植物-微生物联合对环境有机污染物降解的研究进展

环境中有机污染物的过量积累对生态系统及人类健康造成严重威胁。近年来,许多学者研究发现植物-微生物联合作用对环境中有机污染物的去除及生态系统的修复具有非常显著的效果。本文主要从植物-内生菌、植物-菌根菌以及植物-根际微生物这三个层面详细阐述植物-微生物联合降解有机污染物的研究现状,分析植物-微生物在联合降解中的作用,揭示植物-微生物联合降解的机理。但就目前而言,植物-微生物联合降解有机污染物仍存在许多问题,植物-微生物联合降解有机污染物的机理及生态学效应仍不清楚。因此,还需要进一步探讨其潜在作用机制并加强应用实践,这将有助于污染生态系统的治理,促进环境可持续发展。     

Alicycliphilus: current knowledge and potential for bioremediation of xenobiotics

Alicycliphilus is a promising candidate for participating in the development of novel xenobiotics bioremediation processes. Members of the Alicycliphilus genus are environmental bacteria mostly found in polluted sites such as landfills and contaminated watercourses, and in sewage sludges from wastewater treatment plants. They exhibit a versatile metabolism and the ability to use oxygen, nitrate and chlorate as terminal electron acceptors, which allow them to biodegrade xenobiotics under oxic or anoxic conditions. Pure cultures of Alicycliphilus strains are able to biodegrade some pollutants such as industrial solvents (acetone, cyclohexanol and N-methylpyrrolidone), aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene and anthracene), as well as polyurethane varnishes and foams, and they can even transform Cr(VI) to Cr(III). In addition, Alicycliphilus has also been identified in bacterial communities involved in wastewater treatment plants for denitrification, and the degradation of emerging pollutants such as triclosan, nonylphenol, N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds (indole and quinoline), and antibiotics (tetracycline and oxytetracycline). This work summarizes the current knowledge on the Alicycliphilus genus, describing its different metabolic characteristics, focusing on its xenobiotic biodegradation abilities and examining the distinct pathways and molecular bases that sustain them. We also discuss the progress made in genetic manipulation and ‘omics’ analyses, as well as Alicycliphilus participation in novel bioremediation strategies.     

Microbe-aliphatic hydrocarbon interactions in soil: implications for biodegradation and bioremediation

Aliphatic hydrocarbons make up a substantial portion of organic contamination in the terrestrial environment. However, most studies have focussed on the fate and behaviour of aromatic contaminants in soil. Despite structural differences between aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, both classes of contaminants are subject to physicochemical processes, which can affect the degree of loss, sequestration and interaction with soil microflora. Given the nature of hydrocarbon contamination of soils and the importance of bioremediation strategies, understanding the fate and behaviour of aliphatic hydrocarbons is imperative, particularly microbe-contaminant interactions. Biodegradation by microbes is the key removal process of hydrocarbons in soils, which is controlled by hydrocarbon physicochemistry, environmental conditions, bioavailability and the presence of catabolically active microbes. Therefore, the aims of this review are (i) to consider the physicochemical properties of aliphatic hydrocarbons and highlight mechanisms controlling their fate and behaviour in soil; (ii) to discuss the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil, with particular attention being paid to biodegradation, and (iii) to briefly consider bioremediation techniques that may be applied to remove aliphatic hydrocarbons from soil.     

Membrane-attached biofilms for VOC wastewater treatment. II: Effect of biofilm thickness on performance

This article reports a study of the performance of membrane-attached biofilms grown in a single tube extractive membrane bioreactor (STEMS) used for the treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing a toxic VOC (1,2-dichloroethane [DCE]). Mass balances show that complete mineralization of DCE was achieved, and that the biofilms were effective in reducing air stripping to negligible levels. Experimental results are presented showing the evolution over time of biofilm thickness and its influence on the flux of DCE across the membrane. It has been found that a trade-off exists between the positive influence of biofilms in reducing air-stripping of DCE, and the negative influence of biofilms in reducing DCE flux across the membrane. These considerations lead to an optimal biofilm thickness in the region of 200 to 400 mum being recommended for this system. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Membrane-attached biofilms for VOC wastewater treatment I: Novel in situ biofilm thickness measurement technique

This article reports a novel nondisruptive technique for measuring the thicknesses of membrane-attached biofilms in situ, using a single tube extractive membrane bioreactor (STEMB). The biodegradation of a toxic volatile organic compound (VOC) (1,2-dichloroethane [DCE]) by Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 has been used as a model system to develop the technique. The results give information on the biomass-silicone rubber attachment phenomena, and on the development over time of biofilms growing on the silicone membrane, without disrupting operation. Experimental results are presented showing the evolution over time of biofilm thickness, and also the density of biofilms for four experimental runs. The hydrodynamic conditions on the biomedium side of the membrane were found to influence the initial attachment phenomena and subsequent biofilm growth. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

国家人勇担国家责，积极推动中国生物经济与生物产业发展

作为国家级研究机构,中国科学院各级研究所一直以来的重要使命就是心系国家事、肩扛国家责、永做国家人,站在国际科学发展前沿的高度,紧抓国家社会发展中重大需求的科学与技术问题,布局研究所及其项目和吸引人才。本文以个人视角,回顾了2004年回国接任微生物研究所所长后,开始思考工业生物技术的发展,布局天津研发中心,经过多年努力,在院党组的领导与支持下,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所建成,已经取得了重要成果;还回顾了建所初衷和早期成长发展历程以及与微生物研究所的关系。通过思考科学、技术、工程(医学)之间的关系,提出从事基础科学研究的科研人员进行转化应用的路径,即“想法-假说-实验-概念-论文-技术-样品-产品-商品”的9层逻辑关系,希望科学家能够做出解决实际问题的实用工作,并展望了未来工业生物技术的远景。     

Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems

Hazard assessments of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), dichloro-octylisothiazolin (DCOIT), chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, thiram, zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), capsaicin, nonivamide, tralopyril and medetomidine were performed to establish robust environmental quality standards (EQS), based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs). Microalgae, zooplankton, fish and amphibians were the most sensitive ecological groups to all the antifoulants evaluated, especially in the early life stages. No differences were identified between freshwater and seawater species. The use of toxicity tests with non-standard species is encouraged because they increase the datasets, allowing EQS to be derived from probabilistic-based PNECs whilst reducing uncertainties. The global ban of tributyltin (TBT) has been heralded as a major environmental success; however, substitute antifoulants may also pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Environmental risk assessments (ERAs) have driven decision-makings for regulating antifouling products, but in many countries there is still a lack of regulation of antifouling biocides which should be addressed.     

基于MFA和DEA的区域经济环境效率评价-以辽宁省为例

对经济与环境效率的科学评价是实现区域可持续发展的前提。运用物质流分析将辽宁省经济系统中数据进行物质化处理,再利用改进的数据包络分析模型对环境和经济效率进行综合评价。结果表明:辽宁省物资消费不主要依赖于进口,向其它地区物质输出量大;环境效率评价的综合效率主要受规模因素影响而显著低于纯技术效率,而整体经济的综合效率却主要受纯技术效率影响而下降。第二产业比重依然偏大的产业结构特征是导致上述结果的主因。进一步改造提升传统产业,发展战略性新兴产业,提高第三产业发展水平,扩大环保规模,促进居民生活质量水平全面提升,将是辽宁省以及与之相似的资源依赖型区域可持续发展的方向。     

Source analysis and health risk-assessment of ambient volatile organic compounds in automobile manufacturing processes

Abstract

The sources and process-specific emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from an automobile manufacturing plant in Beijing, China were explored and monitored to assess the health risk from VOCs to workers of the automobile manufacturing plant. Eleven VOCs were detected in the air samples collected from the 12 working posts of five workshops of the automobile manufacturing plant using a meteorological chromatographic analytical method. The health risks exposed to VOCs were assessed using the probabilistic risk-assessment method, and the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis were conducted using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The results showed that VOCs mainly originated from the use and volatilization of chemical raw materials. The total carcinogenic risks were large owing to the high concentrations of benzene and ethylbenzene in various processes, suggesting a definite risk. The total non-carcinogenic risk in the paint shop was the highest, and the topcoat post, mixing paint post and basecoat post contributed to more than 70% of the total risk of this workshop. Exposure duration and concentration of VOCs had a greater impact on the health risk. These research findings may provide scientific basis for policy toward improving the health status of workers in automobile manufacturing enterprise in China.     

Multi-criteria Analysis for Technique Assessment:Case Study from Industrial Coating

Environmental policy is oriented toward integrated pollution prevention, taking into consideration all environmental media (air, water, land) and energy consumption. Therefore, methods for assessing environmentally relevant installations are needed which take economic, technical, and especially ecological criteria into account simultaneously. Mass and energy flow models are used for the representation of production processes and form the basis for the inventory phase in life-cycle assessment (LCA). For the interpretation of LCA results and the weighting of the aggregated impact assessment indicators, approaches of multicriterion analysis (MCA) have been proposed. These can analyze ecological aspects as well as economic and technical criteria. Recent developments in LCA focus on decision support for policy makers or decision boards. Appropriate support for investment decisions on environmentally relevant installations, however, is rare.
Based on a case study of the sector called surface coating, an MCA of environmentally relevant installations is described. With the help of a mass and energy flow management system, alternative scenarios, depicting the use of solvent-reduced materials and environmentally friendly techniques, are modeled for the job coater processes in case studies of coating of mobile phones and coating of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) parts destined for the automobile industry. The modeled scenarios are further analyzed by using a multicriterion decision support module. The application of the outranking approach PROMETHEE is illustrated. A further investigation of the derived ranking can be obtained through sensitivity analyses. Moreover, the results derived by PROMETHEE are compared with the outcomes of the multicriterion approaches multiattribute utility theory and analytical hierarchy process.     

High serum free fatty acids and low leptin levels: Plausible metabolic indicators of negative energy balance in early lactating Murrah buffaloes

Lactation is a highly demanding event in mammals, including buffaloes. It modulates the partitioning of nutrients, energy utilization, and food intake of the mother to meet her own and infant's energy needs. Failure to satisfy these energy needs leads to Negative Energy Balance (NEB). Currently, the only available indirect NEB indicator is Body Condition Score (BCS). However, direct dependency of the BCS on the peak depletion of body fat causes its inefficient use in a dairy farm. Thus, to establish objective NEB indicators in buffaloes, the serum levels of biochemical (serum β-hydroxybutyrate [BHBA] and free fatty acids [FFAs]), and endocrine (Growth Hormone [GH], insulin-like growth factor1 [IGF1], Insulin, and leptin) parameters were estimated in buffaloes. Our results revealed that serum FFA levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in high milk yielders (HMY) than low milk yielders (LMY) and heifers (H) during the 3rd and the 4th weeks of postpartum. The serum FFA levels were also significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the postpartum buffaloes with BCS < 3 in the field conditions. Further, serum leptin levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in HMY than LMY during the 3rd week of postpartum. However, the BHBA, GH, IGF1, and insulin levels were not significantly different between lactating buffaloes and H. These observations indicated that the NEB condition is probably restricted to the first month of early lactation in buffaloes. In conclusion, the simultaneous higher FFA and lower leptin levels could act as direct plausible metabolic indicators of NEB in buffaloes.