archips podanaScop. The position and number of aedeagus prongs had a monogenic diallelic mode of inheritance. The gene determining this character is autosomal. Homozygous and heterozygous males have respectively one and two prongs. In contrast to homozygous for P ¹(prong A) and heterozygous (prong A+B) males, males homozygous for P ²(prong B) were characterized by much more active courtship. The gene correlates with a set of characters controlling individual ecology, exploring behavior of females, and feeding on different cultures. Morphological adult type 0 is an extremely weak form of phenotype B. Exploring activity of adults having phenotype B is the highest at the ratio of cis-11-tetradecenol to the other components of the female sex pheromone that leads to a somewhat lower activity of males of other phenotypes. In females, no regularities in inheritance of phenotypic characters were revealed. A hypothesis on a mechanism for maintenance of population stability for the given phenotypes is advanced and a possible mechanism for microevolution of a polymorphic species is proposed.     

A systematic study of the pulchra species group of Archips occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

This paper reviews the pulchra species group of Archips, describes a new species, Archips stellata, and redescribes A. pulchra (Butler) and A. abiephaga (Yasuda). Although long confused with each other, these three species are distinguishable by differences in the wing markings, abdominal dorsal pits, and genitalia. To position the pulchra group systematically within the genus Archips, earlier related studies are reviewed and the phylogenetic relevance and polarities of traits are discussed. The forewing pattern, consisting of transverse black and glossy gray fasciae, is presumed to be the only synapomorphy of this group; affinity between the pulchra group and other groups of Archips in some traits may reflect symplesiomorphy.     

苹小卷叶蛾在四种寄主植物上的生长发育及繁殖

【目的】研究阐明不同寄主对苹小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】在室温26±1℃,RH 80%±5%和光周期16L∶8D条件下,以桃Amygdalus persica、苹果Malus pumila、李Prunus salicina和杏Armeniaca vulgaris 4种果树叶片为食料,观察苹小卷叶蛾实验种群生长发育特性和繁殖能力,组建实验种群生命表。【结果】苹小卷叶蛾在桃、苹果、李、杏上生长发育和繁殖存在显著差异。全世代的发育历期在苹果上最短,为34.44 d;在李上最长,为38.37 d。取食桃的蛹重最重(28.25 mg/蛹),取食李的蛹重最轻(17.93 mg/蛹)。世代存活率在桃和苹果上较高(≥60.00%),在李和杏上较小(分别为45.00%和50.00%)。在桃上产卵最多(96.15粒/雌),在杏上最少(68.15粒/雌)。生命表参数表明,净增殖率以桃上为最高(23.20),杏上最低(11.66);内禀增长率也以桃上为最高(0.0953);世代平均周期则以李上最长(35.72 d);种群加倍时间以桃上最短(7.29 d),杏上最长(9.79 d)。【结论】4种寄主植物中,桃和苹果较适宜苹小卷叶蛾幼虫的发育及繁殖。     

Effect of irradiation on Mexican leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) development and reproduction

The effects of irradiation on egg, larval, and pupal development, and adult reproduction in Mexican leafroller, Amorbia emigratella Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were examined. Eggs, neonates, early instars, late instars, early pupae, and late pupae were irradiated at target doses of 60, 90, 120, or 150 Gy, or they were left untreated as controls in replicated factorial experiments. Survival to the adult stage was recorded. Tolerance to radiation increased with increasing age and developmental stage. A radiation dose of 90 Gy applied to neonates and early instars prevented adult emergence. A dose of 150 Gy was not sufficient to prevent adult emergence in late instars or pupae. The effect of irradiation on sterility was examined in late pupae and adult moths. For progeny produced by insects treated as late pupae, a total of three out of 3,130 eggs hatched at 90 Gy, 0 out of 2,900 eggs hatched at 120 Gy, and 0 out of 1,700 eggs hatched at 150 Gy. From regression analysis, the dose predicted to prevent egg hatch from the progeny of irradiated late pupae was 120 Gy, with a 95% confidence interval of 101-149 Gy. The late pupa is the most radiotolerant stage likely to occur with exported commodities; therefore, a minimum absorbed radiation dose of 149 Gy (nominally 150 Gy) has potential as a quarantine treatment. Reciprocal crosses between irradiated and unirradiated moths demonstrated that males were more radiotolerant than females. Irradiation of female moths at a target dose of 90 Gy before pairing and mating with irradiated or unirradiated males resulted in no viable eggs, whereas irradiated males paired with unirradiated females produced viable eggs at 90 and 150 Gy.     

