外膜蛋白OmpR对副溶血弧菌致病特性的影响

[目的]探究OmpR在副溶血弧菌生物学特性和致病性中发挥的作用。[方法]利用同源重组技术构建了副溶血弧菌ompR基因缺失株(ΔompR)和互补株(CΔompR),分析各菌株的生长特性、运动性和生物被膜形成能力的差异;比较各菌株对细胞黏附、细胞毒性和小鼠致病性的影响。[结果]ompR基因缺失对副溶血弧菌的生长特性、运动性以及细胞毒性无显著影响。但与野生株相比,ΔompR的生物被膜的形成能力显著降低;感染ΔompR的小鼠存活率升高了25%,病变程度更低;ΔompR在小鼠心脏、肝脏和肾脏中的载菌量显著低于野生株,互补株毒力基本恢复至野生株水平。[结论]OmpR参与副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成和致病过程,是副溶血弧菌潜在的毒力因子。     

VPA1500基因缺失对副溶血弧菌生物学特性和致病性的影响

Ⅵ型分泌系统（T6SS）是细菌的一种毒力因子分泌系统,通过分泌蛋白参与调控细菌的环境适应性和毒力。副溶血弧菌具有两个T6SS系统（T6SS1和T6SS2）。[目的] 前期通过差异蛋白质组学技术筛选到副溶血弧菌T6SS1相关的分泌蛋白,本文选择其中的VPA1500为研究对象,研究其基因缺失对副溶血弧菌的生物学特性及致病性的影响。[方法] 利用同源重组技术构建缺失株ΔVPA1500和互补株CΔVPA1500;分析各菌株生长特性、在体外的细菌竞争能力、运动性、细菌鞭毛相关基因的转录水平及生物被膜形成能力的差异,比较各菌株对细胞毒性、小鼠毒力、动物组织载菌量以及组织病理学变化的影响。[结果] 与野生株相比,VPA1500基因缺失后不影响细菌的生长能力、生物被膜形成能力和群集运动,然而ΔVPA1500的浮泳运动能力显著下降;进一步通过透射电镜观察和实时定量PCR检测发现,VPA1500缺失影响副溶血弧菌鞭毛的形成;细菌竞争实验显示缺失VPA1500基因降低了副溶血弧菌野生株体外对大肠杆菌的杀伤能力;ΔVPA1500对细胞毒性、小鼠毒力以及在动物组织的定殖能力均显著低于野生株,互补株毒力基本恢复至野生株水平;组织病理学结果进一步表明,缺失VPA1500基因能够降低副溶血弧菌对小鼠组织的损伤。[结论] VPA1500参与副溶血弧菌的体外细菌竞争能力、浮游运动能力和致病性。     

肽酶PepT参与副溶血弧菌的浮游运动和生物被膜形成

pepT基因编码一种金属依赖性肽酶T (peptidase T,PepT),能特异性催化三肽N端氨基酸,因此也称为氨肽酶T。研究发现大多数氨肽酶参与细菌蛋白质新陈代谢和调节三肽活性,但关于PepT在细菌毒力及致病性方面的报道较少。[目的]本文选取PepT为研究对象,研究其对副溶血弧菌生物学特性及致病性的影响。[方法]通过构建缺失株ΔpepT和回补株CΔpepT,比较菌株在运动性、生物被膜、环境耐受、细胞毒性等方面的差异。[结果]与野生株相比,ΔpepT缺失株的极性鞭毛转录水平极显著下降,浮游运动能力降低;同时生物被膜形成能力减弱,而细菌群集运动及环境耐受能力无显著差异。此外,缺失pepT基因会导致副溶血弧菌的细胞毒性和小鼠毒力作用显著下降。[结论]pepT基因与副溶血弧菌浮游运动和生物被膜形成能力相关,并且影响其致病性。     

yeaI基因对奶牛源大肠杆菌NJ17生物学特性的影响

c-di-GMP是细菌中广泛存在的第二信使,可通过效应蛋白参与调控细菌的生物被膜形成、运动性和毒力等生物学特性。YeaI因含有能结合c-di-GMP分子的EGEVF基序,可能作为c-di-GMP效应蛋白发挥作用。[目的] 研究yeaI基因缺失对奶牛源大肠杆菌临床分离株NJ17生物学特性的影响。[方法] 构建NJ17的yeaI缺失株（NJ17ΔyeaI）及回复株cNJ17ΔyeaI,分析yeaI对NJ17生物学特性（如生长特性、生物被膜形成能力和对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞（EpH₄-Ev）的黏附）的影响。[结果] 成功构建NJ17的yeaI缺失株（NJ17ΔyeaI）及其回复株（cNJ17ΔyeaI）;与野生株NJ17相比,缺失株NJ17ΔyeaI生长特性及耐药性无显著变化,生物被膜形成能力显著下降,运动性显著升高（P<0.05）;透射电镜检测结果表明,yeaI缺失影响NJ17菌毛和鞭毛的形成;实时定量PCR（qPCR）结果显示,yeaI基因显著抑制NJ17鞭毛基因filG和motB的转录水平（P<0.05）;血清杀菌实验表明,yeaI缺失能显著增强其抵抗血清杀菌作用（P<0.05）;对EpH₄-Ev细胞黏附实验表明,yeaI缺失对NJ17黏附性无显著影响（P>0.05）。[结论] yeaI对奶牛源大肠杆菌NJ17的生物学特性具有重要的调控作用。     

副溶血弧菌Ⅲ型分泌系统vscG基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【背景】副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种重要的食源性病原微生物,Ⅲ型分泌系统(TypeⅢSecretionSystem,T3SS)在致病过程中发挥重要作用。vscG基因编码的Vsc G蛋白是Ⅲ型分泌系统的伴侣蛋白。vscG基因在副溶血弧菌中的生物学功能尚未确定。【目的】构建副溶血弧菌vscG基因的缺失株和回补株,研究vscG基因对副溶血弧菌生物学特性的影响。【方法】在副溶血弧菌POR-1菌株基础上利用同源重组法构建vscG基因的缺失株ΔvscG和回补株CΔvscG,分析比较POR-1、ΔvscG和CΔvscG在生长性能、生物被膜形成能力、运动性、溶血活性、细胞黏附和细胞毒性等方面存在的差异。【结果】与POR-1菌株相比,缺失株ΔvscG和回补株CΔvscG的生长特性和溶血活性无明显差异,缺失株ΔvscG的生物被膜形成能力下降,运动性较POR-1菌株和回补株CΔvscG增强。细胞感染试验显示,vscG基因的缺失明显降低了副溶血弧菌对HeLa细胞的黏附和毒性作用。【结论】vscG基因影响副溶血弧菌生物被膜的形成和运动性,在该菌黏附细胞和发挥细胞毒性过程中具有重要作用,为进一步探讨副溶血弧菌T3SS的致病机理奠定基础。     

拟态弧菌金属蛋白酶基因PrtV缺失株的构建及生物学特性分析

【背景】研究发现PrtV基因编码含多囊肾病(polycystic kidney disease)结构域的金属蛋白酶,其在多种细菌的致病过程中具有重要作用。拟态弧菌是一种感染多种水生动物的重要病原菌,PrtV基因在拟态弧菌致病中的作用尚不清楚。【目的】探究PrtV基因对拟态弧菌致病相关生物学特性的影响。【方法】采用自然转化的方法构建拟态弧菌PrtV基因缺失株(ΔPrtV),同时通过基因与质粒重组后电转化导入缺失株构建回补株(ΔPrtV/pPrtV),对突变株的生长特性、生化特征、生物被膜形成、自聚集能力、胞外产物卵磷脂酶和蛋白酶活性,以及致病性和细胞毒性等进行分析。【结果】与野生株相比,缺失株的生长特性、生物被膜形成、自聚集能力和卵磷脂酶活性无变化,但分解尿素、甘氨酸、香豆酸盐、鸟氨酸和赖氨酸的理化特性改变;胞外产物蛋白酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),细胞毒性显著下降(P<0.05),对杂交鲇的致病力下降10倍。【结论】PrtV基因与拟态弧菌的细胞毒性及致病性等多种生物学特性有关。该结果为进一步解析拟态弧菌PrtV基因功能及其致病机制提供了依据。     