Egg development and diapause: ecophysiological and genetic basis of phenological polymorphism and adaptation to varied hosts in the green oak tortrix,Tortrix viridana L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Experiments concerned 8 tortrix populations associated with varied oak species. They showed that the egg development included a phase of diapause. Completion of embryogenesis at 20 degrees C was used as a criterion for whether diapause was completed. Under semi-natural conditions diapause terminated in late autumn or early winter, then eggs developed continuously, without postdiapause winter quiescence, even in severe cold. The eggs from the populations associated with holm or cork oak completed diapause then hatched later than those from the populations associated with sessile or pubescent oak. Reciprocal crossbreedings confirmed that this phenological polymorphism was genetically determined. Under constant temperatures the physiological state of diapausing eggs, assessed by measuring their cold requirements to complete diapause by exposure to 8 degrees C, varied gradually with increasing age. This diapause development was strongly temperature-dependent. Cold requirements of diapausing eggs were much higher in a late-hatching than in an early-hatching population. This explains the phenological polymorphism of the tortrix: the more eggs need cold, the later they complete diapause in autumn, and the later they hatch in spring. Egg cold requirements varied widely within populations too, which resulted in large variations in the date of diapause end among individuals. The date of egg hatch was influenced by the temperatures occurring during diapause and postdiapause, but apparently not by photoperiod.     

Effects of methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces on the attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide was investigated in wind tunnel and orientation tube assays. When males were exposed to either water- or surfactant-treated surfaces for 48 h, and regardless of what treatment surfaces the females had been exposed to, the mean percent recaptures of such treated males in the wind tunnel assay were sometimes significantly greater than the recaptures of males that had been exposed to methoxyfenozide. Similarly, in the orientation tube assay, males exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces almost always had significantly lower mean levels of individuals exhibiting sexual excitability and the mean distances traveled upwind, regardless of female exposures. The two assays demonstrated that male codling moths exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces were not as responsive to calling females (treated and nontreated) as were the nontreated males. Conversely, females exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces were just as attractive to nontreated males as were nontreated females. It appears that a male's ability to respond to a calling female is more negatively affected by the ecdysone agonist than a female's ability to call and attract males.     

Influence of generation and photoperiod on larval development of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The influence of generation (under field conditions) and photoperiod (under laboratory conditions) on Lobesia botrana larvae development was studied. Some larvae were collected during three annual generations in two grape-growing areas of northeastern Italy, and others were individually reared in the laboratory from egg to pupa on an artificial diet under two different photoperiod conditions (respectively, daylight 16 h/d [long day {LD}] and 14 h/d [short day {SD}]). The mandible lengths of collected larvae were measured and the data analyzed morphometrically to determine the number of larval instars. In the laboratory study, the number of larval moultings, the mandible length of each instar, the development time from hatching larva to pupa, and the pupal weight were considered. The measurement of mandible lengths of larvae collected in the field indicated the existence of five larval instars in all three annual generations, but the size of the two oldest larval instars was significantly higher for third-generation larvae than for the previous generations. Under laboratory conditions, the larvae usually exhibited five instars, but the mandible lengths of larvae and the pupa size were greater for individuals reared under SD. These also took a greater number of days to develop from hatching larvae to pupae. Because a larger size of the final larval instar occurs in individuals that produce diapausing pupae under SD in both the laboratory and the field, a positive association between larval size and the probability of surviving the winter can be inferred.     

Host-plant influence on the population ecology of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract.

• 1 Newly-emerged, second-instar jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus Freeman) establish spring feeding sites preferentially in the pollen cones of their host tree, Pinus banksiana Lamb.
• 2 Laboratory studies showed that the rate of establishment and survival of jack pine budworm on pollen cones was high throughout the entire spring emergence period of the insect.
• 3 In contrast, the rate of establishment and survival of jack pine budworm on vegetative buds was very poor early in the spring. Vegetative buds were only acceptable as feeding sites to the jack pine budworm for a relatively brief period in late spring.
• 4 Field studies showed that the change in population density of jack pine budworm during the spring emergence stage, as expressed by k-values, was a function of the abundance of pollen cones in the stand. Population reduction was greatest in those stands with the fewest pollen cones.
• 5 Direct measurement of spring dispersal by jack pine budworm showed that dispersal and consequent losses to the budworm population were greatest in stands with the fewest pollen cones.
• 6 We conclude that changes in the density of jack pine budworm are strongly influenced by production of pollen cones in the host stand. Because pollen cone production is related to previous years of defoliation by the jack pine budworm, we propose that pollen cones act as a density-dependent factor governing the density of early-stage jack pine budworm.
• 7 The resulting dynamics are compared to those of other budworm species and used to explain observed regional and temporal patterns of jack pine budworm outbreaks.