T3SS1和T3SS2影响副溶血弧菌生物学特性及细胞致病性的比较

【目的】探究两套Ⅲ型分泌系统T3SS1和T3SS2影响副溶血弧菌生物学特性及细胞致病性的差异和相关性。【方法】以T3SS1和T3SS2主要结构基因vcrD1和vcrD2为研究对象,利用同源重组技术分别构建单基因和双基因缺失株ΔvcrD1、ΔvcrD2、ΔvcrD1-vcrD2,以及互补株CΔvcrD1和CΔvcrD2;分析各菌株的生长特性、生物被膜形成能力、运动性的差异;比较各菌株对细胞毒性以及对细胞炎性因子转录水平的影响。【结果】与野生株相比,各缺失株的生长速度无显著差异。缺失株ΔvcrD1生物被膜形成能力、运动性和细胞毒性均极显著下降;缺失株ΔvcrD2主要表现为细胞炎性因子IL-1β和IL-6转录水平的显著上调,同时对细胞毒性作用下降。双基因缺失株ΔvcrD1-vcrD2在缺失株ΔvcrD1的基础上,生物被膜形成能力、运动性、细胞毒性均进一步显著下降,但在细胞炎性因子的转录水平上,则与ΔvcrD1一致,与野生株相比均无显著差异。【结论】T3SS1和T3SS2对副溶血弧菌生物学特性和细胞致病性的影响存在差异。T3SS1主要影响细菌的生物被膜形成、运动性及细胞毒性作用;T3SS2不影响生物被膜形成、运动性等生物学特性,参与细菌对细胞炎性反应中的负调控作用,同时具有一定的细胞毒性作用。T3SS1有助于副溶血弧菌在环境中的生存,而T3SS2可有利于细菌在宿主体内免疫逃避的过程。T3SS1和T3SS2对副溶血弧菌生物学特性和细胞致病性的影响可能存在一定的相关作用,具体机制有待进一步研究。     

伪结核棒状杆菌pld基因无痕缺失株构建及其生物学特性及致病性研究

伪结核棒状杆菌是一种可以感染多种动物和人的兼性胞内寄生病原,主要引起被感染动物慢性化脓性炎症反应。[目的]为进一步评价磷脂酶D基因(pld)在伪结核棒状杆菌感染致病中的作用。[方法]本研究采用同源重组技术,在不引入外源基因情况下,构建伪结核棒状杆菌pld无痕缺失株。通过比较pld缺失株和野生株的菌落形态及生长曲线、体外对巨噬细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放及其在胞内的繁殖情况以及体内感染小鼠致死率及促炎细胞因子分泌水平,研究pld与该病原感染致病之间的关系。[结果]无痕缺失pld对伪结核棒状杆菌的菌落形态及生长无明显影响。与野生株ATCC 19410和XH02相比,ATCC 19410Δpld和XH02Δpld失去了与马红球菌ATCC 6939的协同溶血功能,所感染巨噬细胞的LDH释放水平显著下降,胞内细菌数量显著降低;体内试验发现ATCC 19410Δpld对小鼠的致死率、肝脏和脾脏载菌量以及腹水及脏器促炎细胞因子水平均低于ATCC 19410。[结论]成功构建了伪结核棒状杆菌pld无痕缺失株。证实pld在该病原体外感染引发巨噬细胞死亡以及体内感染小鼠致病中具有重要作用。     

组氨酸氨解酶HutH对副溶血弧菌生物学特性及致病性的影响

组氨酸氨解酶(HutH)作为组氨酸代谢通路上的第一个代谢酶,控制细菌内部组氨酸的代谢。HutH在多数细菌中高度保守,参与细菌的能量代谢平衡。【目的】选取HutH作为研究对象,探究其对副溶血弧菌生物学特性以及致病性的影响。【方法】利用同源重组的方法构建缺失株ΔhutH和回补株CΔhutH。研究HutH对副溶血弧菌生长特性、组氨酸利用能力、组氨酸代谢相关基因表达水平、运动性、生物被膜、环境耐受、细胞毒性以及对小鼠毒力的影响。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,hutH基因缺失不影响副溶血弧菌的生长特性、耐酸耐碱能力、耐盐能力和群集运动。但ΔhutH在组氨酸作为唯一碳源的M9极限培养基中生长受到显著抑制。另外,我们证实,hutH基因缺失使组氨酸代谢操纵子内的相关基因转录水平显著下降,基因VP0889的表达水平提高。hutH基因缺失导致副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成能力下降、泳动能力下降、对HeLa细胞的毒性降低、对ICR小鼠的致死率显著降低。【结论】本研究表明,hutH基因缺失影响副溶血弧菌代谢组氨酸的能力,而且首次证实,HutH在副溶血弧菌的生物被膜形成、运动性和对小鼠毒力等方面具有重要作用,为从调控组氨酸...     

双组分系统EnvZ/OmpR促进副溶血弧菌抵抗碱胁迫的作用机制

【目的】探究双组分系统(two-component system,TCS)EnvZ/OmpR对副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus,VP)抵抗碱胁迫的作用机制。【方法】用SMART在线工具(https://smart.embl.de/)鉴定出副溶血弧菌基因组中的双组分系统EnvZ/OmpR,再利用同源重组技术将envZ和ompR基因分别进行缺失,构建相应回补株,比较各菌株的生长曲线来检测相应基因对细菌适应高渗透胁迫和碱胁迫的作用,并结合qRT-PCR及荧光检测系统,筛选参与EnvZ/OmpR抵抗碱胁迫的下游靶基因,鉴定该双组分系统对下游基因的调控机制。【结果】在副溶血弧菌基因组中鉴定出vp0155/vp0154编码EnvZ/OmpR双组分系统同源蛋白。△ompR菌株在高渗透胁迫和碱胁迫中的生长能力明显弱于野生株,而回补株C△ompR、△envZ和C△envZ菌株生长能力与野生株类似。在△ompR菌株中,孔道蛋白基因vp1218、vp0493、vpa1745、vpa0085与vpa1308的转录水平均明显低于野生株,并且发现这些孔道蛋白基因缺失株(△vpa1308除外)在碱性环境中生长能力均明显弱于野生株。OmpR蛋白可直接抑制调控因子AphB基因转录,而△aphB菌株在碱胁迫中的生长能力明显强于野生株。此外,AphB蛋白可直接抑制孔道蛋白基因vp0493和vpa0085转录。【结论】双组分系统EnvZ/OmpR促进副溶血弧菌抵抗碱胁迫,其中OmpR蛋白可通过抑制调控因子AphB的表达,以促进部分孔道蛋白的表达,从而增强副溶血弧菌抵抗碱胁迫的能力。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

A new fungal genus, Teracosphaeria, with a phialophora-like anamorph (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

The new genus and species Teracosphaeria petroica is described for a perithecial ascomycete and its anamorph occurring on decayed wood collected in New Zealand. The fungus produces immersed, non-stromatic ceratosphaeria-like perithecia in nature, with hyaline, septate ascospores produced in unitunicate, non-amyloid asci. The anamorph produced in vitro is phialophora-like with lightly pigmented phialides terminating in flaring, deep collarettes that are often noticeably brown with conspicuous periclinal thickening. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequence data indicates that this fungus is distinct from morphologically similar fungi classified in the Chaetosphaeriales, the Trichosphaeriales or the Magnaporthaceae. It forms a monophyletic group with recently described, chaetosphaeria-like ascomycetes, such as the pyrenomycete genus Mirannulata, and shows affinity with the anamorphic species Dictyochaeta cylindrospora. The usefulness of describing anamorph genera for morphologically reduced anamorphs, when anamorph characteristics are actually part of the holomorph diagnosis, is discussed. An apparently contradictory example of the so-called Cordana and Pseudobotrytis anamorphs of Porosphaerella spp. is also discussed.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。