     

Influence of copper on the development and adult emergence of Homona coffearia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) reared in vitro

Copper content ranging between 12.5 and 150 ppm of metallic copper was found to significantly (P=0.05) affect the growth and development of the tea tortrix, Homona coffearia, reared in meridic diets in the laboratory. At this tested range, the larval period was prolonged, pupal weight reduced and adult emergence poor, resulting mostly in deformed moths with wings devoid of scales. This characteristic latter symptom has been shown to be due to a deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids and copper seems to affect the availability of the latter. At 200 ppm of copper, even though the larvae succeeded to pupate they all failed to emerge as adults. When the concentration of copper was increased to 250 ppm, the larvae were able to grow only up to the third instar, whilst at concentrations of 500 ppm and above they died the day following inoculation.

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Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt zwischen 12.5 und 150 ppm metallischen Kupfers beeinflusste gesichert (P=0.05) das Wachstum und die Entwicklung des Teewicklers, Homona coffearia, bei Zucht auf künstlichen Nährböden im Laboratorium.Im genannten geprüften Bereich wurde die Raupenentwicklung verlängert, das Puppengewicht und die Schlüpfrate reduziert, wobei die Falter meist deformiert waren und schuppenlose Flügel hatten. Dieses letzte charakteristische Symptom wird durch einen Mangel an ungesättigten Fettsäuren verursacht, wobei offenbar Kupfer die Verfügbarkeit letzterer beeinträchtigt. Bei 200 ppm Kupfer ergaben keine der verpuppten Raupen Falter. Bei 250 ppm Kupfer vermochten die Raupen sich bloss zum 3. Stadium zu entwickeln, während sie bei 500 ppm und mehr am Tag nach dem Ansetzen starben.

     

Rapid development of resistance to diamide insecticides in the smaller tea tortrix,Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the tea fields of Shizuoka Prefecture,Japan

We investigated the susceptibility of the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai Yasuda, to diamide insecticides in the Shimada-Yui tea fields in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, from 2006 to 2011. By 2011, the insects had developed significant resistance even to concentrations far above the registration concentrations of two diamides, flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) values of flubendiamide showed a rapid annual increase from 16.2 ppm in 2007 to 161 ppm in August 2011, exceeding the registration concentration of 100 ppm in 2010 and 2011. The LC₅₀ values of chlorantraniliprole increased sharply from 25.3 ppm in 2010 to 98.8 ppm in August 2011, exceeding the registration concentration of 50 ppm. The LC₅₀ values for flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole at 10 days after treatment in insects collected in August 2011 were 105-fold and 77.2-fold higher, respectively, than those in a susceptible strain.     

Effects of lufenuron on Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg, larval, and adult stages

The effect of the chitin synthesis inhibitor lufenuron was evaluated against different developmental stages of Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Lufenuron fed to adults at 10 ppm reduced their fecundity and fertility, but it did not affect adult longevity. High activity was observed against L. botrana eggs with greater effect on 1-d-old eggs than on the other age classes and on eggs treated by direct contact rather than those laid on a previously treated surface. Eggs laid by treated adults showed the same effects during development as eggs treated by contact or those laid on a treated surface. Larvae that emerged from treated eggs could not perforate grape berries. Administered into the diet, lufenuron had a larvicidal effect, resulting in similar LC50 values for different instars: 0.07 ppm for first instars, 0.08 ppm for third instars, and 0.11 ppm for fifth instars. None of the larvae treated with sublethal concentrations throughout their life emerged as adults at the highest concentration (0.08 ppm), and only 70% emerged at the lowest concentration (0.0025 ppm).     

Laboratory rearing of lesser appleworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The lesser appleworm, Cydia prunivora (Walsh), was reared successfully in the laboratory. Larvae of various instars were collected in the field from hawthorn fruit, Crataegus spp. Initially, immature apples served as the food source for the larvae in the laboratory. Rearing was conducted in a greenhouse and later in combination with a controlled environment room at 25 degrees C, 50-60% RH, and a photoperiod of 18:6 (L:D) h. Under these conditions, a generation required approximately 30 d. Fifty-six adult lesser appleworm moths emerged from the original field collected hawthorn fruits. After a decline in the number of the F1 generation to 39 moths, the colony on mature apples, increased to in excess of 10,000 moths by the fifth generation with a mean survival rate to adult of 68.0%. When production on immature apples was compared with that on four artificial diets, the most promising of the artificial diets was the lima bean-based diet currently used to rear the oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), with a mean survival rate of 46.4%. The other bean-based diets tested were not as satisfactory. Pear foliage was the preferred oviposition substrate of those tested, including apple and hawthorn foliage. No eggs were deposited on plain waxed paper or glass microscope slides; however, large numbers of eggs were deposited on waxed paper treated with a water extract of pear foliage and immature apples.